骨架发热多孔介质通道内单相流阻力与换热特性数值模拟

以Fluent 6.3为平台,采用局部非热平衡模型,对紊流及紊流过渡区范围内骨架发热多孔介质竖直通道内的非达西强制对流换热进行了数值模拟。采用三维N-S方程及标准k-ε湍流模型描述多孔介质内的流动,详细研究了孔隙有效雷诺数Re(400Re2000),表面热流密度q(q=5、30和90 kW/m2)和冷却剂入口温度Tin(Tin=20、50和80℃)的变化对多孔介质流道内流动阻力及换热特性的影响。结果表明:低热流密度下,表面热流密度的变化对流动阻力和换热系数的影响很小;小球直径对换热系数的影响显著,且随着雷诺数的增加而增加;换热系数随冷却剂入口温度的增加而减小。     

格子Boltzmann方法对多孔介质复合通道内流动的研究

针对海绵、青砖和石膏3种典型的多孔介质,利用工业X-CT断层图像扫描技术进行处理,获得真实多孔介质几何特征的二维构造多孔介质。采用不可压缩单松弛格子Boltzmann方法进行数值模拟,通过改变通道内多孔介质模型和Re分析了多孔介质复合通道内流体的流动特性,从介观角度研究了多孔介质孔隙结构、孔隙率对复合通道内流场的渗流扰动的影响,为以后研究多孔介质复合腔体内热质交换提供一定参考。     

质子交换膜燃料电池阳极内流动与传质特性模拟

针对直流道质子交换膜燃料电池阳极，建立二维稳态的数学模型研究流道和电极内的流动和传质特性。模型采用通用Darcy定律来描述多孔介质与非多孔介质区域的流体流动，可以模拟沿流动方向上的物质变化情况，并探讨进口速度、进口氢气质量分数和催化层厚度对质量传输的影响。结果表明：增大进口速度、增加进口氢气质量分数、降低催化层厚度有利于氢气的质量传递。     

填充有多孔介质的T型通道内冷热流体混合过程的大涡模拟

通过大涡模拟(large-eddy simulation,LES)对填充有烧结铜球多孔介质的T型通道内冷热流体混合过程的流动与传热情况进行了数值模拟,获得了混合区域内的瞬时温度和瞬时速度,通过时均值和均方根值来描述温度和速度的平均大小和波动程度。数值结果表明:在主管下游离多孔介质区域不远处的温度波动最为剧烈,在多孔介质的孔隙中流体速度波动最为剧烈。     

双分散多孔介质圆管通道中骨架发热对强迫对流传热的影响

多孔介质填塞是传热强化的有效方法之一。与单分散(普通)多孔介质相比,双分散多孔介质含有多孔骨架相和裂纹相,流体充满裂纹相(大孔隙)和多孔骨架相内小孔隙,因此具有更大的比表面积。基于双速度-双温度模型,分析了恒热流边界条件下双分散多孔介质圆管通道的强迫对流传热,并推导了两相的无量纲温度以及Nu的解析解。参数分析表明,多孔骨架发热会在通道壁-双分散多孔介质交界面上出现热流(温度梯度)分岔现象,并从数学和传热学角度阐释了其发生机理。在骨架吸热情形下,单分散和双分散多孔介质通道的Nu均呈现不连续特征,而对于双分散多孔介质通道,当有效导热系数比较大时,这种不连续特征仅出现在骨架生热情形。并且分析了Nu的渐近行为。     

工况参数对X型桁架阵列通道流动与 传热性能影响的数值研究

针对不同工况参数下桁架阵列通道冷却性能优劣的问题，采用数值方法模拟了 X型桁架阵列通道内 的流动与传热特性，分析了不同？诺数下人口湍流度和壁面热流密度对D型桁架阵列通道流动与传热性能 的影响规律。结果表明:人口湍流度从5%增大到15%时，通道摩擦系数增大了 1.69% ~3.23%，通道平均努 塞尔数提高了 2.47% ~2.57% ;壁面热流密度从3 000 W ? m-2增大到10 000 W ?m-2 时，通道摩擦系数增大 了 3.39% ~6.45%，通道平均努塞尔数降低了 11.14% ~17.44%。随着？诺数的增大，人口湍流度和壁面热 流密度对通道流动与传热性能的影响程度都有所减弱。增大人口湍流度可以较小幅度地提升通道的综合热 力性能，增大壁面热流密度则会降低通道的综合热力性能。     

薄层多孔层内池沸腾时回液特性

多孔介质可以强化相变传热,被广泛应用到电子器件散热中。热管依靠毛细芯孔隙内沸腾和凝结形成热质快速迁移的驱动,实现高密度和高效传热。薄层多孔层内沸腾时液体回流特性研究对提高热管传热效率、热流密度及寿命意义重大。通过不同多孔介质在不同液位下的池沸腾实验,获得了薄层多孔表面在较高热流密度下沸腾时的气泡特性和沸腾曲线,并结合毛细理论分析多孔表面的回液特性。实验结果表明,高热流密度下毛细回流占主导作用,较小的有效毛细半径和较大的渗透率有利于液体回流。     

矩形冷却通道内超临界RP-3航空煤油对流传热数值研究

对超临界压力下RP-3航空煤油在内截面宽为4mm、高为4mm、固体壁面厚为1mm、加热段长度为500mm的水平矩形冷却通道内的对流传热特性进行了数值模拟研究。分析了通道内速度场的分布规律,讨论了热流密度、压力、进口温度对传热的影响。计算结果表明:当主流温度处于拟临界温度附近时,流体物性参数变化剧烈,导致传热系数降低,传热出现恶化。在超临界压力下,较低的热流密度、增大压力、降低进口流体温度或提高质量流速均有利于改善冷却通道内的传热性能。     

分离式热管小螺旋管蒸发段换热特性的实验研究

将小螺旋管应用于分离式热管的蒸发段。通过采用玻璃管和不锈钢管模拟分离式热管的蒸发段,对不同充液率和热流密度下,小螺旋管管内流体的流动与换热特性进行了实验研究。通过可视化实验观察小螺旋管蒸发段管内流型,初步分析热流密度和充液率对流型转换的影响,讨论壁温分布与管内两相流流型的关系。提出螺旋管内的脉冲震荡和二次回流使得管内流体的紊动强化,从而使平均换热系数和临界热流密度得以提高,不会产生壁温飞升,具有较好安全性的结论。     

CFD方法与间接蒸发冷却换热器的三维数值模拟

采用计算流体力学(CFD)和数值传热学方法,对间接蒸发冷却器内流体流动与热质交换过程进行简化和假设,建立了换热器内三维层流流动与传热的数学物理模型。采用交错网格离散化非线性控制方程组,编制了三维simple算法程序。对间接蒸发冷却器内的流场、温度场及浓度场进行数值模拟研究,得到换热器内的流体流动状态和热流分布,并分析了通道宽度变化对换热器内流体流动与换热的影响。     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

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Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.     

汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.