植物源性食品中农药残留检测方法研究进展

植物源性食品是人们日常生活中不可或缺的基础生活品,为人们提供身体所需的能量和营养物质。近年来,我国食品安全问题频发,农药残留是植物源性食品安全的重要诱因,引起国家及社会各界的高度重视,农药残留检测尤为重要。本文就植物源性食品中农药残留检测方法进行了全面探讨和阐述,旨在为植物源性食品中农药残留检测提供参考。     

植物源农药防治烟草病虫害

2002～2004年通过田间试验研究了几种植物源农药对烟草病虫害的防治效果。结果表明:藜芦、博落回、苦参对烟蚜有强的杀灭作用;苦皮藤、博落回对烟青虫的防治效果明显;藜芦、博落回、苦参、艾对烟草赤星病均有防治效果,其中苦参和4种药剂的复配剂效果较好;商陆对烟草普通花叶病(TMV)有较强的抑制作用。     

植物源醌类杀虫活性研究对新型防蛀产品开发的启示

文章分析现有传统防蛀剂及拟除虫菊酯类防蛀剂的安全性,认为开发新型安全防蛀产品是大势所趋。在综述国内外植物源防蛀剂研究现状基础上,重点关注植物源醌类及其衍生物的生物活性,尤其是杀虫活性研究进展。鉴于植物源醌类所具有的抗菌、灭螨、消炎、杀虫及抗肿瘤作用,以及存在活性成分稳定性差及含量低等缺陷,认为通过对活性先导物的模拟合成及结构修饰,以及通过掌握醌类结构与杀虫或防蛀活性的关系,有可能开发出更经济和安全的醌类防蛀剂或防蛀毛用染料。     

植物源天然防腐剂应用及抑菌机理研究现状

植物源天然防腐剂是一类从植物中提取出来的抑菌物质,天然绿色,是理想的抑菌防腐资源。我国食品行业正朝着营养健康的方向发展,消费者对食品安全的追求,都使得天然防腐剂的需求不断提升。该文综述了植物源天然防腐剂在动物性、水产、植物性和面制食品领域的应用现状及其抑菌机理,以期为植物源天然防腐剂在食品工业中的广泛应用提供思路。     

植物源天然防腐剂应用和机理研究的最新进展

本文主要介绍了天然食品防腐剂的最新研究进展，着重讨论植物源天然食品防腐剂的来源、抗菌作用及应用等方面的发展情况，并探讨了植物天然防腐剂活性成分与抗菌效果的关系，还阐述了天然防腐剂的作用机理，旨在为广谱、高效、无毒、天然食品防腐保鲜剂的研究提供参考。     

植物源农药防治储粮害虫研究的现状和存在问题探析

分析了植物源农药在我国储粮害虫防治研究中的应用状况,介绍了目前我国已研究的杀虫植物种类及防治对象、我国的植物源农药研究机构及研究队伍、植物源农药在储粮害虫防治中的产业化发展情况,并对其未来的研究和发展方向进行了探讨。     

浅析酶抑制法在农药残留检测中的应用及酶源的研究进展

农药被认为是现代农业的重要组成部分,其在维持高效的农业生产力方面发挥着重要作用,但农药的滥用,也增加了农产品中农药残留超标的风险,从而对人体健康造成危害。本文分析了农药残留检测常用的检测方法,重点阐述了酶抑制法检测原理、检测方法和不同酶源研究进展,旨在为今后农药残留检测技术相关研究提供参考。     

植物源种衣剂研究进展

近些年来,由于对林业工作缺乏足够的重视,我国的林业病虫害状况已越来越严重。为了能够合理的治理这一现象,工作人员大量使用杀虫剂,来防治植物遭遇病虫害。随着我国科学技术的进一步发展,我国近年来又发明了种衣剂包皮技术,并且目前该技术有了进一步提高。以前的包衣剂的目的只是规范播种,而现在,林业的防治病虫害也用到了包衣剂,并且种衣剂还可以保护作物,提高作物的抗逆性,以促进作物的良好生长。本文首先概述了植物源杀菌剂的基本信息及其机理,然后阐述了国内外对植物源杀菌剂的研究状况,最后简述了我国目前种衣剂的研究进展及其存在的问题和未来的应用前景。     

