西洋参叶中皂苷含量动态积累分析

目的:采用RP-HPLC-ELSD法动态测定不同生长年限的加拿大原产地西洋参叶中皂苷的含量。方法:RP-HPLC-ELSD法、主成分分析法和聚类分析法。结果:1年生西洋参叶总皂苷含量较其它生长年限的低,2~5年生西洋参叶总皂苷含量积累较多;人参皂苷Rg1、Re、Rb2、Rb1、Rc和Rg3以及拟人参皂苷F11和RT5是西洋参叶特征性的皂苷成分。按聚类分析,将1年生的叶聚为第1类,2~5年生的叶聚为第2类,且2~5年生叶的总皂苷含量趋于平稳。结论:每年9~10月割取西洋参地上部分(茎叶),作为人参皂苷提取的植物来源。     

超高效液相色谱法检测6种人参皂苷含量

采用超声提取药食同源植物(人参、西洋参、三七)中原人参三醇皂苷(Rg1、Re、Rf)和原人参二醇皂苷(Rb1、Rc、Rd),建立了超高效液相色谱(UPLC)检测方法。以50%甲醇溶液为提取剂,料液比1∶80(g∶m L),超声时间30 min。采用乙腈和0.05%磷酸水为流动相,梯度洗脱,检测波长为203 nm。该方法在质量浓度5~1 000μg/m L范围内线性良好,6种皂苷的最低检出限在22.5~51.0 mg/kg之间,平均回收率98.1%~105.5%。该方法准确、灵敏度高、重现性好、省时快捷,适合日常、大批量样品的检测。用此方法测定市售人参、西洋参及三七样品,结果表明3类样品中原人参二醇类皂苷含量高于三醇类皂苷,三七样品中Rg1的含量比人参和西洋参高,西洋参中Re含量高于人参和三七样品,而Rf仅在人参样品中检测到。     

不同林型、产地、参龄及坡向对林下参20 种单体皂苷含量的影响

采用同时测定20?种人参皂苷高效液相色谱法评价不同林型、产地、参龄及坡向对林下参皂苷含量的影响。结果表明,不同林型、产地、参龄及坡向林下参均含有14?种人参皂苷单体;与其他3?种林型比较,樟子松林型下栽培的林下参单体皂苷Rg1、Re、Rf、Rb1、Rb2、Rb3、Rg5含量与20?种单体皂苷加和值最高;与其他5?个产地相比,抚松县露水河镇林下参单体皂苷Rg1、Rf含量最高;3?种不同年生林下参比较,15?a生林下参单体皂苷Rg1、Rf、Rb1含量最高,5?a生林下参单体皂苷Compound?K、原人参二醇含量最高;3?种不同坡向相比,阳坡林下参单体皂苷Rb2、Rb3含量最高,阴坡林下参单体皂苷Rh2含量最高。不同林型、产地、参龄及坡向林下参皂苷种类相同但含量不同,5～15?a生林下参均达到2015年《中国药典》要求。     

裂褶菌发酵西洋参工艺优化及体外抗氧化能力研究

为提高西洋参的经济价值,本研究以西洋参为原料,利用裂褶菌固态发酵西洋参,提高西洋参中活性成分的含量,并对发酵工艺进行优化。本研究以西洋参中总人参皂苷含量为指标,先从3种裂褶菌菌株中筛选出2号菌株作为固态发酵西洋参用菌。再对影响裂褶菌西洋参发酵物的总人参皂苷含量的4个因素(发酵温度、裂褶菌接种量、pH和发酵时间)进行单因素实验。在此结果基础上,利用响应面Box-Behnken试验设计进一步优化裂褶菌固态发酵西洋参工艺,确定优化后的工艺条件为：裂褶菌接种量10.90%,发酵温度31℃、发酵时间10 d,发酵pH5.9。在上述条件下,裂褶菌西洋参发酵物的总人参皂苷含量为10.28%,粗多糖含量为12.85%,总黄酮含量为0.67%,均比未发酵西洋参的高。并且大分子人参皂苷Rb1、Rg2和Re含量降低,小分子人参皂苷Rg1、Rc、Rb2、>、Rd、Rg3、s-Rh₂、r-Rh₂和拟人参皂苷CK含量升高。其中,稀有人参皂苷Rg₃、s-Rh₂、r-Rh₂和拟人参皂苷CK为新出现皂苷。...     

