半导体量子点量子光源研究进展

半导体量子点被认为是制备量子光源的最佳方案。量子点量子光源的可控性、纯度、亮度、全同性和相干性都有了很大的提高,已接近于应用水平。归纳了基于半导体量子点的量子光源研究进展中的关键问题,指出了半导体量子点量子光源在3个方面的主要进展,并讨论了关键制备技术,即半导体量子点作为单光子光源,实现了高全同性、高纯度、高收集效率等特性; 通过降低精细结构分裂效应等措施,量子点量子光源实现了具有高比特率、高保真度特性的光子纠缠; 量子点量子光源与平面电子线路和纳米光子系统的芯片集成取得了显著成效。在此基础上,对半导体量子点量子光源在量子信息领域的研究前景进行了展望。     

Quantum light source devices of In(Ga)As semiconductor self-assembled quantum dots

A brief introduction of semiconductor self-assembled quantum dots (QDs) applied in single-photon sources is given. Single QDs in confined quantum optical microcavity systems are reviewed along with their optical properties and coupling characteristics. Subsequently, the recent progresses in In(Ga)As QDs systems are summarized including the preparation of quantum light sources, multiple methods for embedding single QDs into different microcavities and the scalability of single-photon emitting wavelength. Particularly, several In(Ga)As QD single-photon devices are surveyed including In(Ga)As QDs coupling with nanowires, InAs QDs coupling with distributed Bragg reflection microcavity and the In(Ga)As QDs coupling with micropillar microcavities. Furthermore, applications in the field of single QDs technology are illustrated, such as the entangled photon emission by spontaneous parametric down conversion, the single-photon quantum storage, the chip preparation of single-photon sources as well as the single-photon resonance-fluorescence measurements.     

空间量子通信技术

利用卫星来分发单光子（或纠缠光子对）的方法为远程量子通信网络提供了一种独特的解决方案。这将克服现有的光纤和陆上自由空间链路所带来的距离限制，实现真正意义上的全球量子通信。本文对这种设想进行了分析，证明这种设想有很高可行性。     

用三粒子纠缠态和Bell态作量子信道实现非局域的态交换

提出一种用三粒子纠缠态和Bell态作量子信道对处于异地的两纠缠粒子对实现非局域的态交换的理论方案.该方案的特点是,两地之间还存在一位第三者,她作为监控人参与量子非局域操纵过程.特别地,当量子信道为部分纠缠态时,此人可矫正被非理想量子信道致畸的量子态.     

利用两个EPR对隐形传送三粒子纠缠态

提出了一个传送三粒子纠缠态的方案.在方案中,选择两个EPR对作为量子通道,并且引入了一个辅助量子位.通过做控制非门操作及合适的幺正操作,成功地以一定几率传送了三粒子纠缠态.     

Strain tunable quantum dot based non-classical photon sources

Semiconductor quantum dots are leading candidates for the on-demand generation of single photons and entangled photon pairs.High photon quality and indistinguishability of photons from different sources are critical for quantum information applications.The inability to grow perfectly identical quantum dots with ideal optical properties necessitates the application of post-growth tuning techniques via e.g.temperature,electric,magnetic or strain fields.In this review,we summarize the state-of-the-art and highlight the advantages of strain tunable non-classical photon sources based on epitaxial quantum dots.Using piezoelectric crystals like PMN-PT,the wavelength of single photons and entangled photon pairs emitted by InGaAs/GaAs quantum dots can be tuned reversibly.Combining with quantum light-emitting diodes simultaneously allows for electrical triggering and the tuning of wavelength or exciton fine structure.Emission from light hole exciton can be tuned,and quantum dot containing nanostructure such as nanowires have been piezo-integrated.To ensure the indistinguishability of photons from distant emitters,the wavelength drift caused by piezo creep can be compensated by frequency feedback,which is verified by two-photon interference with photons from two stabilized sources.Therefore,strain tuning proves to be a flexible and reliable tool for the development of scalable quantum dots-based non-classical photon sources.     

Broadband photonic structures for quantum light sources

Quantum light sources serve as one of the key elements in quantum photonic technologies. Such sources made from semiconductor material, e.g., quantum dots (QDs), are particularly appealing because of their great potential of scalability enabled by the modern planar nanofabrication technologies. So far, non-classic light sources based on semiconductor QDs are currently outperforming their counterparts using nonlinear optical process, for instance, parametric down conversion and four-wave mixing. To fully exploring the potential of semiconductor QDs, it is highly desirable to integrate QDs with a variety of photonic nanostructures for better device performance due to the improved light-matter interaction. Among different designs, the photonic nanostructures exhibiting broad operation spectral range is particularly interesting to overcome the QD spectral inhomogeneity and exciton fine structure splitting for the generations of single-photon and entangled photon pair respectively. In this review, we focus on recent progress on high-performance semiconductor quantum light sources that is achieved by integrating single QDs with a variety of broadband photonic nanostructures i.e. waveguide, lens and low-Q cavity.     

