周期荷载作用下黄砂岩疲劳破坏变形特性试验研究

为研究周期荷载对工程岩体长期稳定性的影响作用,利用Rockman207岩石力学试验系统对黄砂岩试件进行了单轴条件下不同上限应力和应力幅值的周期荷载疲劳试验。试验结果表明:黄砂岩的疲劳破坏受到静态应力–应变全过程曲线轴向、环向以及体积变形量的控制,在控制曲线的峰值强度或峰值强度之后,疲劳试验过程中会出现"初始破坏";黄砂岩疲劳破坏轴向和环形不可逆变形的3阶段发展规律的本质影响因素是产生的应变速率不同,黄砂岩的疲劳破坏过程是轴向和环向不可逆变形不断累积的过程;在一定条件下,黄砂岩的循环次数–上限应力曲线(N–S曲线)可以用来预测岩石的疲劳寿命。     

Fatigue properties of intact sandstone samples subjected to dynamic uniaxial cyclical loading

In this paper, the fatigue behaviour of intact sandstone samples obtained from a rockburst prone coal mine and studied under dynamic uniaxial cyclic loading in the laboratory is presented. Tests were conducted on dry and saturated samples with loading frequencies ranging from 0.1, 1 and 10 Hz and amplitudes of 0.05, 0.1 and 0.15 mm. From the laboratory investigations, it was found that the loading frequency, as well as the amplitude, was of great significance and influenced the rock behaviour in dynamic cyclic loading conditions. The dynamic fatigue strength and the dynamic axial stiffness of the rock reduced with loading frequencies and amplitude. The dynamic modulus was found to increase with the loading frequency but decrease with the amplitude. In the case of the saturated samples, it was found that the dynamic fatigue strength reduced by approximately 30 per cent, while the dynamic Young's modulus reduced by about 20 per cent. From the presented study, the dynamic energy was found to be independent of the testing conditions while other rock properties were found to be dependent on these. Finally, it was concluded that rock would more readily succumb at low frequencies and amplitude than at high frequencies and amplitude for a given energy availability.     

循环荷载下冻结裂隙砂岩动疲劳特性研究(英文)

通过在砂岩样中预制裂隙的方法来模拟实际裂隙岩体 ,借助于中低频率 (2 0 .0Hz和 2 .0Hz)动循环加载和常规加载试验 ,对烘干、饱水和饱水冻结砂岩样在循环作用下引起的低周疲劳特性和不同加载频率下的速率效应进行了研究 ,试验结果表明 :①疲劳效应 ,冻结状态下 ,裂隙砂岩样比无裂隙砂岩样疲劳效应明显 ;②冻结效应 ,冻结作用减弱了试样的疲劳效应 ,尤其是对无裂砂岩隙样 ;③加载 (频率 )率效应 ,冻结作用降低了裂隙砂岩样加载率效应 ,意味着饱水岩样强度随加载 (频率 )率增加而增加的幅度较冻结样明显。     

Fatigue behaviour of a PET-Geogrid under cyclic loading

The lines of ‘damage-begin’ and ‘specimen-break’ for dynamic loading of a geogrid were determined in a series of laboratory testing. The cyclic load ratio was set to R = 0.5, loading frequency f = 10 Hz and f = 3 Hz. The test results show clearly that the chosen procedure for the determination and analysis of the beginning of damage and break is reproducible and allow for safe extrapolation for lower load levels. Furthermore the method chosen enables explicit decrease of the required testing time. The assumption of linear damage accumulation was examined in two-step-trials. The number of load cycles to ‘break’ evaluated in ‘one-step-tests’ compared with those of ‘two-step-loading’ are practically the same. The existence of ‘damage-lines’ for the examined geogrid under a dynamic pulsating load of 10 Hz and 3 Hz and a R-value of 0.5 could be verified. Damage of the specimens occurs only for load-cycles lying between the ‘damage-line’ and the ‘stress-cycle-diagram’ (‘Woehler-curve’). When it comes to dimensioning against ‘damage-beginning’ or ‘break’, higher loading frequencies present the critical case.     

