基于光强实时反馈控制和同步校准的波长调谐移相干涉系统

波长调谐移相干涉技术是通过改变光波长来计算相位的。为了减少可调谐激光器在变波长进行移相时光功率的随机变化对相位计算产生的误差,本文提出了一套光强实时反馈控制系统和同步校准方案。首先分析了光强在某一范围内的随机变化产生测量误差,并选用合适的光电检测设备搭建了一套光强控制系统。该系统能够将光信号转化为电信号,并通过PID来实现对光强的控制。实验结果表明,本系统能够将光强的变化范围控制在±0.002 mW以内,其响应速度达到600 kHz,已远远超过干涉仪CCD的取图速度。最后,对口径为50 mm的光学元件进行表面形貌检测,加入本控制系统后,面形精度的测量指标PV值和RMS值分别提高了1.53×10^-2λ和2.43×10^-3λ,表明本系统在高精度的光学元件检测领域具有重要的实用价值。     

用于激光频率参数测量的飞秒光学频率梳

近年来随着光纤制造技术和飞秒激光技术的成熟,以掺铒(Er)光纤光学频率梳为代表的频率梳技术,逐步突破了光学 频率测量领域,在长度测量、精密光谱分析、超低相位噪声微波频率产生、精密时间频率传递、温度测量等领域发挥出越来越重 要的作用,已成为许多高端科研领域的基础性工具。 但飞秒光学频率梳所解决的重要问题是对激光频率进行测量。 本文主要 面向激光频率参数测量的需求,研制基于掺 Er 光纤飞秒激光器的光学频率梳,在实现光学频率梳稳定运转的前提下,通过非线 性光学频率变换技术,实现光谱范围从掺 Er 光纤光学频率梳的中心波长向各个待测激光波长的转换,并完成与多个不同波长 激光的拍频信号探测。 目前已验证的飞秒光梳可测频率范围为 500 ~ 2 000 nm;频率稳定度和准确度为 10 -16 量级;线宽为 Hz 量级。 该指标满足了激光频率特性参数测量的需求,为激光绝对频率、频率漂移、线宽等参数的测量提供了基础性的测量工具。     

波长移相干涉仪的算法研究

叙述了波长移相干涉仪的基本原理,分析了其特点,对传统硬件移相干涉仪和波长移相干涉仪进行了比较,指出了它们的优缺点和应用范围.以美国New Focus公司的可调谐半导体激光器为例,简述了实现波长调谐的硬件.文中将波长移相干涉仪算法分成三类:加权多步波长移相算法、基于傅里叶变换的波长移相算法和多波长算法,对这三类算法进行了较详细的叙述和分析,指出了各自的优缺点和应用范围.基于傅里叶变换的波长移相算法,提出了结合差分运算的适合于台阶测量的新算法,克服了已有算法中需要参考基准和参考面的缺点,提高了算法的实用性.     

Phase-measuring algorithm to suppress inner reflection of transparent parallel plate in wavelength tuning Fizeau interferometer

Optical thickness variation is a fundamental characteristic of transparent optical devices. When measuring this variation by using a wavelength-tuning Fizeau interferometer, the measurement accuracy depends on the phase-shifting algorithm being used. Therefore, the phase-shifting algorithm should compensate for any errors incurred during the measurement, including the phase-shift error, coupling errors, and bias modulation of intensity. Among these errors, however, the coupling errors between the higher harmonics resulting from the inner reflections of the transparent plate and phase-shift error have not previously been considered. This paper presents a derivation of a 19-sample phase-shifting algorithm that can compensate for the miscalibration and 1st-order nonlinearity of the phase shift, coupling errors, and bias modulation of intensity during wavelength tuning. The characteristics of the 19-sample algorithm were estimated with respect to the Fourier representation in the frequency domain. The phase error of measurements performed using the 19-sample algorithm was discussed and compared with that of measurements obtained using other conventional phase-shifting algorithms. Finally, the optical thickness variation of a fused silica parallel plate was obtained using a wavelength-tuning Fizeau interferometer and the 19-sample algorithm. The measurement accuracy was discussed by comparing the ripples in the crosstalk noise with those calculated using other phase-shifting algorithms. The experimental results indicated that the optical thickness variation measurement accuracy for the fused silica plate was approximately 2 nm.     

