2011年度“最满意”和“最失望”产品评选专题

又到了岁末，PC Mag发布了很多的奖项，我们对此确认无疑，因为我们测试了大量的产品。自2011年以来，我们总共测试了超过2000个IT产品，包括笔记本，台式机，数码相机，     

博客：我的成长根据地——一位青年教师与博客的不解之缘

初识博客，缘于“博客中国”。一次偶然的机会，上了“博客中国”，并且一时心血来潮，注册了一个用户名——“苏州布衣”，发表了一些以前写好的文章。不想过了大概半天时间，我的几篇文章被编辑推荐到了网站首页，作为精品提供给大家浏览，一时间点击不断，评论纷纷，激起了我的兴趣，就继续发了一些文章，以期与大家共同交流。这也许可以算是我与博客的第一次亲密接触。     

MP3里的“小说连播”

早在学生时代，小菜就痴迷于抱着收音机定时收听中央台的小说连播，工作后却不得不忍痛割爱——没时间啊，连播的时候自己在工作，休息了，却早过了连播时间，真真郁闷死了。某天，小菜偶尔打开了中央人民广播电台的网站，意外发现，网站居然提供了小说连播的音频下载，想到自己新买的MP3，不由一阵窃喜。     

网络隐患扫描器的设计与实现

介绍了网络的不安全性，从网络安全预防的角度分析了网络安全扫描器的工作原理，介绍了几种扫描技术，在该基础上，设计和实现了一个网络安全扫描器，并进行了详细的分析，归纳了该系统的应用特点，并指出了进一步需要做的工作。     

基于HLA的装备战斗损伤仿真平台设计方案

通过分析装备战斗损伤仿真的研究对象、仿真过程，结合目前装备战斗损伤仿真研究中存在的问题，提出了基于HLA研究装备战斗损伤仿真的设想——构建分布式装备战斗损伤仿真平台，分析了该平台实现的技术方案，需要的开发环境，根据装备战斗损伤仿真的过程，设计了平台的体系结构，定义了联邦成员，设计了平台的对象模型，确定了平台的执行逻辑结构，明确了平台的时间管理机制，通过计算联邦成员分布并行的执行仿真任务，有效地提高了仿真效率，通过HLA对象模型设计，提高了系统的可重用性，为装备战斗损伤仿真研究中存在的问题提供了一种解决方案。     

让手游更流畅Android手机提速记

俗话说得好，工欲善其事，必先利其器，这玩游戏也是一样。试想一下，如果你在玩《天天爱跑酷》的时候，看到前面出现了一个大坑，即将破记录的你赶紧点了一下“跳跃键”，但就在这时，屏幕卡了一下……卡了……，卡……，请问这时的你是什么心情？     

智能化变电站运行维护问题的探讨

随着国民经济的飞速发展，对于变电站的运行要求也越来越高，科学技术的进步为变电站的运行维护提供了基础，当前，智能化技术在变电站中广泛应用，节能了运行维护中的费用，同时也提升了变电站运行维护的效率，但是在实际的操作过程中依然存在着较多的问题，制约了智能化技术的优势发挥。本文分析了智能化变电站技术的特点，并指出了在实际的运行维护中存在的问题，最后阐述了一些解决问题的策略。     

电脑长“利齿” “生吞”优盘病毒

现在的优盘病毒真是让人防不胜防，这不，同事小刘今天上班，将前几天借的优盘还给笔者，笔者因为要查看优盘上的一些文件，当双击优盘盘符后，优盘却并没有打开，电脑似乎停顿了一下，好像在执行什么程序。笔者暗想不好，肯定是中了什么优盘病毒了。这个小刘，一定是在带毒的电脑上使用了优盘，优盘才不幸“染病”了。     

典当抢占中小企业融资市场

银根紧缩，增加了中小企业的融资难度，而典当行却抓住这个时机招揽中小企业。 不久前，某工地承包商李先生在北京接了几个项目的施工，由于甲方的工程款总是拖延，资金周转出现了困难。在朋友的建议下，他将房子抵押给典当行，免去了银行繁锁的批贷手续，在三天之内得到了200万的资金，解了燃眉之急。     