Analysis of cyclic shear characteristics of reinforced soil interfaces under cyclic loading and unloading

The cyclic properties of geosynthetic soil interface are crucial for reinforced soil structures subject to seismic loading. A series of cyclic direct tests under cyclic normal loading was conducted on geogrid-gravel interface. The relationship among the amplitudes of cyclic normal loading and shear displacement and frequencies in the horizontal and vertical directions with interface shear strength and volume change was investigated. Test results showed that the relative time shift, shear stiffness, and enhance coefficient increased with increasing amplitude of cyclic normal loading. The interface exhibited shear hardening and softening with increasing amplitude of shear displacement. The vertical displacement decreased with increasing amplitude of cyclic normal loading but increased with increasing amplitude of shear displacement. Furthermore, three patterns were analysed for different frequencies in two loading directions. The value of vertical displacement was largest when the normal loading impact frequency was larger than the cyclic horizontal shear frequency, and smallest at equal frequencies in two loading directions. The shear stiffness was positively correlated with the amplitude of cyclic normal loading. However, it was negatively correlated with the amplitude of shear displacement. The value of the damping ratio was smallest under constant normal loading at a shear displacement amplitude of 0.5 mm.     

Plastic mechanism analyses of circular tubular members under cyclic loading

This paper presents plastic mechanism analyses of circular tubular members under cyclic loading. In particular, it provides new methods of analyses for circular hollow sections subjected to a constant amplitude cyclic pure bending (CCPB) and a large axial compression–tension cycle (ACTC). The procedure described herein for CCPB considers both prebuckling deformation and local buckling. The prebuckling deformation was simulated using a progressively deforming elliptical cross-section which was observed during the test. The local buckling analysis was performed using a rigid plastic mechanism analysis. Good agreement was found between the predicted and measured hysteresis. However, the present model over-estimates the strength and absorbed energy. For the ACTC, good agreement was found between the predicted and measured collapse curves within the compression half-cycle. More work is needed to model the effect of tension developed during the remaining of the loading cycle. The present models consider the actual local buckling deformation of the cross-section and also avoid the complexity involved in the numerical analyses since they provide the most commonly used closed-form solutions.     

循环荷载作用下岩石疲劳本构模型初探

为研究循环荷载作用下岩石的疲劳本构模型,提出了3个疲劳基本元件:弹性疲劳元件(HF)、黏性疲劳元件(NF)和塑性疲劳元件(YF)。通过疲劳基本元件的组合建立了稳定疲劳模型(广义开尔文与伯格斯疲劳模型)与不稳定疲劳模型(非线性黏弹塑性疲劳模型);当且仅当n1时,非线性黏弹塑性疲劳模型才可完整模拟岩石的减速疲劳、等速疲劳和加速疲劳3个阶段。研究结果表明:非线性黏弹塑性疲劳模型可较好的模拟岩石的疲劳变形规律;若疲劳变形规律具有明显的减速、等速及加速阶段,则加速疲劳参数n将随岩石单轴抗压强度增大而减小。根据研究结果提出用临界应力比而非临界应力设计疲劳试验的参数,可能更为合理。     

高温后砂岩单轴压缩加载速率效应的试验研究

温度是影响岩石材料物理力学性质的重要因素,为考察温度对砂岩加载速率效应的影响规律,对25℃～800℃之间6种温度水平后的砂岩试样分别进行不同加载速率下的单轴压缩试验。试验结果表明：① 高温后砂岩的物理性质出现一定的劣化,由25℃升高至800℃,密度和纵波波速分别减小了5.89%和73.72%;② 随着温度的升高,砂岩峰值强度和弹性模量逐渐减小,峰值应变逐渐增大,而峰值强度随温度的变化过程受加载速率的影响较大;③ 高温后砂岩的峰值强度和峰值应变具有明显的加载速率效应,且服从正线性关系,相关性参数A表征了材料受加载速率影响的显著程度,随着温度的升高参数A呈现先减小后又增大的趋势;④随着温度和加载速率的增大,砂岩破坏形态由拉剪混合破坏逐步转化为单一斜剪破坏,破坏程度愈渐剧烈,分形维数也逐渐增大。     