HPLC法快速测定三七提取物中皂苷的含量

本文采用Kinetex核-壳技术色谱柱快速测定三七提取物中三七皂苷R1、人参皂苷Rg1和Rb1的含量。样品用甲醇超声波提取法提取,采用Phenomenex Kinetex C18100A(50mm×4.6mm,2.6μm)色谱柱,柱温常温,流动相乙腈:水,梯度洗脱,流速为1.0mL/min,检测波长为203nm,柱温为室温,对R1、Rg1和Rb1进行定量分析。结果表明:R1、Rg1和Rb1的线性良好,重复性试验中R1、Rg1和Rb1的相对标准偏差分别为3.2%、3.8%和2.6%,最低检出限为0.001μg;R1、Rg1和Rb1的加标回收率分别为99.3%、100.4%和100.7%。本方法快速、节省试剂,可用于三七提取物中三七皂苷R1、人参皂苷Rg1和Rb1的测定。     

[1]保加利亚乳杆菌发酵转化人参皂苷工艺研究

摘 要: 目的 以人参为原料, 通过保加利亚乳杆菌发酵提高人参皂苷含量。方法 利用单因素试验和响应面法优化发酵工艺, 并对发酵过程中原型人参皂苷生物转化可能途径进行分析。结果 在发酵培养基为MRS液体培养基的前提下, 最适发酵条件为发酵温度40℃, 发酵时间3 d, 接种量3%, 转化稀有人参皂苷含量在150 μg/mL。经对比发现, 原参中检测出Re、Rg1、Rb1、Rc、Rb2、Rd、Rh1 7种皂苷, 经过发酵后的人参中检测出Re、Rg1、Rb1、Rc、Rb2、Rh1、Rd、R-rg3、CK 9种皂苷。同时原参中的常规皂苷含量经发酵后有所下降, 稀有皂苷含量有所增加, 且多酚、黄酮含量增加, 总糖含量减少, 发酵过程中人参皂苷生物转化的可能途径与人参皂苷含量变化趋势一致。结论 保加利亚乳杆菌发酵人参能够有效将原型皂苷转化成稀有人参皂苷, 为人参的深加工奠定基础, 为人参发酵产品的开发和利用提供参考。     

HPLC-ELSD法同时测定心源素胶囊中四种皂苷的含量及其在质量控制中的应用

目的:建立心源素胶囊的定性定量方法。方法:采用薄层色谱法对西洋参和五味子进行定性鉴别,用HPLC-ELSD测定心源素中有效成分三七皂苷R1和人参皂苷Rg1、Re、Rb1的含量;色谱条件:Discovery C18色谱柱,乙腈(10%水)-0.1%冰醋酸水溶液,梯度洗脱,流速1.0mL/min,柱温30℃;漂移管温度105.6℃,载气流速3.0L/min。结果:在薄层色谱鉴别中能准确鉴定出心源素中的五味子和西洋参;三七皂苷R1和人参皂苷Rg1、Re、Rb1的线性范围分别为715～35.75μg/mL、1500～75μg/mL、1514～75.7μg/mL、2928～146.4μg/mL,平均回收率分别为88.53%(RSD=2.68%)、100.61%(RSD=1.95%)、100.01%(RSD=2.03%)、100.28%(RSD=2.40%)。结论:该方法可作为心源素胶囊的质量控制方法。     

