Numerical Investigation of High Velocity Suspension Flame Spraying

High-velocity suspension flame spraying (HVSFS) has recently developed as a possible alternative to conventional HVOF-spraying employing liquid suspensions instead of dry powder feedstock enables the use of nanoparticles. From the fluid dynamics point of view, the HVSFS system is complex and involves three-phase (gas, liquid and solid particles) turbulent flow, heat transfer, evaporation of the suspension solvent, chemical reactions of main fuel (propane) and suspension solvent (ethanol) and supersonic/subsonic flow transitions. Computational fluid dynamic techniques were carried out to solve the mass, momentum, and energy conservation equations. The realizable k-?? turbulence model was used to account for the effect of turbulence. The HVSFS process involves two combustion reactions. A primary combustion process is the premixed oxygen-propane reaction and secondary process is the non-premixed oxygen-gaseous ethanol reaction. For each reaction, one step global reaction, which takes dissociations and intermediate reactions into account, was derived from the equilibrium chemistry code developed by Gordon and McBride and eddy dissipation model was used to calculate the rate of reactions based on the transport equations for all species (10 species) mass fractions. Droplets were tracked in the continuum in a Lagrangian approach. In this paper, flow field inside and outside the gun simulated to provide clear and complete insight about the HVSFS processes. Moreover, the effect of some operative parameters (oxy-fuel flow rate, ethanol flow rate, droplets injection velocity and droplets size) on the gas flow field along the centerline and droplets evaporation behavior was discussed.     

Established and Adapted Diagnostic Tools for Investigation of a Special Twin-Wire Arc Spraying Process

In the LDS^® (Lichtbogendrahtspritzen) process, a twin-wire arc spraying (TWAS) process developed by Daimler AG, the gas injection and feed to the arc play a crucial role in separating the molten particles from the wire ends. This paper describes an investigation of the gas and particle behavior according to individual LDS^® process parameters. Coating problems are not considered. The measurements are separated into two different parts: “cold” (without arc and particles) and “hot” (with arc and particles). The results provide the first detailed understanding of the effect of different LDS^® process parameters. A correlation between the gas parameter settings and the particle beam properties was found. Using established and adapted diagnostic tools, as also applied for conventional TWAS processes, this special LDS^® process was investigated and the results (gas and particle behavior) validated, thereby allowing explanation and comparison of the diagnostic methods, which is the main focus of this paper. Based on error analysis, individual instabilities, limits, and deviations during the gas determinations and particle measurements are explained in more detail. The paper concludes with presentation of the first particle-shadow diagnostic results and main statements regarding these investigations.     

高速电弧喷涂雾化过程的数值模拟

建立了高速电弧喷涂枪喷嘴结构气体流动的三维CFD模型,模拟了喷嘴的自由射流、以及气流喷向基体时的射流分布特征.在此基础上,计算了雾化熔滴在气体射流作用下的飞行轨迹,并通过对比实验测量了喷涂粒子的雾化性能.数值模拟结果显示,气体射流并非呈完全的轴对称分布,在丝材相交的平面和垂直于该平面的方向上,气流速度分布差别明显;在距基体约25 mm的射流中心附近位置,气体速度迅速下降,这为雾化熔滴的高速沉积提供了条件.另外,雾化粒子的数值模拟与实验结果相一致,都呈现出了中间高边缘低的速度分布特征.     

真空冷喷涂铜颗粒加速特性数值研究

基于Fluent气固两相流数值模拟,研究真空冷喷涂铜颗粒的加速特性,分析了环境压力、喷涂距离、入口总温和颗粒粒径等参数对真空环境下颗粒撞击速度的影响。结果表明:环境压力是决定颗粒撞击速度的关键因素,随环境压力的变化,小直径颗粒(dp≤1μm)撞击速度的变化曲线呈抛物线状态,但大直径颗粒无显著变化;采用合适的喷涂距离,才能获得最大的颗粒撞击速度;增加入口总温可提高小直径颗粒的撞击速度,但对大直径颗粒无明显加速效果;真空冷喷涂颗粒的尺寸可从微米级减小至亚微米级,但过小的颗粒仍难达到足够高的撞击速度。     