Hysteretic behaviour of tubular joints under cyclic loading

This paper examines the cyclic performance of CHS joints used in steel tubular structures. Quasi-static experimental study into the response of eight T-joint specimens is described. Four of them are subjected to cyclic axial load, and the other four are subjected to cyclic in-plane bending. The general test arrangement, specimen details, and most relevant results (failure modes and load-relative deformation hysteretical curves) are presented. Some indexes to assess the seismic performance of tubular joints, including strength, ductility and energy dissipation, are synthetically analyzed and compared. Test results show that failure modes of axially loaded joints mainly contain weld cracking in tension and chord plastification in compression. But for joints under cyclic in-plane bending, both punching shear and chord plastification become regular failure modes accompanied by ductile fracture of the welds. Hysteretic curves take on a plump form in general. Ultimate strengths of joints are also compared with equation values for monotonic loading from various design codes. Results indicate the strength at a certain deformation limit can be regarded as the ultimate strength of a T-joint under cyclic loading and existing codes can be used to check it. It is also found that there is a significant distinction in the energy dissipation mechanism for tubular joints under different loading conditions. Finite element analyses are performed by taking into account weld geometry to facilitate the interpretation of the test results. It is identified that high tensile stress triaxiality can be one primary cause of weld cracking which happened under low cyclic load level.     

Analysis of steel-reinforced concrete-filled-steel tubular (SRCFST) columns under cyclic loading

A new form of composite column, steel reinforced-concrete filled-steel tubular column (SRCFST) has been proposed to undertake higher loads. This contribution presents a numerical study of cyclically loaded SRCFST columns based on the ABAQUS standard solver. The feasibility and accuracy of the numerical method was verified by comparing the calculated results with the experimental observations. The lateral displacement-load curves and sectional stress distributions were analyzed. The results indicate that the SRCFST columns have higher specimen stiffness, peak lateral load and deformability than common concrete filled steel tubular (CFST) columns due to the presence of the section steel. A parametric study, including influence of axial load levels, ratio of section steel, yield strength of section steel, concrete strength and thickness of steel tube on peak lateral load was also carried out.     

Mechanical behaviour of medium-grained sandstones exposed to differential cyclic loading with distinct loading and unloading rates

This work aims to investigate the mechanical behaviour of medium-grained sandstones under cyclic loading with different loading/unloading rates. This type of cyclic loading is called differential cyclic loading (DCL) and is considered for testing rock behaviour. In the experiments, constant amplitude and multi-level cyclic loadings were performed. Three loading modes were designed to consider different relationships between loading and unloading rates. Axial strain evolution and energy dissipation were analysed for different loading/unloading rates and maximum cyclic load level. The correlations between P-wave velocities and strengths of rocks deduced from this research are compared with existing published data. The relationships between final strength and axial strain at failure under different loading patterns were also discussed and a rough assessment of the remaining fatigue life is introduced using the predicted value by fitting the axial peak strain.     

Dynamic stress accumulation effects on soil strength under cyclic loading

To further understand the influence of dynamic stress accumulation effects on soil strength under cyclic loading, a series of dynamic–static coupling tests and stepwise cyclic loading tests were carried out using typical granite residual soil. The mechanism of dynamic stress accumulation was analyzed from the macro and micro perspectives, and the effect thereof on soil strength was discussed from the perspectives of energy and mechanics. The test results showed that a dynamic stress accumulation effect would occur in the soil under cyclic loading, which was one of the main reasons for the failure of the soil structure and the change of the strength. When the accumulation degree was small, the effect facilitated the compaction of soil, and improved the static load strength of the soil. When the accumulation degree exceeded a certain threshold, the effect resulted in rapid the soil damage. The greater the dynamic stress accumulation in the soil, the more obvious the weakening degree of the progressive cyclic loading strength. At the same time, the more prone the soil to dynamic stress accumulation, the greater the internal accumulation of variable situation energy. Failure occurred when the dynamic stress accumulation in the soil exceeded the bearing capacity of the structure, providing further insight for solving the negative impact of dynamic stress accumulation on subgrade soil.     

