Modeling of Thermal Spraying Heat Transfer Processes by Exodus Stochastic Method

This article deals with the application of the stochastic Exodus method for modelling of thermal spraying heat transfer processes and for solving direct and indirect problems. The Exodus stochastic method has an advantage in straightforward solving of the transient inverse heat transfer multi-dimensional problems over other methods based on iterative fittings procedures used for example by finite element methods (FEM). Theoretical background of the method is introduced. Application capabilities of the method are shown on the example of high velocity oxygen fuel thermal spraying heat transfer process analysis. Comparisons with results of FEM computational method application are presented.     

FEA of Residual Stress During HVOF Thermal Spraying

Due to the recent advances in thermal spraying technology, considerable research emphasis has been placed on the development of models capable of predicting deposition mechanisms at various stages during the process. In order to gain a deeper knowledge of the mechanisms involved in thermal spraying, it is necessary to isolate the factors affecting these constitutive properties (e.g., residual stress generation) and in doing so quantify the effect of the individual factors. Finite element analysis (FEA) is used in the present research to predict the residual stress generated in a WC-Co deposit produced via the HVOF process. The model is compared to an analytical technique and validated experimentally, the result of which provides a thermo-mechanical modeling procedure with an accuracy greater than 80% of that found experimentally. Combining FEA techniques with analytical and experimental results will enhance the understanding of residual stress in thermal spray techniques.     

AE Monitoring and Analysis of HVOF Thermal Spraying Process

This work presents an in situ monitoring of HVOF thermal spraying process through an acoustic emission (AE) technique in an industrial coating chamber. Single layer thermal spraying on substrate was carried out through slits. Continuous multilayer thermal spraying onto the sample without slit was also conducted. The AE was measured using a broadband piezoelectric AE sensor positioned on the back of the substrate. A mathematical model has been developed to determine the total kinetic energy of particles impacting the substrate through slits. Results of this work demonstrate that AE associated with particle impacts can be used for in situ monitoring of coating process. Results also show that the amplitude and AE energy is related to the spray gun transverse speed and the oxy-fuel pressure. The measured AE energy was found to vary with the number of particles impacting the substrate, determined using the mathematical model.     

高速电弧喷涂雾化熔滴的热传输行为

提出了高速电弧喷涂(HVAS)雾化过程熔滴的热传输理论模型,并用一种FeAl合金进行数值分析。结果表明,雾化过程中熔滴的液态冷却速度在105~107K穝-1数量级,预示涂层将具有快速凝固组织特征;熔滴尺寸、雾化气流初始速度、熔滴过热度及喷涂距离对雾化熔滴的热传输行为均有很大的影响;在一定范围内增大雾化气流压力,增大熔滴过热度,缩短喷涂距离,可以有效地改善高速电弧喷涂层的性能。     

Microstructure and Wear Resistance of Fe-Based Amorphous Metallic Coatings Prepared by HVOF Thermal Spraying

Amorphous metallic coatings with a composition of Fe₄₈Cr₁₅Mo₁₄C₁₅B₆Y₂ were fabricated by means of high velocity oxygen fuel (HVOF) thermal spraying process. The microstructure and wear performance of the coatings were characterized simultaneously in this article. It is found that the coatings present a dense layered structure with the porosity below 1.5%. The coatings primarily consist of amorphous matrix and some precipitated nanocrystals, though a fraction of Fe-rich phases and oxide stringers also formed during deposited process. High thermal stability enables the amorphous coatings to work below 920 K temperature without crystallization. Depending on the structural advantage, the amorphous coatings exhibit high average microhardness of 997.3 HV_0.2, and excellent wear resistance during dry frictional wear process. The dominant wear mechanism of amorphous coating under this condition is fatigue wear, leading to partial or entire flaking off of the lamellae. In addition, the appearance of oxidative wear accelerates the failure of fatigue wear.     

