广西110～220 kV输电线路防雷调查研究

针对广西110～220kV输电线路近几年的运行状况,对过电压事故、雷击跳闸率、接地电阻及绝缘子损坏情况进行了调查和统计,就杆塔接地电阻、单避雷线和双避雷线保护对防雷效果的影响等进行了分析,从而提出了综合性防雷技术措施。     

复合光纤架空地线在不同接地方式下的放电路径选择特性

复合光纤架空地线(optical fiber composite overhead ground wire,OPGW)由于具有防雷和光纤通信功能,在交直流输电线路上得到了广泛应用。当前OPGW采用逐基接地而普通地线采用分段绝缘一点接地的接地方式,这种不平衡的接地方式使得OPGW更容易遭雷击而出现断股和掉线事故以致影响光纤通信。为此,采用缩微模型试验研究了OPGW和普通地线在全绝缘、分段绝缘一点接地和逐基接地等3种接地方式对放电路径选择特性的影响,试验结果表明,地线采用逐基接地时放电路径选择概率最高,而全绝缘时最低,试验结论和现场统计数据得到规律相符。为了降低OPGW遭雷击的概率,需要改变OPGW的接地方式或采取适当保护措施。     

Application studies of line arresters in partially shielded 138-kV transmission lines

The application of arresters on transmission lines has been one of the most effective alternatives for the reduction of lightning flashover rates. This paper reviews previous methods for evaluating lightning performance of lines with arresters. Improved calculations of line outage rates are developed to include power frequency voltage and arrester failure-rate evaluations, based on field experience. The transmission lines are modeled in detail in the electromagnetic transients program (EMTP)/(ATP) and the outage rates are calculated with the Monte Carlo method. Probability energy stresses on arresters are evaluated for strokes on conductors and shield wires as a function of tower footing resistance (TFR).     

On the resonance effects due to ground wires in transmission lineswith non-uniform soil conductivity and non-uniform towerresistances

High-frequency resonance effects due to shield wire grounding may affect carrier transmission performance in the vicinity of certain critical frequencies. The authors investigate whether nonuniformities in soil conductivity and in tower footing resistances along the power line may lead to the suppression of such resonance effects. Simulation results show that fluctuations in soil conductivity and in lower footing resistance along the line do not by themselves destroy resonance effects     

Scale model experimental study on the effect of lightning stroke inclination on the overvoltages across insulator strings

An experimental study on the overvoltages across insulator strings resulting strokes has been carried out on a 500 kV double-circuit vertical-suspension transmission line using a scale model. The effect of lightning stroke inclination on the insulator string overvoltages has been investigated under different conditions of stroke current rise time, tower footing resistance, and strike location on the transmission line. The results show that, for an inclined lightning stroke, the overvoltages appearing across the insulator strings of the phases located at the same height are not the same. The difference between these overvoltages increases with increase in inclination. The effect of lightning stroke inclination for practical values of tower footing resistance and stroke current rise time has been verified. It is also shown that direct strikes on the tower produce higher insulator string overvoltages than midspan strikes.     

关于输电线路耐雷水平的综合研究分析

雷击是危及输电线路安全可靠运行的主要因素,深入研究输电线路的耐雷水平对保证电力系统的安全可靠运行具有重要的工程意义。介绍了输电线路的雷击类型,分别分析了杆塔接地电阻、线路档距、杆塔高度、导线电压、杆塔波阻抗对输电线路耐雷水平的影响,阐述了输电线路常用的防雷措施：架设避雷线、降低杆塔接地电阻、增设耦合地线、提高绝缘等级,为输电线路耐雷水平的深入研究打下基础。     

云广特高压直流输电线路反击耐雷性能

云广特高压直流输电线路将途经雷电活动强烈的区域,研究其反击耐雷性能对线路防雷设计有重要的意义,为此用ATP-EMTP软件建立了特高压直流输电线路反击耐雷性能数字仿真模型,它包括输电线路杆塔的多波阻抗模型、绝缘子的先导发展闪络模型和杆塔接地阻抗非线性模型。利用所建立的反击模型计算了云广特高压直流输电线路的反击耐雷性能。结果表明,特高压直流输电线路的反击耐雷水平较高,线路发生反击闪络的事故概率较低;随着杆塔高度的降低,接地阻抗的减小,线路绝缘水平的增强,云广±800kV特高压输电线路反击耐雷性能增强。     