PSP完全使用手册

PSP已经发售了有两年之久，凭借其时尚的外表，出众的硬件机能，多媒体播放，独特的UMD光盘，以及优秀的游戏，已经动摇了昔日任天堂的掌机老大的地位，如今PSP已经全球出货了1800多万台，各类好游戏层出不穷，但由于其采用了Sony Memory Stick Dro来储存多媒体，使它很快就被破解，各种破解程序十分方便，所以PSP也得到了中国玩家的青睐。     

A method of defuzzification based on the approach of areas' ratio

The new method of defuzzification of output parameters from the base of fuzzy rules for a Mamdani fuzzy controller is given in the paper. The peculiarity of the method is the usage of the universal equation for the area computation of the geometric shapes. During the realization of fuzzy inference linguistic terms, the structure changes from the triangular into a trapezoidal shape. That is why the universal equation is used. The method is limited and can be used only for the triangular and trapezoidal membership functions. Gaussian functions can also be used while modifying the proposed method. Traditional defuzzification models such as Middle of Maxima − MoM, First of Maxima − FoM, Last of Maxima − LoM, First of Suppport − FoS, Last of Support − LoS, Middle of Support − MoS, Center of Sums − CoS, Model of Height − MoH have a number of systematic errors: curse of dimensionality, partition of unity condition and absence of additivity. The above-mentioned methods can be seen as Center of Gravity − CoG, which has the same errors. These errors lead to the fact that accuracy of fuzzy systems decreases, because during the training root mean square error increases. One of the reasons that provokes the errors is that some of the activated fuzzy rules are excluded from the fuzzy inference. It is also possible to increase the accuracy of the fuzzy system through properties of continuity. The proposed method guarantees fulfilling of the property of continuity, as the intersection point of the adjustment linguistic terms equals 0.5 when a parametrized membership function is used. The causes of errors and a way to delete them are reviewed in the paper. The proposed method excludes errors which are inherent to the traditional and non- traditional models of defuzzification. Comparative analysis of the proposed method of defuzzification with traditional and non-traditional models shows its effectiveness.     

Ethical and legal issues for writing researchers in an age of media convergence

With the convergence of digital media into ever-widening social and technological networks for creation and distribution, the contexts for writing and the study of writing and writers have certainly changed. Researchers must navigate a dense matrix of ethical and legal issues in all phases of research when studying the ever-changing processes and products of digital communications. In this article, I draw from numerous sources to articulate a few of the challenges facing digital writing researchers in this age of convergence, focusing on issues of representation (researcher, participant, third-party), issues of informed consent, and issues of copyright and fair use.     

New debates on learning support

Abstract In the present debate on knowledge management and multimedia support of human learning, the word 'mediation' (of conduct) is often used as a natural correlate and rough equivalent to the word 'mediatisation' (of information). It is suggested that the distinction between the two words points to a basic difference between two types of processes which are crucial to a much needed rethinking of the conception and design of humanmachine interaction (HCI).
A redefinition of the 'appropriateness' of media support as the quality of the help to people's self-help rather than of direct control of their behaviour is proposed. Such a redefinition implies a radical shift of paradigm allowing for approaches to human learning as a cognitive activity in its own right. Another view of technological mediation is advocated, in keeping with some recent developments in HCI.     

HUYGENS' PRINCIPLE,PHYSICS AND COMPUTERS

We discuss the emergence of topology from a consideration of set extensions in General Systems Theory. Boundaries arise in a natural way, separating independent elements or regions of the system. Our aim is a unification of Etter theory, Kron's method of Tearing and Jessel's formulation of Huygens' Principle. This should make explicit the equivalence between the objective, structural, holographic and the subjective, relative definitions of information, sought in Bowden (1994b), reprinted in this Special Issue. It connects the abstract generalisations of Schrodinger's equation and Bom's rule derived in probabilistic Etter theory with the real world of electrical and other physical phenomena in General Physical Systems Theory. This paper can be considered as a continuation of Bowden (1990; 1994a) and as a response to Bowden (1994b), reprinted in this issue.