超音速火焰喷涂(HVOF)多相流瞬时演化机理及敏感性分析

以航空煤油为燃料的超音速火焰喷涂（HVOF）技术在制备WC-Co涂层方面具有独特优势。目前对HVOF热喷涂稳态过程的研究无法揭示燃料液滴在燃烧室中的动态燃烧行为。液体燃料进入燃烧室前需要雾化,量化揭示燃料燃烧反应瞬时演化机理是优化喷涂工艺的关键。基于JP5000喷枪建立HVOF热喷涂过程瞬时演化数值模型。将煤油液滴破碎、气化过程、燃烧反应焰流与喷涂粒子直接耦合。采用双向耦合欧拉-拉格朗日方法跟踪连续相和离散相,以realizable k-ε湍流模型、一步反应涡耗散模型（EDM）表述喷涂燃烧焰流特性。通过KHRT(Kelvin-Helmholtz Rayleigh-Taylor)破碎模型描述航空煤油液滴破碎过程。基于可靠性理论,综合分析煤油液滴直径、氧气/燃料比率及反应物质量流量对喷涂粒子飞行行为的影响。结果表明：氧气/燃料比率对粒子温度影响程度最大,煤油液滴直径对粒子速度影响最大。HVOF瞬时演化模型可以直观呈现燃料的动态行为及喷涂粒子的飞行特性,可为优化热喷涂工艺提供参考和理论支撑。     

Effect of Substrate and Process Parameters on the Gas-Substrate Convective Heat Transfer Coefficient During Cold Spraying

The final quality of cold-sprayed coatings can be significantly influenced by gas-substrate heat exchange, due to the dependence of the deposition efficiency of the particles on the substrate temperature distribution. In this study, the effect of the air temperature and pressure, as process parameters, and surface roughness and thickness, as substrate parameters, on the convective heat transfer coefficient of the impinging air jet was investigated. A low-pressure cold spraying unit was used to generate a compressed air jet that impinged on a flat substrate. A comprehensive mathematical model was developed and coupled with experimental data to estimate the heat transfer coefficient and the surface temperature of the substrate. The effect of the air total temperature and pressure on the heat transfer coefficient was studied. It was found that increasing the total pressure would increase the Nusselt number of the impinging air jet, while total temperature of the air jet had negligible effect on the Nusslet number. It was further found that increasing the roughness of the substrate enhanced the heat exchange between the impinging air jet and the substrate. As a result, higher surface temperatures on the rough substrate were measured. The study of the effect of the substrate thickness on the heat transfer coefficient showed that the Nusselt number that was predicted by the model was independent of the thickness of the substrate. The surface temperature profile, however, decreased in increasing radial distances from the stagnation point of the impinging jet as the thickness of the substrate increased. The results of the current study were aimed to inform on the influence and effect of substrate and process parameters on the gas-substrate heat exchange and the surface temperature of the substrate on the final quality of cold-sprayed coatings.     

Coating of High-Alloyed, Ledeburitic Cold Work Tool Steel Applied by HVOF Spraying

This study demonstrates the processing of a cold work tool steel (X220CrVMo13-4) coating using HVOF spraying. The coating formation was analyzed based on microstructure, phase, hardness, porosity, oxidation, and adhesion characteristics. An online diagnostic tool was utilized to find out the in-flight characteristics of powder such as temperature and velocity during the coating process to identify the influencing parameters to achieve dense cold work tool steel coatings with low oxidation. The influence of powder size, process parameters, and in-flight characteristics on the formation of cold work tool steel coatings was demonstrated. The results indicated that thick and dense cold work tool steel coatings with low oxidation can be obtained by the selection of appropriate powder size and process parameters.     

闭孔泡沫铝有效热导率模型及传热模拟研究

有效热导率是表征闭孔泡沫铝热性能的重要参数,准确预测闭孔泡沫铝的有效热导率具有重要意义。本研究基于已有的闭孔泡沫铝有效热导率模型,提出了一个改进模型,并采用数值模拟方法针对闭孔泡沫铝的非稳态传热过程进行了分析,基于温度场分布获得了有效热导率。结果表明与Lu模型相比,改进模型的预测精度更高;与文献中3个理论模型相比,改进模型具有更好的适用性及预测精度;当采用数值模拟方法计算有效热导率时,沿传热方向的胞孔数对有效热导率的预测精度影响较大;在保证泡沫铝胞孔数足够的条件下,数值模拟结果的精度最高;从成本及精度两方面考虑,改进模型有更好的适用性。     