基于UPLC-QAMS同时测定参鹿酒中7种人参皂苷含量

该研究旨在建立超高效液相色谱(UPLC)-一测多评(QAMS)法同时测定参鹿酒中7种人参皂苷(Rg1、Re、Rf、Rb1、Rc、Rb2及Rd)的含量。首先采用UPLC测定参鹿酒中7种人参皂苷含量，并进行方法学考察。然后以人参皂苷Rg1为参照物，计算其余6种人参皂苷的相对校正因子及含量，并考察QAMS法的耐用性。最后与外标法相比，验证QAMS的可行性。结果表明，7种人参皂苷在各自范围内线性关系良好(R2>0.999)，精密度、重复性及稳定性试验结果的相对标准偏差(RSD)均<3%，加样回收率为100.13%～101.73%。6种人参皂苷的相对校正因子的RSD值均<5%，重现性良好。采用相对校正因子计算得到的13批参鹿酒样品中7种人参皂苷的含量与外标法实测值的相对误差(RE)均<5%，说明所建立的UPLC-QAMS法可有效、快速的评价参鹿酒的质量。     

黑曲霉固体发酵三七药材的皂苷变化研究

为研究黑曲霉发酵三七药材过程中皂苷类成分的化学变化,利用黑曲霉对三七药材进行固体发酵,根据高效液相色谱-四级杆-飞行时间串联质谱（HPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS）联用的检测结果,对三七发酵产物的总皂苷类成分进行分析和鉴定,并探讨了皂苷含量变化。结果表明,黑曲霉可以高效的转化三七药材中皂苷类成分。三七药材经黑曲霉发酵之后,人参皂苷Rb1几乎全部转化生成其他物质,在发酵产物中已未检出,三七皂苷R1和人参皂苷Rg1大幅度减少,三七皂苷R2、人参皂苷Rh1、Rd等含量明显增加,并且在三七发酵产物中检出了稀有人参皂苷F1、Rh4、Rg3、CK、三七皂苷Rh16和T5。     

高效液相色谱法测定农田人参中9种人参皂苷单体含量

为评价农田人参质量,建立同时测定农田人参中9种人参皂苷单体含量的方法。采用反相高效液相色谱法(reversed phase-high performance liquid chromatography,RP-HPLC)对农田人参与伐林人参中9种人参皂苷单体含量进行比较分析,色谱条件:色谱柱(4.6mm×150mm,5μm),乙腈(A)-水(B)为流动相,梯度洗脱[0min(18%A)→24min(22%A)→26min(26%A)→30min(32%A)→50min(33.5%A)→55min(38%A)],流速为1.0mL/min,检测波长203 nm,柱温35℃。结果表明:农田人参含有与伐林人参相同种类的9种人参皂苷Rg 1、Re、Rf、Rg2、Rb1、Rc、Rb2、Rb3、Rd;6年生农田人参9种皂苷含量均高于6年生伐林人参,但除Rg1含量差异显著外(P<0.05),其他8种皂苷含量均不显著(P>0.05);4年生农田人参除Rg1、Rf显著高于4年生伐林人参(P<0.05)外,其他7种皂苷含量与4年生伐林人参差异均不显著(P>0.05)。农田人参中Rgl、Rb1的含量、Rgl和Re含量之和、Rgl和Re含量之和均超过中国药典、欧洲药典与美国药典的要求。     

Retention of Ginsenosides in Dried Ginseng Root: Comparison of Drying Methods

North American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius) has a long history of use and is currently a commercially reliable natural health commodity. Ginsenosides or triterpene saponins are generally regarded as bioactive constituents for several observed health effects associated with ginseng. North American ginseng was dried using 3 different drying techniques to assess the ginsenoside content of prepared extracts. Drying methods included freeze‐drying (FD), air‐drying (AD), and vacuum microwave‐drying (VMD) of ginseng root. High‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis showed that FD ginseng processing gave greater (P≥ 0.05) amounts of the fingerprint ginsenosides Rg1 (28 ± 0.9 mg/g, dry weight) and Re (45 ± 0.1) compared with AD (Rg1 19 ± 0.7, Re 29 ± 0.1) and VMD (Rg1 22 ± 0.8, Re 24 ± 0.1); whereas, VMD produced greater amounts of Rb1 (83 ± 0.1) and Rd (13 ± 0.0) than FD (Rb1 62 ± 0.1, Rd 9 ± 0.1) and AD (Rb1 69 ± 0.1, Rd 5 ± 0.0), respectively. Total ginsenoside content was similar for FD and VMD and was the lowest (P≥ 0.05) for AD. Electrospray mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS) analysis showed a total of 12 compounds detected in FD ginseng compared with 10 compounds in ginseng dried by both VMD and AD. Our results support the fact that FD and VMD drying methods of North American ginseng can improve both extraction efficiency and actual retention of individual ginsenoside in root material.     