输电线路杆塔对雷电流监测结果的影响

在输电线路上实际测量雷电是进一步了解雷电流各种参数的有效手段,但实际测量到的结果是受被击物体影响后的雷电流。为了通过测量结果得到雷电流的原始波形,在输电线路杆塔模型中考虑了雷电波在杆塔传播过程中的衰减、畸变以及杆塔冲击接地电阻等因素,采用电磁暂态分析程序PSCAD对两种不同的输电杆塔进行了仿真计算,并对是否装设避雷线的情况进行了比较分析。结果表明避雷线对于雷电波的传播有很明显的影响,雷击输电线路杆塔时塔顶和塔底的雷电流波形有显著的区别,塔底电流随着杆塔的增高而变大。     

500 kV输电线路绝缘地线雷电流分布

对于重覆冰区域的输电线路来说,地线覆冰会严重威胁到线路的安全运行。采用绝缘地线直流融冰的方式是解决架空地线覆冰问题的方法之一。当输电线路发生雷击事故时,直流融冰采用的绝缘地线与杆塔之间的雷电流分布情况决定了杆塔的塔顶电位,影响着杆塔的耐雷水平与线路防雷接地的保护。利用电磁暂态软件EMTP,对杆塔和绝缘地线中的雷电流分布进行了计算分析。计算结果表明,在500 kV输电线路中,雷电流主要通过杆塔流入大地,雷电流的幅值、杆塔档距、接地电阻的大小、地线结构、直径以及地线接地方式等对绝缘地线和杆塔分流情况有重要的影响。计算结果可为绝缘地线分流系数和杆塔分流系数的研究提供重要的参考价值,并有利于指导输电线路的优化设计。     

An optimal design method for improving the lightning performance of overhead high voltage transmission lines

This paper presents a method for the optimal design of high voltage transmission lines taking into consideration shielding and backflashover failure rates. The minimization of suitably defined performance indices, which relate the failures caused by lightning in a transmission line to both line insulation level and tower footing resistance, is aimed. Optimum values for both line insulation level and tower footing resistance are calculated. The method is applied on several operating Hellenic transmission lines of 150 and 400 kV, respectively, carefully selected among others, due to their high failure rates during lightning thunderstorms. Special attention has been paid on open loop lines, where a possible failure could bring the system out of service causing significant problems. The obtained design parameters, which reduce the failure rates caused by lightning, are compared with the existing design parameters of the transmission lines leading up to useful conclusions. The proposed optimization method can be proved a valuable tool to the studies of electric power systems designers, intending to reduce the failure rates caused by lightning.     

基于雷电流测量的线路雷击类型判断方法

为了在雷害发生后正确区分雷击跳闸的类型,以采取针对性的防雷措施,仿真研究了雷击后避雷线至杆塔支路以及三相绝缘子串上流过的电流,总结出基于电流测量判断线路雷击类型的方法：避雷线至杆塔支路的电流比绝缘子串支路电流大得多时发生了反击闪络;绝缘子串支路电流比避雷线至杆塔支路电流大时发生了绕击闪络。这一判据具有普遍适用性。     

Investigation of lightning tripouts on 150‐kV transmission lines in West Sumatra in Indonesia

Lightning activity in Indonesia is very high, and the ratio of lightning tripouts of the transmission line is also very high, reaching 66%. The results of our investigation show that a positive correlation exists between the number of lightning tripouts on a 150‐kV transmission line and the tower‐footing resistance and that the main cause of the tripouts is the back‐flashover. Moreover, it turns out that the flashover at the lower arm increases in case of high tower‐footing resistance. © 2016 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

500/220 kV同塔四回线路的耐雷性能研究

为准确评估500/220 kV同塔混压四回输电线路的耐雷性能,在采用改进电气几何模型(EGM)与电磁暂态程序(EMTP/ATP)计算其绕、反击跳闸率后分析了避雷线保护角、杆塔呼称高度、地面倾角等对5002、20 kV线路绕击耐雷性能的不同影响及杆塔呼称高度、接地电阻、耦合地线架设方式等对500、220 kV线路反击耐雷水平的不同影响。计算结果表明,同塔混压四回线路中不同电压等级线路防雷击侧重点不同,即500 kV线路绕击相对严重,220 kV线路反击相对严重。最后提出了改善线路雷电性能、降低雷击跳闸率的措施,在实际工程中,建议从降低杆塔呼称高度、采用负保护角以及架设耦合地线等方面综合考虑。     

特高杆塔的多波阻抗模型设计及雷击暂态特性分析

在特高杆塔遭受雷击的暂态过程中波过程占主导地位,因此特高杆塔的防雷设计与普通杆塔有本质区别,传统杆塔模型也不能套用在特高杆塔雷击暂态特性计算中。文章对国内外已有波阻抗杆塔模型做简要介绍,并在此基础上提出一种新的改进特高杆塔波阻抗模型,该模型考虑到塔身不同处波阻抗不同,将塔身分为多段分别计算波阻抗值。对雷击时暂态过程的分析说明新波阻抗模型更符合雷击时的实际情况,并应用该模型仿真分析了波阻抗、接地电阻及避雷线对特高杆塔雷击暂态特性的影响,为特高杆塔防雷设计提供了参考依据。     