Non-contact measurement technique for dimensional metrology using optical comb

This paper proposes a non-contact pulsed interferometer for dimensional metrology using the repetition frequency of an optical frequency comb. A compact absolute-length measuring system is established for practical non-contact measurement based on a single-mode fiber interferometer. The stability and accuracy of the measurements are compared with those from a commercial incremental laser interferometer. The drifts of both systems have the same tendency and a maximum difference is approximately 0.1 μm. Subsequently, preliminary absolute-length measurements up to 1.5 m were measured. The signal-to-noise ratios of the small signals are improved by a frequency-selective amplifier. It is apparent that the noise is rejected, and the intensity of the interference fringes is amplified, achieving a maximum standard deviation of measurement approximately 1 μm. The proposed technique can provide sufficient accuracy for non-contact measurement in applications such as a simple laser-pulse tracking system.     

基于空间相移技术的平面干涉仪系统设计

时域相移技术由于需要在时域采集多幅干涉图而只擅长用于静态检测。为改善测量的动态特性,现提出了基于空间相移技术的平面干涉仪系统。采用基于偏振干涉和光栅分光的单CCD成像空间相移系统设计方案,设计了具有折叠式布局特点的干涉仪光路系统,建立了系统机械结构三维模型,结构紧凑、调整方便,并运用四步相移算法进行了模拟试验后数据处理。结果表明,所设计系统能够满足动态测量要求。     

被测件随机移相干涉面形测量方法

针对光学元件的面形测量,提出了一种被测件随机移相干涉面形测量法,用于降低移相干涉仪的成本,避免移相器老化产生的移相误差对面形检测精度的影响。该方法利用微位移驱动器驱动被测件在摩擦气浮复合导轨上移动进行随机移相并用相机采集若干幅干涉图;然后利用最小二乘迭代算法处理干涉图数据进而迭代出被测表面相位分布;最后进行一系列数据处理求解出被测件的面形结果。为了验证该方法的可行性,在实验室搭建了改进的斐索移相干涉系统,并选用一个凹面镜和一个平面镜作为被测件在搭建的系统上进行了实验测试,同时与同台仪器上的传统移相方法得到的测量结果进行了比对。结果表明:在激光光源波长λ为632.8nm的情况下,凹球面镜面形PV值和RMS值与传统移相方式测量结果相差0.001λ,和0.002λ;平面镜面形PV值和RMS值与传统移相方式的测量结果相差0.002λ和0.003λ,面形数据基本一致。该方法避免了移相器老化引入移相误差,降低了仪器成本,测量精度高。     

移相干涉仪环境振动自动测量系统

环境振动和半导体激光器输出扰动都会引起移相干涉仪(PSI)光学干涉场变化,为了评估环境振动对PSI的影响,在干涉仪内部,用两只光电管分别测量光学干涉场某点辐射功率的变化及半导体激光器输出功率的扰动,可析取移相干涉仪的环境振动信息。两路光电测量信号经单片机进行模数转换后由串行通信接口传输到PC机,通过可视化软件编程技术实现信号的图形化显示和环境振动信息的析取。     

误差补偿技术在相位偏移干涉测量中的应用

在研究泰曼—格林相位偏移干涉仪测量原理基础上，分析了位移驱动器移相误差对五幅移相计算结果的影响，一阶线性误差和二阶非线性误差是相位偏移干涉测量技术中产生相位误差的主要因素；提出了五幅算法移相误差补偿技术，该方法直接从相位偏移干涉图中计算移相过程中存在的一阶及二阶移相误差，对五幅算法结果进行误差修正；采用玻璃平晶为测试对象，建立了泰曼一格林干涉仪移相误差补偿原理试验系统。试验结果表明在同时存在一阶移相误差及二阶移相误差情况下，采用提出的移相误差补偿方法可以将位移测量精度提高6倍，相当于采用氦氖激光器的倍程干涉仪中位移精度达到1．0nm。     

金刚石复合片与硬质合金的钎焊研究

通过聚晶金刚石复合片与YG8硬质合金的高频感应钎焊试验,研究了不同钎料钎剂搭配对高频感应钎焊接头抗剪强度、焊缝厚度的影响,并用扫描电镜和电子探针观察、分析了焊缝的微观结构。结果表明,690℃钎焊温度下含Mn的1号钎料和活性温度较高的QJ102钎剂是最佳搭配方案。探讨了聚晶金刚石复合片的特殊钎焊工艺,认为采用复焊方法可以大幅提高钎焊接头的抗剪强度。     