Numerical Investigation on Effects of Interactions Between Particles on Coating Formation in Cold Spraying

In this study, an investigation on the effects of interactions between copper particles on coating formation was conducted by using a finite element analysis method to clarify the bonding mechanism in cold spraying. The predicted results reveal that the interactions between particles significantly affect the particle deformation and thus coating formation. When the initial parallel distance between particles is short, particles compress with the generation of gap between them. For the vertical case, the initial distance between particles also has an important effect. Short vertical distance makes the subsequent incident particle deform so weakly that the bonding performance is probably not strong enough to form a coating. Furthermore, for successive impacting particles, the subsequent incident particles will tamp the former deposited particles, causing the coating to be little porous near the surface and denser inside the coating.     

Numerical Study of Suspension Plasma Spraying

A numerical study of suspension plasma spraying is presented in the current work. The liquid suspension jet is replaced with a train of droplets containing the suspension particles injected into the plasma flow. Atomization, evaporation, and melting of different components are considered for droplets and particles as they travel toward the substrate. Effect of different parameters on particle conditions during flight and upon impact on the substrate is investigated. Initially, influence of the torch operating conditions such as inlet flow rate and power is studied. Additionally, effect of injector parameters like injection location, flow rate, and angle is examined. The model used in the current study takes high-temperature gradients and non-continuum effects into account. Moreover, the important effect of change in physical properties of suspension droplets as a result of evaporation is included in the model. These mainly include variations in heat transfer properties and viscosity. Utilizing this improved model, several test cases have been considered to better evaluate the effect of different parameters on the quality of particles during flight and upon impact on the substrate.     

Process Variables in Plasma-Jet Spraying

The introduction of commercial plasma-jet equipment has rapidly advanced the technology of spray coating. This paper briefly reviews some of the experimental data collected during several past investigations with the hope of stimulating further experimental and theoretical work in this field.     

激光等离子复合热源喷涂工艺沉积机理研究

目的提高涂层的结合强度和改善微观组织结构。方法选取WC-10Co4Cr喷涂材料,分别通过激光等离子复合热源喷涂工艺以及等离子喷涂工艺制备涂层,对涂层组织与基本性能进行检测,对两种不同喷涂工艺的沉积机理作对比分析研究。研究复合热源喷涂涂层微观组织结构以及涂层与基体间结合方式较等离子喷涂涂层的变化。利用高速摄像仪对激光等离子复合热源喷涂以及等离子喷涂的工艺过程进行跟踪监测和分析,研究复合热源沉积过程中,基体表面微熔池的形成及粉末粒子在不同沉积工艺过程中熔融状态的对比,分析等离子喷涂涂层和复合热源喷涂涂层的沉积机理。结果等离子喷涂WC-10Co4Cr涂层以机械结合方式为主,涂层结合强度为39.5 MPa,孔隙率为1.7%,而激光等离子复合热源喷涂WC-10Co4Cr涂层实现了冶金结合,其结合强度提升到91 MPa,孔隙率降低到0.86%。结论激光等离子复合热源喷涂工艺可以有效提升涂层的结合力,改善涂层组织致密性,更有利于涂层的耐磨耐腐蚀性能。     

Build Strategy Investigation of Ti-6Al-4V Produced Via a Hybrid Manufacturing Process

Hybrid manufacturing (HM), which integrates additive and subtractive manufacturing in one system, has become a popular choice for near-net-shape fabrication of complex parts. Although HM systems have been investigated for decades with major efforts on hardware and motion control system development, less work has been done in the exploration of relationships between microstructure evolution and the HM processing parameters. Here, Ti-6Al-4V thin-wall structures are fabricated according to a design of experiments matrix that includes four main HM processing parameters: layer height, powder feed rate, input energy density, and preheat condition. Optical microscopy is used to characterize the microstructure and relate it to the final part mechanical properties using Vickers hardness test and tensile test. Finite element analysis is applied to predict transient temperature history in the HM process and to help understand the microstructure type formation.     