计算特高杆塔雷击响应的感应电荷准静法

雷击杆塔引起的过电压是导致输电线路事故的原因之一 ,需要尽量准确估计 ,而特高杆塔系统上传播的雷电波是球面波 ,为避免建立等效电路的困难建立了雷击杆塔、地线、导线系统响应分析的数学模型 ,提出了感应电荷准静法 ,用电磁场理论确定绝缘子串两端电压。分析对位参考点和分流问题后提出了新计算分流系数法。研究发现杆塔电位包括可变的抵消分量和雷电单极电荷引起的恒定分量两部分。感应电荷准静法计算杆塔模型的冲击响应与NEC 2的计算结果基本一致。     

单地线单回路330kV直线塔塔头型式选择研究

某330 kV单回线路可采用单地线架设方式,可选用的直线塔塔头型式有导线三角排列、上字排列、垂直排列等。从经济性和防雷性能上对比了不同导线排列方式的单地线塔头型式,再对比了单地线猫头塔和双地线酒杯塔,得出了导线三角排列的单地线猫头塔最优的结论。进一步通过对导线悬挂方式的对比分析,单地线直线塔塔头推荐采用IVI型串的猫头塔。通过计算不同地线支架高度雷击跳闸率,结合地线支架高度对塔重的影响,选取了合理的地线支架高度。     

Backflashover simulation of HV transmission lines with concentrated tower grounding

For high voltage (HV) transmission lines (TLs) the backflashover phenomenon can occur when lightning strikes a tower or a shield wire (SW). In this paper, the backflashover phenomenon of typical HV-TLs has been studied. The simulation code, based on ATP/EMTP program, accounts for both the discharge process between the arcing horns of insulator strings, by means of a leader progression model and the non-linear transient behaviour of tower grounding systems consisting of vertical rod(s). The lightning current ranges, causing back flash in a 161 kV-50 Hz single circuit line with two grounded SWs, have been investigated in detail. Numerical results of the investigations are in good agreement with actual behavior of the studied TL.     

对特高压直流线路绕击屏蔽的一种新观点

随着极线工作电压的提高,以单侧地线、极线及雷先导作为雷屏蔽研究模型已满足不了工程实际的需要。因此,以模拟电荷法为基础,将雷电先导、两侧地线、极线作为整体研究对象,考虑极线工作电压及极线分裂数,计算雷先导垂直下行过程中各导线表面场强变化,并运用Peek判据确定各导线对应的雷先导一级定位高度,合理解释特高压直流线路中存在的正极线绕击概率大的问题,提出了新的绕击屏蔽观点:特高压直流架空线路中仅负极线侧避雷线和正极线产生上行先导竞争拦截雷下行先导,正极线侧的避雷线屏蔽功能被削弱,未起到完全保护正极线的作用。     

500kV同塔4回线路不平衡绝缘的耐雷水平

目前我国500kV同塔4回线路主要采用平衡高绝缘配置,每相导线配置31片155mm绝缘子。针对典型杆塔竖塔,杆塔高度较高,易绕击相与反击闪络相为上层两回线路,提出了不平衡绝缘方案,即上层两回线路采用31片绝缘子,下层两回线路26片绝缘子。在评估采用不平衡绝缘后的防雷水平时,采用改进电气几何模型(EGM)与电磁暂态程序(EMTP)计算杆塔在不同雷电等级、地面倾角以及杆塔接地电阻等情况下耐雷水平的计算结果表明,2种绝缘配置(平衡绝缘与不平衡绝缘)的线路耐雷水平相差很小,若地面倾角<15°,接地电阻<15Ω,则竖塔可以采用不平衡绝缘配置方案。比较耦合地线以及三地线提升线路反击耐雷水平的效果后认为,当杆塔采用平衡高绝缘时,三地线反击耐雷水平优于耦合地线。当杆塔采用不平衡绝缘时,在接地电阻为5～15Ω时,三地线防反击效果优于耦合地线,当接地电阻>20Ω时,耦合地线防反击效果更佳,并对改进竖塔防雷提出了建议。     

高压输电线路防雷方法的探讨

分析了影响输电线路耐雷水平的各种因素,包括：架空地线、杆塔的接地电阻、避雷器、耦合地线及线路的绝缘配合等因素,探讨了这些因素影响线路耐雷水平的机理,从而可以有针对性地选择防雷方法,来提高线路的耐雷水平,降低线路的雷击跳闸率。