植物源农药在烟草病虫害防治上的研究与应用

简要介绍了植物源农药的特点、作用方式和开发与应用概况。对植物源杀虫剂、杀菌剂、杀线虫剂和抗病毒剂在烟草病虫害防治上的研究与应用进行了综述,并探讨了植物源农药开发与利用中存在的问题及发展前景。      

植物源驱蚊止痒类产品研究进展

综述了柠檬桉、香茅、迷迭香、银香菊和甜罗勒等植物源蚊虫驱避剂,以及香薷、山茱萸、藤茶、白豆蔻和蒺藜等植物源蚊虫叮咬剂研究进展,指出:提高驱蚊效果、增强保护时间、对植物原料安全性和功效性加强评估,以及产品转化相关因素研究是植物源驱蚊止痒类产品研发中亟待解决的问题.     

植物胆碱酯酶提取新工艺的研究

依据蛋白质盐溶原理,研究了小麦中植物酯酶的提取新工艺。结果表明,在酶提取过程中加入适量中性盐,有利于酶活性的提高和酶的溶解。在此基础上,运用单因素实验和正交实验方法对提取工艺进行了优化,得出小麦中植物酯酶的最佳提取工艺为以含0.1mol/LNaCl的水溶液为提取剂、料液比1∶5、4℃条件下搅拌提取60min。     

Free amino acids in botanicals and botanical preparations

ABSTRACT:  Numerous studies were carried out about aminoacidic composition of vegetable proteins, but information about the free amino acid pool and the role of these substances is very incomplete. The aim of this paper was to contribute to the scarce knowledge concerning the composition of free amino acids in botanicals and botanical preparations widely used as food, in dietary supplements, and in pharmaceutical products. This work studied the composition of free amino acids, identified the major components of 19 species of plants, and evaluated the influence of different types of extraction on the amino acid profile. Amino acids were determined using an automatic precolumn derivatization with fluorenylmethyl-chloroformate and reversed-phase liquid chromatography with fluorescence and ultraviolet detection. The amounts of total free amino acids varied widely between plants, from approximately 12 g in 100 g of Echinacea pallida extract to less than 60 mg in the same amount of Coleus forskohlii, Garcinia cambogia , and Glycine max. In 13 plants arginine, asparagine, glutamine, proline, and γ-aminobutyric acid were the free amino acids found in preponderant quantities. The levels of free amino acids above the quantification limit in 36 assayed samples of botanicals, extracts, and supplements are shown.     

Probiotics as potential detoxification tools for mitigation of pesticides: a mini review

Pesticides play a key role in agriculture and food production by controlling the insects, weeds, plant pathogens and microbial contaminations. Although they are useful in some aspects, their inappropriate application can induce health problems including carcinogenicity, reproductive toxicity, neurodegenerative diseases and disruption of endocrine system. In this respect, efficient strategies should be applied to reduce pesticide residue in foodstuffs. Several methods have been proposed in food processing for reduction of pesticides residue. Recently, detoxification via microorganisms such as lactic acid bacteria and probiotics has been extensively studied and degradation of pesticides through hydrolytic enzymes has been introduced as the possible mechanism and it has been highlighted that some probiotics harbour pesticide-degrading genes. The aim of this review is to evaluate the efficacy of probiotics in detoxification of pesticides.     

天然植物提取物对萝卜干腐败菌抑菌研究

实验用肉桂、五倍子、陈皮、桂皮、丁香、艾叶、补骨脂、桑白皮、甘草、连翘、大蒜、姜、茶叶水提取液对萝卜干的4种常见腐败微生物(克柔念珠菌,枯草芽孢杆菌,蜡样芽孢杆菌,金黄色葡萄球菌)进行了抑菌试验。并且研究了最有效的添加剂的最低抑菌浓度以及pH有效作用范围。结果表明,茶叶水提取液的抑菌效果最好,其次是五倍子。茶叶水提取液对枯草芽孢杆菌、蜡样芽孢杆菌、克柔念珠菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的最低抑菌浓度分别为:5%、10%、5%和5%。且在pH值3～7范围内抑菌能力稳定。     