Al2O3复相陶瓷涂层的SHS反应火焰喷涂过程

基于自蔓延高温台成技术(SHS)的反应火焰喷椽技术，用氧-乙炔火焰引燃Al-Cuo团聚粉，使之发生自蔓延反应．在钢基表面制备了Al2O3复相陶瓷涂层。通过水淬熄试验截取飞行粒子的中间状态，对经水拎后的粒子及喷涂涂层进行物相与组执分析，从而给出了SHS反应火焰喷涂Al2O3复相陶瓷椽层的基本过程．即各团聚颗粒构成独立的徽小反应单元，经历Al熔化和Cuo分解的反应孕育、Al与Cu2O的飞行反应燃饶、与基体碰撞并继续反应、结构转变与凝固4个阶段，最终形喊Al2O3复相陶瓷馀层。     

金属微喷熔滴沉积成型工艺数值模拟

采用半隐式压力关联算法,通过引进VOF函数和分段线性界面结构（PLIC）构建自由曲面,建立了微喷金属熔滴流动和传热数值模型,模拟了7075铝合金熔滴成形过程中撞击速度、熔滴间距、基板温度和熔滴尺寸等工艺参数对成形形貌的影响规律,并对模拟结果进行了实验验证。结果表明：确定合理的撞击速度和熔滴间距是获得好成形精度和质量的关键,熔滴直径为100μm,间距为200μm的7075铝合金熔滴在初始温度为350K的不锈钢基板上以1.5m/s的初速度沉积成形时,可获得较好的成形效果。模拟结果与试验结果基本吻合,较好反映了实际成形过程中熔滴撞击、铺展和固化行为,为该工艺的实际应用提供了参考依据。     

Numerical Investigation of Process Parameters on External Inversion of Thin-Walled Tubes

In this paper, a computational study of development of external inversion mode of deformation of round-metallic aluminum tubes over a fixed profile die is presented. Inversion mode of deformation is analyzed in detail by using a finite element code FORGE2. The proposed finite element model for this purpose idealizes the deformation as axisymmetric. Six-noded triangular elements are used to discretize the domain. The material is modeled as rigid-viscoplastic. Typical variations of the equivalent strain rate and equivalent strain along the length of the deforming tube are studied to predict the development of inversion mode of deformation. The influence of the friction present at the contact interface between the tube and the die is also examined to suggest a successful inversion of tube. Energy absorbed in overcoming the frictional stresses between the tube-die interfaces is compared with the total energy required in the inversion of tube. A few predicted results which include the geometry of inverted tube load-compression variation during inversion process are compared with their experimental counterparts to validate the computational model.     

Parameter Optimisation of a Vacuum Plasma Spraying Process Using Boron Carbide

This study determines the optimal processing parameters for vacuum plasma spraying boron carbide (B₄C), employing an integrated approach based on the Taguchi design method, a neural network, and a genetic algorithm (GA). The proposed method comprises two stages. In the first stage, the Taguchi design method is used to establish a preliminary solution for the optimal set of processing parameters. In the second stage, the experimental results acquired from the Taguchi trials are used to construct a neural network model of the spraying process. A GA is then used to establish the optimal combination of processing parameters. The experimental results show that the coating void content of the specimen prepared using the processing parameters identified by the GA is significantly lower than that of the specimen prepared using the processing parameters identified by the Taguchi method alone.     

Shock-Wave-Induced Spraying: Modeling and Physics of a New Spray Process

A two-dimensional axisymmetric transient model for the shock-wave-induced spraying process (SISP) is developed. SISP is a new cold spray process used to apply coatings of various metallic materials onto a wide range of different substrates. The model is validated with reference to a simplified one-dimensional approximation of the flow field. The model solves equations for mass, momentum, energy, ideal-gas law, as well as turbulence. The valve is represented as a ball-seat-type valve. The results are presented as contours of flow variables in a space-time domain. Values of pressure, axial velocity, Mach number, as well as static and total temperature are examined. The effects of varying supply pressure and temperature on these flow variables are investigated in detail. Additionally, air and helium are compared as the driving gas.     