热喷涂铝青铜涂层的制备与微动磨损行为*

采用大气等离子喷涂和超音速火焰喷涂在不锈钢表面制备铝青铜涂层,并考察涂层的显微组织、相组成以及微动磨损行为。结果表明,在微动初期涂层接触区内发生轻微损伤,表现为犁沟和粘着;随微动循环次数的增加,层状剥离和氧化成为涂层接触区内的主要损伤形式。超音速火焰喷涂涂层具有更高的致密度和硬度,提高了涂层抗粘着及犁削的性能,故在试验初期表现出较小的摩擦因数和磨损体积;但在微动损伤机制随循环次数增大转变为层状剥离和氧化后,大气等离子喷涂涂层具有更小的摩擦因数和磨损体积。这可能是由于大气等离子喷涂涂层具有更高含量的α相,提高了涂层的韧性抑制了脆性断裂。此外,磨痕内形成的致密氧化层和由应变强化得到的致密化组织减缓了涂层的进一步磨损和氧化。     

Modeling and Simulation of Heat Transfer in Loaded Continuous Heat Treatment Furnace

HEAT UP processing is the basic step for the workloadin heat treatment for further processing.It is also anenergy-intensive process.Thus,correct prediction ofthe temperature variation and distribution in theworkload is of significance to ensure the final qualityof the parts and to reduce energy consumption and timeas well.There are some studies about the optimizationof heat treating process in continuous furnace.FurnXpert'11is developed to optimize furnace designand operation for many types…     

Modeling and Control of High-Velocity Oxygen-Fuel (HVOF) Thermal Spray: A Tutorial Review

This work provides a tutorial overview of recent research efforts in modeling and control of the high-velocity oxygen-fuel (HVOF) thermal spray process. Initially, the modeling of the HVOF thermal spray, including combustion, gas dynamics, particle in-flight behavior, and coating microstructure evolution is reviewed. The influence of the process operating conditions as predicted by the fundamental models on particle characteristics and coating microstructure is then discussed and compared with experimental observations. Finally, the issues of measurement and automatic control are discussed and comments on potential future research efforts are made.     

单辊法制备非晶合金中冷却速率的数值计算

以非晶合金形成过程中的传热分析为基础，计算了超导热急冷设备和铜急冷设备两种设备下非晶合金快速凝固开始后的冷却速率，并计算分析了在铜辊外表面涂镍或不锈钢后对非晶合金冷却速率的影响。结果发现，超导热急冷设备对非晶合金的快速凝固效果比铜急冷设备要好，在铜辊外表面涂镍或不锈钢后非晶合金的冷却速率在凝固开始一段时间内明显降低，其中涂不锈钢后最为明显。     

喷涂距离对超音速火焰喷涂 CoCrAlYTa 涂层组织性能的影响

采用超音速火焰喷涂技术制备CoCrAlYTa涂层,研究了喷涂距离对涂层相组成、孔隙率以及硬度、弯曲强度、高温抗氧化性能的影响。结果表明:喷涂距离在200～300 mm范围内时,随着喷涂距离的减小,涂层的致密度增加,孔隙率下降,显微硬度和弯曲结合强度增加,但相组成基本不变,主要由CoAl,AlCo2Ta和CoTa3相组成;涂层致密度越高,在高温氧化过程中,表面越易尽早形成连续氧化膜并促进涂层中Al元素的选择氧化,因此随着喷涂距离的减小,涂层的高温抗氧化性能逐渐增强。     

超音速火焰喷涂低碳WC/12Co涂层的组织及性能研究

采用离心雾化干燥法制得团聚颗粒,经连续高温烧结成两种不同松装密度的热喷涂粉末。采用以C3H8/O2为燃料的超音速火焰喷涂（HVOF）工艺制备了WC/12Co涂层。对粉末及涂层做了显微组织观察和XRD分析,测定了涂层的厚度、显微硬度和粉末沉积效率。结果表明,在1120℃、1180℃烧结的粉末中主要有WC和W6Co6C,但无Co相;涂层有脱碳,有Co6W6C相,但未出现单质Co。涂层组织均匀致密,沉积效率可达65%。     