Diagonal in space of coordinate measuring machine verification using an optical-comb pulsed interferometer with a ball-lens target

This paper presents a new optical method of coordinate measuring machine (CMM) verification. The proposed system based on a single-mode fiber optical-comb pulsed interferometer with a ball lens of refractive index 2 employed as the target. The target can be used for absolute-length measurements in all directions. The laser source is an optical frequency comb, whose repetition rate is stabilized by a rubidium frequency standard. The measurement range is confirmed to be up to 10 m. The diagonals of a CMM are easier to verify by the proposed method than by the conventional artifact test method. The measurement uncertainty of the proposed method is also smaller than that of the conventional method because the proposed measurement system is less affected by air temperature; it achieves an uncertainty of approximately 7 μm for measuring lengths of 10 m. The experimental results show that the measurement accuracy depends on noise in the interference fringe, which arises from airflow fluctuations and mechanical vibrations.     

飞秒激光频率梳精密测距技术综述

高精度绝对距离测量在科技发展中具有重要的作用,传统的测量方法已无法满足日益提高的测量要求。光学频率梳是重频和相位完全锁定的锁模脉冲激光,具有很高的空间、时间和频率分辨率。基于光频梳的测距技术由于在大尺寸计量及未来空间任务中的应用潜力引起了极大关注。介绍了光频梳测距技术的发展与现状,重点介绍了5种测量原理,包括合成波长干涉法、多波长干涉法、色散干涉法、双光梳干涉法和飞行时间法。     

Verification of the positioning accuracy of industrial coordinate measuring machine using optical-comb pulsed interferometer with a rough metal ball target

An optical-comb pulsed interferometer was developed for the positioning measurements of the industrial coordinate measuring machine (CMM); a rough metal ball was used as the target of the single-mode optical fiber interferometer. The measurement system is connected through a single-mode fiber more than 100 m long. It is used to connect a laser source from the 10th floor of a building to the proposed measuring system inside a CMM room in the basement of the building. The repetition frequency of a general optical comb is transferred to 1 GHz by an optical fiber-type Fabry–Pérot etalon. Then, a compact absolute position-measuring system is realized for practical non-contact use with a high accuracy of measurement. The measurement uncertainty is approximately 0.6 μm with a confidence level of 95%.     

可实现误差估计的移相量计算方法

针对移相干涉仪中移相器的标定,提出了一种基于干涉图计算移相量的迭代方法。该方法分为两步:首先假设移相量已知,构建三元最小二乘方程计算位相;然后假设位相已知,构建二元最小二乘方程计算移相量,同时依据三角函数关系和遍历原则,建立估算移相量计算误差的参数。利用计算机仿真和实验验证了提出方法的有效性。计算机仿真显示:提出的方法比已有算法计算精度更高,而且误差估计值与实际计算误差偏离小于15%。在Fizeau干涉仪上开展了验证实验,利用两个电容位移传感器测量了镜架的位移。计算结果与电容传感器测量结果非常吻合,最大偏差仅为0.7nm。另外,利用本文方法得到的误差估计值为0.52nm,显示测量结果和计算结果的偏差在误差估计值范围内。所提出的方法可以高精度地提取移相量,且能给出移相量计算误差,是一种简单可靠的移相器标定方法。     

可调谐激光器激光波长宽范围自动偏频锁定

针对激光多波长干涉绝对测距中构建多级合成波长的需求,提出了一种锁至飞秒光频梳的可调谐激光器(External Cavity Diode Laser,ECDL)输出激光波长的宽范围自动偏频锁定方法.首先,设计了光栅+双凸透镜梳齿滤波的拍频信号探测单元,实现了宽范围ECDL激光波长与目标梳齿的拍频探测.接着,采用锁相放大原...     