利用三对纠缠粒子作为通道实现任意三粒子量子态的概率传送

提出了一个利用三对任意纠缠的粒子作为量子通道对一个任意的三粒子量子态进行隐形传送的方案.发送者对需传送的未知任意三粒子量子态与属于自己的纠缠对中的三个粒子进行三次Bell基测量,并将测量结果通过经典通道告诉接受者,接受者根据这些信息对自己拥有的三个粒子进行相应的联合幺正变换,可使这三个粒子处于待发送的原始量子态,从而实现量子态的隐形传送.成功实现量子态隐形传送的概率取决于三对纠缠对中的三个较小系数,当纠缠对为最大纠缠时,可实现概率为1的传送.     

轨道角动量纠缠光子对联合探测概率的研究

研究了自发参量下转换过程产生的轨道角动量纠缠光子对的联合探测概率,在忽略光子的偏振和晶体为薄晶体的情况下推导出轨道角动量纠缠光子对的联合探测概率的表达式。研究表明：自发参量下转换过程中抽运光、信号光以及空闲光的参数（束腰、轨道角动量和径向指数）的大小决定着纠缠光子的联合探测概率。     

Subminiature emitters based on a single (111) In(Ga)As quantum dot and hybrid microcavity

The results of numerical modeling and investigation of a hybrid microcavity based on a semiconductor Bragg reflector and a microlens selectively positioned above a single (111) In(Ga)As quantum dot are presented. Emitters based on the hybrid microcavity demonstrate the effective pumping of a single quantum dot and high emission output efficiency. The microcavity design can be used to implement emitters of polarization- entangled photon pairs based on single semiconductor quantum dots.     

弱克尔介质好腔中纠缠相干态光场驱动下的贝尔态原子系统的保真度

运用全量子理论并结合数值计算方法,研究了含弱克尔介质好腔中的Bell态原子与纠缠相干态光场相互作用系统的保真度。结果表明,对于理想腔,若原子初始时刻处于相干保持态,腔场初态的平均光子数很小,系统保真度始终等于1,随着腔场初态的平均光子数的增加,系统保真度单调衰减,但克尔介质越弱系统保真度越接近1;若原子初始时刻处于其余Bell态之一,腔场初态的平均光子数很小,系统保真度在0～1之间作周期性振荡,随着腔场初态的平均光子数的增加,系统保真度的振荡频率增大,振幅减小。对于好腔,若原子初始时刻处于相干保持态,系统保真度呈指数单调衰减;若原子初始时刻处于其余Bell态之一,系统保真度呈指数振荡衰减,且随着腔场初态的平均光子数的增加,系统保真度的振荡频率增大,振幅减小。     

Quantum-Dot Sources for Single Photons and Entangled Photon Pairs

Quantum dots show excellent promise as triggered sources of both single and polarization entangled photons for quantum information applications. Our recent progress developing nonclassical light sources with single quantum dots is presented in this paper. Following radiative emission of an exciton confined in a quantum dot, there is a finite delay before re-excitation can occur; this results in an anti-bunching of the photons emitted providing a source of single photons. Excitation of a quantum dot with two electrons and two holes leads to the emission of a pair of photons; we show here that, provided the spin splitting of the intermediate exciton state in the decay is erased, the photon pair is emitted in an entangled polarization state. The fidelity of this entangled state is shown to exceed 70%. Using quantum dots to generate quantum light allows contacts for electrical injection to be integrated into a compact and robust device. A cavity may also be integrated into the semiconductor structure to enhance the photon collection efficiency and control the recombination dynamics. We detail a process to form a submicrometer current aperture within an electrical device, allowing individual quantum dots to be addressed electrically in devices.     

Band Gap Engineering Improves the Efficiency of Double Quantum Dot Upconversion Nanocrystals

Solution‐processed core/multishell semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) could be tailored to facilitate the carrier separation, promotion, and recombination mechanisms necessary to implement photon upconversion. In contrast to other upconversion schemes, upconverting QDs combine the stability of an inorganic crystalline structure with the spectral tunability afforded by quantum confinement. Nevertheless, their upconversion quantum yield (UCQY) is fairly low. Here, design rules are uncovered that enable to significantly enhance the performance of double QD upconversion systems, and these findings are leveraged to fabricate upconverting QDs with increased photon upconversion efficiency and reduced saturation intensities under pulsed excitation. The role of the intra‐QD band alignment is exemplified by comparing the upconversion process in PbS/CdS/ZnSe QDs with that of PbS/CdS/CdSe ones with variable CdSe shell thicknesses. It is shown that electron delocalization into the shell leads to a longer‐lived intermediate state in the QDs, facilitating further absorption of photons, and enhancing the upconversion process. The performance of these upconversion QDs under pulsed excitation versus continuous pumping is also compared; the reasons for the significant differences between these two regimes are discussed. The results show how one can overcome some of the limitations of previous upconverting QDs, with potential applications in biophotonics and infrared detection.     