多孔铂电极的蓄热传热性能及热稳定性研究

本研究应用固体物理理论和方法,研究了氧传感器多孔Pt电极材料的热容量、热导率等蓄热传热性能及其热稳定性随温度、时间和晶粒半径的变化规律,探讨了原子非简谐振动对电极材料蓄热传热性能及热稳定性的影响。研究表明,多孔Pt电极的定容热容量随温度的升高先增大后趋于恒定,随晶粒半径和时间的增大而减小;多孔Pt电极的蓄热性能热稳定性系数随温度的升高先急剧增大后迅速减小,最后趋于恒定,在温度约60 K时,其蓄热性能热稳定性最差;多孔Pt电极的热导率随温度的升高先急剧减小后趋于恒定,随晶粒半径的增加而增大,随时间的增长而减小;表面层对热导率的贡献随温度升高先急剧减小后趋于0;多孔Pt电极原子振动的非简谐效应使其热容量有所减小,而使蓄热性能热稳定性系数和热导率有所增大。本研究所得结果与其他文献的结果基本一致,其结论可为固体电解质氧传感器的稳定性问题提供理论指导。     

Coupled Modeling of Electromagnetic Fleld,Fluid Flow,Heat Transfer and Solidification During Conventional DC Casting and Low Ftequency Electrmagnetic Casting of 7xxx Aluminum Alloys

A comprehensive mathematical model has been developed to describe the interaction of the multiple physics fields during the conventional DC casting and LFEC (low frequency electromagnetic casting) process. The model is based on a combination of the commercial finite element package ANSYS and the commercial finite volume package FLUENT, with the former for the calculation of the electromagnetic field and the latter for the calculation of the magnetic driven fluid flow, heat transfer and solidification. Moreo...     

双相不锈钢脉冲电弧等离子体传热传质行为*

基于电磁动力学、流体力学及热力学等理论以及高速摄像与电信号采集原位测试手段,考虑等离子体中的金属蒸汽行为建立电弧熔滴一体化多物理场耦合仿真模型,研究双相不锈钢脉冲电弧等离子体的传热传质行为。结果表明,电弧等离子体温度峰值分布在熔滴轴线两侧并与电流值呈正相关,在熔滴缩颈至过渡阶段,基板上表面由电弧等离子体的非对称性影响造成温度分布不均匀;电弧等离子体的流场分布结果与温度场类似,但不同时刻速度峰值除与电流值相关,还与熔滴的过渡状态有关,随着熔滴过渡进行,电弧等离子体的高温区和高速区皆向基板压缩;在熔滴缩颈之前,铁蒸汽随着电流增大逐渐向轴线压缩,在熔滴下方质量分数可以达到 100%;在熔滴缩颈之后,熔滴上下的高浓度铁蒸汽会增大等离子体的电导率, 进而促进熔滴过渡。     

电渣重熔磁流体传热传质过程的数值模拟

建立了电渣重熔三维非稳态耦合数学模型。通过求解麦克斯韦方程组和质量、动量、能量以及溶质传输方程,得到电渣炉中渣金两相流动、温度分布、凝固和溶质分布情况。计算结果与测量值吻合的较好。     

Modeling of Two-Phase Flow and Heat Transfer in Low-Temperature Oxygen-Fuel Spray Process

The low-temperature oxygen-fuel (LTOF) spray is a modification of high velocity oxygen fuel spray. In this process, the high-temperature gas is accelerated to supersonic speed through a Laval nozzle followed by a straight barrel. By injecting room temperature gas into the mixing chamber, the temperature of the gas can be controlled in a range of about 1000-2500 K, so that some oxygen and temperature-sensitive materials, such as titanium and copper, can avoid oxidation or decomposition during the spraying process. The purpose of this paper is to establish a 2-D mathematical model to simulate the supersonic gas dynamics and particles behavior in LTOF process. The temperature and velocity of the flow fields, and the trajectory and heating of in-flight particles are predicted for different operating parameters. The model is validated by experimental data in the literature. Effects of the mixing gas flow rates, particle sizes, and injection conditions on this process were investigated as well.