人参果浆中人参皂苷Re的提取和生物转化

为了充分利用人参资源,本文以加工厂废弃的人参果浆为原料,分析人参果浆中的皂苷含量和组成,并从中提取人参皂苷Re,以人参皂苷Re为底物,采用人参自身酶为催化剂,生物转化得到人参皂苷Rg2组。结果表明,人参加工厂废弃果浆的干品中,皂苷含量为6.21%(W/W),其中人参皂苷Re的含量为55.1%(W/W)。从果浆的干品中提取纯化得到了人参皂苷Re,得率为2.4%(W/W)。人参皂苷Re生物转化制备得到人参皂苷Rg2组,得率为65%(W/W)。经高效液相色谱(HPLC)及超高效液相-四级杆飞行时间串联质谱(UPLC-Q-TOF-MS)分析得出,人参皂苷Rg2组由20(S)-Rg2、20(R)-Rg2、Rg4和Rg6组成,本论文为人参加工厂废弃果浆的综合利用提供了理论依据。     

Ginsenoside Composition and Antiproliferative Activities of Explosively Puffed Ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer)

ABSTRACT: The puffing process was evaluated as an alternative to the steaming process for producing a biologically more active ginseng product, like red ginseng, from raw ginseng. A puffing treatment of dried raw ginseng roots induced an overall increase in crude saponin content. As puffing pressure increased, the content of ginsenoside Re, Rg1, Rb1, Rc, and Rb2 decreased, while ginsenoside Rg3 increased significantly as compared to raw ginseng. The content of ginsenoside Rg3 in puffed ginseng at a pressure of 490 kPa was similar to that of red ginseng. Cancer cell lines (HeLa, MCF-7, and HepG2) showed that antiproliferative effects of saponin extract of puffed ginseng increased with an increase in puffing pressure. Ginseng explosively puffed at 490 kPa had similar saponin constituents and antiproliferative effects as those of red ginseng. Practical Application: The puffing process could provide an alternative mean to produce functional ginseng products, along with a reduction in processing time as compared to traditional red ginseng processing by steam.     

高效液相色谱法同时测定人参制剂中20 种人参皂苷方法的建立

为了更加有效评价人参制剂生产质量,建立了一种同时测定人参制剂中20 种人参皂苷的高效液相色谱方法。结果表明,20 种人参皂苷Rg1、Re、Rg2、Rg3、Rg5、Rf、F1、F2、Rc、Rd、Rb1、Rb2、Rb3、Rh2、compound K、20（R）-Rh1、Rk3、Rh4、原人参二醇及原人参三醇均得到良好分离,线性关系良好（R≥0.999 2）。该方法快捷简便、稳定可靠,能够精确全面检测分析人参皂苷含量,对于人参加工品及其制剂的质量控制更为全面准确可行。     

Reduction of Hepatitis A Virus on FRhK‐4 Cells Treated with Korean Red Ginseng Extract and Ginsenosides

Red ginseng has a variety of bioactive functions and is widely used as an oriental medicinal herb and food ingredient. The aim of this study was to investigate the antiviral effect of red ginseng extract and ginsenosides against hepatitis A virus (HAV). To examine the antiviral effect against HAV, 0 to 10 μg/mL of red ginseng and purified ginsenoside Rb1 and Rg1 were pre‐treated or co‐treated on FRhK‐4 cells. The HAV titer decreased significantly in all groups pretreated with red ginseng or purified ginsenosides. The reduction of HAV was significant in FRhK‐4 cells pre‐treated only with red ginseng. Our results showed that red ginseng and ginsenoside Rg1 and Rb1 could decrease HAV titers.     