Real-time displacement measurements with a Fabry-Perot cavity and a diode laser

We present the basic operating principles of a traceable measurement system suitable for use with atomic force microscopes (AFMs) and nanometer-resolution displacement sensors. Our method is based upon a tunable external-cavity diode laser system which is servo-locked via a phase-modulated heterodyne locking technique to a Fabry-Perot interferometer cavity. We discuss mechanical considerations for the use of this cavity as a displacement metrology system and we describe methods for making real-time (sub 10 ms sampling period) measurements of the optical heterodyne signals. Our interferometer system produces a root-mean-squared (RMS) displacement measurement resolution of 20 pm. Two applications of the system are described. First, the system was used to examine known optical mixing errors in a heterodyne Michelson interferometer. Second, the Fabry-Perot interferometer was integrated into the Z axis of a commercial AFM scanning stage and used to produce interferometer-based images of a 17 nm step height specimen. We also demonstrate atomic resolution interferometer-based images of a 0.3 nm silicon single atomic step-terrace specimen.     

A new multichannel interferometer system on HL-2A

A new multichannel HCN interferometer has been developed on HL-2A tokamak, which is characterized by two techniques: (1) the wave-guide HCN laser with cavity length of 6 m to increase the optical resource power and (2) high response room temperature waveguide Schottky diode detectors to obtain good beat signal. The space resolution is 7 cm by the use of focusing metal mirrors mounted on the vacuum chamber and a compensated optical system. In the 2006 experiment campaign, this new interferometer has been applied for plasma density profile and density sawtooth measurement.     

Application of a diffraction grating and position sensitive detectors to the measurement of error motion and angular indexing of an indexing table

In this paper, two systems for the measurement of the error motion and angular indexing of a rotary indexing table have been developed. A laser diode, a laser holder and a position sensitive detector (PSD) are integrated as a simple measuring device for the measurement of the rotary error without using a precision reference artifact (a cylinder or a sphere), multiple probes or error separation methods. The laser diode is assembled in the laser holder and fixed on the rotary table. The PSD is set up above the laser holder to detect the position of an incident laser beam from the laser diode. When the rotary table rotates, the rotary error changes the direction of the incident beam and also the position of the spot on the PSD. For the measurement of the angular indexing, a reflective diffraction grating and two PSDs are integrated as a high-resolution angle measuring device without using an autocollimator or a laser interferometer system. The diffraction grating is set at the center of the rotary table and reflects an incident laser beam into several diffractive rays. Two PSDs were set up for detecting the positions of ±1st-order diffraction rays. A simple algebraic method is used to solve the angular indexing through an optical analysis. The experimental results showed the feasibility of the proposed test devices.     

An optical lever by using a mode-locked laser for angle measurement

A new concept of optical lever for angle measurement having an extended angular measurement range with a mode-locked laser as the light source, which is significantly extended from the conventional photodiode (PD)-type optical levers with a single frequency laser, is proposed. In the proposed concept, a collimated laser beam of the mode-locked laser is made incident to a grating reflector to generate a group of first-order diffracted beams from the grating reflector. Differing from a conventional PD-type optical lever employing a laser beam with a single frequency as the light source, the angle measurement range can be significantly expanded for the sake of the group of widely-spread first-order diffracted beams. In addition, the proposed optical lever has a potential of assuring the traceability of angle measurement by linking it to the optical frequency comb based on the mode-locked laser, which is employed as the national standard of time and frequency. In this paper, as a first step of this research, a mode-locked femtosecond laser is employed as the light source of the proposed optical lever. To distinguish each of the first-order diffracted beams generated with the combination of the mode-locked femtosecond laser and the diffraction grating having a grating period of 1.67 μm, a Fabry-Pérot etalon is employed in the setup of the optical lever to modulate the distance between two neighboring beams in the group of first-order diffracted beams. Experimental setups are developed, and basic experiments are carried out to verify the feasibility of the proposed optical lever.     

双频激光干涉仪中的数字相位计设计

基于Altera公司FPGA芯片,提出了一种基于双频激光干涉仪系统中数字相位计的实现方法。该相位计用于测量系统中被测信号和参考信号之间的相位差角度,间接测量激光干涉仪的光程差信息。被测信号经过光电接收器以及A/D模数转换成数字信号送到FPGA芯片中,与FPGA内建的查找表参考信号做正交相关法解调运算,得到一组X-Y值,再利用CORDIC算法计算arctan函数获取相位差,最后计算出干涉仪的光程差,算法的全过程使用FPGA硬件实现。实验结果表明,该相位计使双频激光干涉仪的相位差测量精度在0.01°以内。