量子色散消除的研究进展

非局域色散消除是量子纠缠光源的非经典效应之一,在量子信息科学中有着重要的应用。详细介绍了非局域色散消除的概念、研究意义以及近几年国内外的发展状况。对频率纠缠光源的非局域色散消除、Franson干涉仪中的非局域色散消除、Hong-Ou-Mandel干涉仪中的局域色散消除等3种情况的研究进展进行了对比分析。在此基础上,对量子色散消除的研究前景进行了展望。     

Review on the quantum emitters in two-dimensional materials

The solid state single photon source is fundamental key device for application of quantum communication, quantum computing, quantum information and quantum precious metrology. After years of searching, researchers have found the single photon emitters in zero-dimensional quantum dots (QDs), one-dimensional nanowires, three-dimensional wide bandgap materials, as well as two-dimensional (2D) materials developed recently. Here we will give a brief review on the single photon emitters in 2D van der Waals materials. We will firstly introduce the quantum emitters from various 2D materials and their characteristics. Then we will introduce the electrically driven quantum light in the transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs)-based light emitting diode (LED). In addition, we will introduce how to tailor the quantum emitters by nanopillars and strain engineering, the entanglement between chiral phonons (CPs) and single photon in monolayer TMDs. Finally, we will give a perspective on the opportunities and challenges of 2D materials-based quantum light sources.     

双模纠缠相干场与原子多光子相互作用系统的原子布居数演化

利用全量子理论并结合数值计算的方法,研究两个二能级原子与双模纠缠相干场相互作用系统的原子布居数演化性质.讨论了跃迁光子数、初始平均光子数、光场纠缠程度及双原子问偶极相互作用对原子布居数演化特性的影响.     

单光子波包与腔-量子点相互作用的动力学研究

对单光子波包与腔-量子点模型相互作用的动力学过程进行了数学推导,并通过数值模拟实现了静态量子比特与飞行光子比特之间的相互转换。结果表明：由腔-量子点系统输出到光纤的光子是一个平滑的波包;通过改变激光脉冲作用时间等系统参数,可实现量子点中的原子和光子的纠缠,在此基础上,即可实现不同量子点中原子的纠缠。研究结果对解决利用腔-量子点系统来构造量子计算机的接口、制备纠缠态以及实现受控量子门等热点问题具有积极意义。     

V型三能级原子与双模奇偶纠缠相干光场相互作用的场熵演化特性

运用量子约化熵研究了Ⅴ型三能级原子与双模奇偶纠缠相干光场相互作用系统中场熵的演化特性.分析了光场的失谐量、平均光子数、原子的初态及光场纠缠度对场熵的影响.结果表明:增大失谐量或光场强度,场熵都能呈现出崩塌 - 回复现象,并且回复的周期也逐渐增大,而失谐量增大,场熵的平均值减小,光场增强,场熵的平均值增大;原子初态处于激发态或叠加态比基态的场熵平均值大;增大双模光场间的纠缠度,场熵的平均值和振幅都有所减小.     

基于四粒子GHZ纠缠态实现双向隐形传态

提出了一种用四粒子GHZ纠缠态作为量子信道,实现量子双向隐形传态的方案。通信双方Alice和Bob事先共享俩对四粒子GHZ纠缠态。通信开始后,Alice和Bob分别对自己拥有的粒子作量子投影测量,并将测量结果通过经典信道告诉对方。Alice和Bob根据对方提供的测量结果,做相应的幺正变换,即在己方的粒子上再现对方要传的量子信息,从而实现整个双向传态的目的。只要通信双方事先选取合适的GHZ纠缠态作为量子信道以及分发不同对应的纠缠粒子即可分别实现单量子比特任意态、双量子比特Bell纠缠态和三量子比特GHZ纠缠态的双向隐形传态。     

Teleportation of an arbitrary unknown N-qubit entangled state under the controlling of M controllers

A new quantum protocol to teleport an arbitrary unknown N-qubit entangled state from a sender to a fixed receiver under M controllers(M < N) is proposed. The quantum resources required are M non-maximally entangled Greenberger-Home-Zeilinger (GHZ) state and N-M non-maximally entangled Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) pairs. The sender performs N generalized Bell-state measurements on the 2N particles. Controllers take M single-particle measurement along x-axis, and the receiver needs to introduce one auxiliary two-level particle to extract quantum information probabilistically with the fidelity unit if controllers cooperate with it.