Role of jasmonic acid in alteration of ginsenoside heterogeneity in elicited cell cultures of Panax notoginseng

The efficient manipulation of ginsenoside heterogeneity of Panax notoginseng cells using a recently synthesized elicitor, 2-hydroxyethyl jasmonate (HEJ, at 200 microM), has been reported. In this work, the activities of two enzymes related to ginsenoside heterogeneity (distribution), protopanaxdiol 6-hydroxylase (P6H) and UDPG-ginsenoside Rd glucosyltransferase (UGRdGT), were examined in cell cultures of P. notoginseng elicited by HEJ. P6H and UGRdGT activities were increased by HEJ with corresponding changes in Rb/Rg ratio and Rb1/Rd ratio. Endogenous jasmonic acid (JA) seemed to mediate the induction of UGRdGT activation, but was not involved in P6H activation. The results suggest that JA, as a signal transducer, may play an important role in the alteration of ginsenoside heterogeneity in elicited P. notoginseng cells.     

Effects of steaming the root of Panax notoginseng on chemical composition and anticancer activities

The root of Panax notoginseng has been shown to change its saponin composition upon steaming. This study examines the effects of different steaming times and temperature on notoginseng root for saponin composition and anticancer activities. Steaming decreased the content of notoginsenoside R1, ginsenosides Rg1, Re, Rb1, Rc, R2, Rb3 and Rd, but increased the content of Rh1, Rg2, 20R-Rg2, Rg3 and Rh2. Steaming significantly influenced the transformation of Rg3. The amount of ginsenoside Rg3, an anticancer compound, was 5.23-fold greater in root steamed for 2 h at 120 °C than at 100 °C, and 3.22-fold greater when steamed for 4 h than for 1 h at 120 °C. For anticancer effects, the extract of steamed root significantly inhibited proliferation of SW-480 human colorectal cancer cells. The IC₅₀ of the steamed extract for 1, 2, 4 and 6 h at 120 °C was 259.2, 131.4, 123.7 and 127.1 μg/mL, respectively; the effect of unsteamed extract was low. Flow cytometric analysis demonstrated that the apoptotic cell induction rates of SW-480 cells were 56.3% and 64.4% with 150.0 and 200.0 μg/mL extract steamed for 6 h. Compared with Rg1 and Rb1, only Rg3 had a significant antiproliferative effect.     

Changes in ginsenosides and antioxidant activity of Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) with Heating Temperature and Pressure

This study was carried out to investigate the changes of ginsenoside compositions and antioxidant activity of fresh ginseng induced by thermal processing at different temperatures (25, 100, 121, and 150°C), pressure (0.1, 10, 20, and 30 MPa), and soaking solvents (water and ethanol). The levels of ginsenosides were similar trend with the pressure of 0.1–30 MPa, while there were significantly differences in heated ginseng with heating temperature and soaking solvent. When water and ethanol was used, the ginsenoside compositions significantly changed at 100 and 121°C, respectively, and it was rapidly decreased at 150°C. After heating, the level of 3 ginsenosides (Re, Rf, and Rg1) decreased and that of 5 other ginsenosides [Rb1, Rb2, Rb3, Rc, and Rg2(S)] increased up to 121°C compare to raw ginseng. Ginsenoside F2, F4, Rg2(R), Rk3, Rh4, Rg3(S), Rg3(R), Rk1, and Rg5, which was absent in raw ginseng, was detected in heated ginseng. Especially, ginsenoside Rg3(S), Rg3(R), Rk1, and Rg5 were remarkably produced after thermal processing. After heating, the phenolic compounds (1.43–11.62 mg/g), 50% inhibition concentration (IC₅₀) value (1.48–3.11 mg/g), and ABTS radical scavenging activity (0.66–9.09 mg AA eq/g) of heated ginseng were increased.