We review the ideas behind Kron's Method of Tearing and Jessel's Principle of Secondary sources (both special cases of the above theory) and their equivalence. We follow Hiley's argument in Hiley (1996) to show how Schrodinger's equation can be thought of as specifying the evolution of (a series of) tearings in continuous space. These can be shown on a commutative diagram as a series of similarity transforms. We compare this with Etter's derivation (Etter, 1998). We describe briefly a recently published derivation of Maxwell's equations from a non-commutative algebra and show how they fit onto a related commutative diagram. Finally we make some comments on applications of the general theory to computer systems. This paper is a series of vignettes of work in progress. It is designed to point the direction of work to come in Constructive Physics.     

An approach to the synthesis of fuzzy stabilization systems with a priori unknown model of an object

A method of synthesis of fuzzy stabilization systems for a broad class of dynamic objects under the assumption that the mathematical model of the object is not known a priori is proposed. The control is formulated in the form of a proportional law of adjustment as a function of a macro-variable; the square of the Euclidean norm of the phase variables is adopted as the macro-variable. An analogous variable characterizes the distance of the object from the equilibrium position. Despite the simplicity of the control law, its sign remains constant due to the fact that the macro-variable is positive-definite over the entire phase space. The switching times of the signals are determined by fuzzy identification of the system’s dynamic modes on the basis of measurement of the derivatives of the macro-variable.     

Forage quality of savannas — Simultaneously mapping foliar protein and polyphenols for trees and grass using hyperspectral imagery

Savanna covers about two-thirds of Africa, with forage quantity and quality being important factors determining the distribution and density of wildlife and domestic stock. Testing hypotheses about the distribution of herbivores is hampered by the absence of reliable methods for measuring the variability of vegetation quality (e.g. biochemical composition) across the landscape. It is demonstrated that hyperspectral remote sensing fills this gap by revealing simultaneously the spatial variation of foliar nitrogen (crude protein) as well as the total amount of polyphenols, in grasses and trees. For the first time, the pattern of resources important for feeding preferences in herbivores (polyphenols and nitrogen) is mapped across an extensive landscape and the modeled foliar concentrations are shown to fit with ecological knowledge of the area. We explain how estimates of nitrogen (crude protein) and polyphenols may be scaled up from point-based observations to reveal their spatial pattern, and how the variation in forage quality can influence the management of savannas, including farms, communal grazing areas, and conservation areas. It provides a glimpse of the choices herbivores must face in selecting food resources of different qualities.     

Innovative uses of ICT in Chilean schools

Abstract This paper presents some of the results of the study of seven cases of innovative pedagogical practices using ICT. The study was performed in the framework of the application of SITES M2 in Chile. The results are divided in two sections. First is a summary of each case, highlighting its innovative characteristics that serve as models of 'good practice' for Chilean teachers. Second, the results of the analysis of what teachers did are outlined; the impact on students and the type of teaching and learning activities in use. Results show that these projects did not provide evidence of having impact on students' learning as defined in the national curriculum. However, they show that students participating in these projects could learn other things, had the opportunity to develop abilities defined as cross-curricular and practised ICT related skills. The analysis of the teaching and learning activities highlights some deficiencies in the way that teachers implement new teaching strategies.     

动态规划求解中国象棋状态总数

中国象棋空间复杂度是分析中国象棋博弈难度的重要指标，中国象棋空间复杂度分析是一个计数问题，即求解中国象棋状态总数。根据中国象棋棋子的着法特征，该问题可分解为若干子问题，利用动态规划分别解决这些子问题，能够求出中国象棋状态总数的精确解。实验得出中国象棋状态总数约为7.54×10^39.88，过去许多文献描述的中国象棋状态总数是不准确的，远远高估了中国象棋状态总数。基于动态规划的计数方法也可以用于计算其他棋类的空间复杂度，也能够用于寻找空间复杂度较低的残局棋型，为构建中国象棋残局库提供依据。     

磁盘缓存管理机制研究

磁盘缓存是解决I/O性能的一种技术。文章主要讲述缓存管理组成、算法的种类及其管理策略。并对基于频率的替换算法的原理、实现方法做了详细阐述。