Suspensions Plasma Spraying of Ceramics with Hybrid Water-Stabilized Plasma Technology

Technology of water-stabilized plasma torch was recently substantially updated through introduction of a so-called hybrid concept that combines benefits of water stabilization and gas stabilization principles. The high-enthalpy plasma provided by the WSP-H (“hybrid”) torch may be used for thermal spraying of powders as well as liquid feedstocks with high feed rates. In this study, results from three selected experiments with suspension plasma spraying with WSP-H technology are presented. Possibility of deposition of coatings with controlled microstructures was demonstrated for three different ceramics (YSZ—yttria-stabilized zirconia, YAG—yttrium aluminum garnet and Al₂O₃) introduced into ethanol-based suspensions. Shadowgraphy was used for optimization of suspension injection and visualization of the liquid fragmentation in the plasma jet. Coatings were deposited onto substrates attached to the rotating carousel with integrated temperature monitoring and air cooling, which provided an excellent reproducibility of the deposition process. Deposition of columnar-like YSZ and dense YAG and Al₂O₃ coatings was successfully achieved. Deposition efficiency reached more than 50%, as evaluated according to EN ISO 17 836 standard.     

ZrO2纳米粉等离子喷涂工艺及磨损性能研究

应用spraywatch热喷涂在线监测系统测定了ZrO2纳米粉等离子喷涂工艺参数与喷涂粒子温度和速度的关系；测定了涂层耐磨性，分析了涂层表面形貌、界面结合状况和物相组成；获得了涂层制备的较佳喷涂工艺参数。涂层为纳米结构，主要由四方相构成。     

热冲压模具冷却系统数值模拟研究

分析了计算流体力学模拟方法中模具冷却系统传热过程的流固耦合方法和第三类边界条件法的计算量和准确度,发现两种方法的模拟结果接近。前者可以准确地反映冷却水管内的流速及温度分布以及模具内的导热过程;后者仅分析模具的导热过程,计算模型简单、耗时短,是一种比较高效的近似模拟方法。通过分析热冲压模具内的传热机理可知,模具内的导热热阻是整个传热过程中的主要热阻。     

Development of Expert Controller for Plasma Spraying Process

SOME PLASMA SPRAYING EQUIPMENTS ofnewly-developed have been added system monitorfunction and system self-diagnosis,alarming andamendment are realized,and the coating qualitycontrol can be achieved by setting up information baseof control parameters.But investigation of plasmaspraying technology is mainly concentrated onspraying process and coating properties in our country['2].In this paper,plasma spraying parameters andcoating properties and relationship between them areanalyzed by …     

等离子喷涂YSZ热障涂层的工艺研究

目的 优化大气等离子喷涂工艺,提高热障涂层的耐腐蚀性能与热循环寿命。方法 设计正交试验,制备出不同工艺参数的YSZ涂层。用共聚焦显微镜、X射线衍射仪、能谱分析仪对涂层的表面粗糙度、表面与截面形貌、元素组成与分布进行表征,用Image J软件分析涂层的孔隙。根据试验数据优化工艺参数,对比分析工艺优化前后涂层的耐腐蚀性与热循环寿命。对涂层进行热震水淬试验,分析涂层的热震寿命与失效行为。结果 不同工艺下制备的涂层在孔隙、耐熔盐腐蚀与热循环寿命方面存在明显差异,工艺参数W3X3Y1Z3组合为优化出的喷涂工艺。采用优化后工艺所制备的涂层TBC-1,孔隙率为9.65%,平均孔隙尺寸为6.18 μm²,未观察到明显的大孔与裂纹。涂层表面粗糙度为3.48 μm,粉末熔化状态较好。热腐蚀之后,涂层截面熔盐元素V的质量分数为2.03%,无熔盐积聚现象。涂层经20次热腐蚀与热冲击联合试验后,质量损失率为0.25%,表面完整,无明显剥落。TBC-1在热震试验中的失效形式为涂层大面积剥落,失效次数为172次。结论 等离子喷涂的工艺参数对涂层的综合性能有重要影响,涂层中较大的裂纹和孔隙可作为熔盐的渗透途径,加速涂层的腐蚀,同时使热循环寿命变差。经优化后工艺制备的涂层,内部孔隙分布均匀,且平均孔隙尺寸较小,表现出良好的耐腐蚀性与热循环寿命。涂层中热生长氧化物(TGO)的生长应力、陶瓷层与黏结层的热失配应力是涂层中裂纹扩展和涂层失效的重要原因。