干腌火腿中肽的形成机理研究进展

干腌火腿加工过程中,在肌肉中内源酶和微生物的共同作用下,产生多种具有特定生物活性或对产品风味具有提升作用的肽。抗氧化肽、降血压肽和抗菌肽等生物活性肽提升火腿的营养价值;呈味肽如鲜味肽、甜味肽、苦味肽、酸味肽、咸味肽及浓厚感肽,有助于形成火腿独特的风味。该文综述了干腌火腿中肽的功能特性,重点对加工过程中肽的影响因素及形成机理进行介绍,为干腌火腿品质特性提升和新工艺设计提供理论参考依据。     

Prediction of botanical composition in grassland herbage samples by near infrared reflectance spectroscopy

Near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) was evaluated as a method to predict the botanical composition of seminatural grassland in ‘dehesa’ systems. Samples of herbaceous biomass were harvested over four consecutive years, determining in each—by manual separation—the proportion by weight of the following taxonomic groups: grasses, legumes and the rest of the families in a single block (‘others’). After reconstructing the natural samples they were analysed by NIRS. One set of samples (calibration set) was selected for the development of the equations, assaying different mathematical treatments (log l/R, first derivative and second derivative). The ranges of coefficients of multiple determination and standard errors of calibration, respectively, for the various components were: grasses, 0.86 to 0.92 and 6.66 to 9.14; legumes, 0.77 to 0.81 and 6.82 to 7.43; and ‘others’, 0.85 to 0.88 and 8.17 to 9.54. The remaining samples not included in the development of the NIRS equations (prediction set) were used for the purposes of validating the best equations. Standard errors of performance were: grasses, 6.12; legumes, 7.56 and ‘others’, 7.70.     

Non-targeted screening of pesticides for food analysis using liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry-a review

ABSTRACT

Targeted liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) is a robust and reliable tool in quantitative analysis of pesticide residues in food samples. However, these methods have been only targeted to a predefined set of pesticides. Many other unexpected pesticides and/or their (bio)transformation products present in food matrices that may be harmful to consumers need to be discovered for food safety monitoring purpose. Therefore, non-targeted screening approaches using liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) have gained much attention in food monitoring recently. However, the development and implementation of non-targeted screening of potential pesticides and their (bio)transformation products in food samples are particularly challenging due to the inherent sample complexity and large quantity of MS data. To provide guidance on how to use non-targeted screening approaches for pesticide screening, three different aspects, namely, sample preparation, data acquisition and data processing, encompassed in the workflow of non-targeted screening approaches have been discussed, and current strategies, advances and challenges regarding these three aspects are reviewed. In addition, the recent application of non-targeted screening analysis of pesticide residues and their (bio)transformation products in food samples has been overviewed in this paper.     

氨基甲酸酯类农药的快速检测

为快速检测农药残留,建立了一种快速检测方法-酶抑制率法,确立了最优化条件,得出了普遍公式,根据我国国家标准允许残留限量可知其对应的抑制率阈值.该方法所需时间短,操作简便,成本低廉.     

Organochlorine pesticides in canned tuna and sardines on the Serbian market

The aim of this study was to determine the level of organochlorine (OC) pesticides in 57 samples of canned tuna and 31 samples of canned sardines in vegetable oil, collected from supermarkets in Serbia. OC pesticides α-HCH, β-HCH, δ-HCH, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), DDE, DDD, dielderin, endosulfane I, endosulfane II, endosulan sulfate, endrin, endrin ketone, heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide, lindane, aldrin, metoxichlor, cis-chlordane and trans-chlordane were determined using a GS-MS method. The highest concentrations (µg kg^?1, arithmetic means) in canned tuna were for δ-HCH (60.6 ± 97.0) and p, p´-DDT (55.0 ± 25.1), while the corresponding values in canned sardines were for δ-HCH (90.7 ± 102.7) and endosulfane II (78.0 ± 145.9). Mean level for the sum of endosulfans was above the maximum limit in canned sardines (85.0 µg kg^?1). Also, dieldrin (39.7 µg kg^?1) was measured above the ML.