循环加卸载作用下砂岩孔隙度与渗透率演化规律试验研究

研究砂岩在多次循环荷载作用下孔隙度及渗透率随荷载的变化规律,利用致密岩石惰性气体渗透率测试系统对砂岩进行了5次循环加卸载试验。试验结果表明:砂岩的孔隙度和渗透率随围压的增大而减小,循环加卸载过程中,砂岩的孔隙度、渗透率在加载阶段与卸载阶段的变化曲线均是不重合的。围压加载阶段孔隙度和渗透率随围压的变化关系均呈指数关系,在围压卸载阶段孔隙度与渗透率随围压变化均呈幂函数关系。砂岩在低围压条件下渗透率随围压变化的程度较大,在高围压条件下渗透率变化程度较小。加载阶段砂岩渗透率变化程度在第1次循环期间较大,从第2次循环开始由于岩样一定程度的压密渗透率随围压变化越来越小,而卸载阶段5次循环过程中渗透率随围压的减小而增大,但是循环次数增加过程中,渗透率的恢复程度相对于第一次循环越来越小。     

Performance of geosynthetic-encased stone column-improved soft clay under vertical cyclic loading

This paper presents the results of a laboratory investigation into the performance of geosynthetic-encased stone column-improved (GESC-improved) soft clay under vertical cyclic loading. A reduced-scale model is adopted to perform a series of tests considering the principal parameters, such as the cyclic loading characteristics, including the loading frequency and amplitude, and the encasement length. The results indicate that, among other things, the overall benefit of the geosynthetic encasement of stone columns installed in soft clay is greater under cyclic loading than under static loading, and that the cyclic effect tends to lead to a stress concentration ratio that is smaller than that under static loading. The effectiveness of this encasement in improving the performance of GESCs becomes greater when subjected to cyclic loading with a lower loading frequency and/or a smaller amplitude. The settlement and pore pressure variations with the encasement length, together with the exhumed GESCs taken after the tests, suggest that full encasement is necessary to maximize the performance of GESCs under cyclic loading.     

Steel bridge piers with inner cruciform plates under cyclic loading

The strength and ductility of steel bridge piers with inner cruciform plates were studied experimentally and theoretically. Three types of specimens were investigated, one with an ordinary stiffener, one with inner cruciform plates and one where the section is unstiffened, were tested under a constant compressive axial load and cyclic horizontal loads. Elasto-plastic and large displacement numerical analyses were carried out using the finite element package MARC. The effects of using inner cruciform plates on the strength and ductility of steel bridge piers were investigated where the height of the inner cruciform plate was varied in the box section bridge piers. It was found that piers with inner cruciform plates show better performance than ordinary piers with regard to ductility and energy absorption capacity.     

Analysis of strain hardening creep under random uniaxial loading

Significant advances have taken place in developing methods of analysis of creep and creep rupture under varying stress conditions. However, the attention so far has been focussed on studying creep under deterministic stress histories. Time dependent stress and environmental history of a typical structure element is often definitely not known and it can, at best be described in statistical terms. Idealizing creep as a Markoff process and considering strain hardening theory, a simplified theory is proposed to characterize creep strain under random loading. The random loading refers to statically determinate uniaxial stressing, changing in a stepwise manner with time only and forms an ergodic process. In the light of the feasibility of characterizing the strain distribution under the random loading, an indication is given how a reliability based design approach to creep problems can be developed. The theory and its application are illustrated by a numerical example.     

Load-settlement response of shallow square footings on geogrid-reinforced sand under cyclic loading

To study the settlement and dynamic response characteristics of shallow square footings on geogrid-reinforced sand under cyclic loading, 7 sets of large scale laboratory tests are performed on a 0.5?m wide square footing resting on unreinforced and geogrid reinforced sand contained in a 3?m?×?1.6?m?×?2?m (length?×?width?×?height) steel tank. Different reinforcing schemes are considered in the tests: one layer of reinforcement at the depth of 0.3B, 0.6B and 0.9B, where B is the width of the footing; two and three layers of reinforcement at the depth and spacing both at 0.3B. In one of the two double layered reinforcing systems, the reinforcements are wrapped around at the ends. The footings are loaded to 160?kPa under static loading before applying cyclic loading. The cyclic loadings are applied at 40?kPa amplitude increments. Each loading stage lasts for 10?min at the frequency of 2?Hz, or until failure, whichever occurs first. The settlement of the footing, strain in the reinforcement and acceleration rate in the soil have been monitored during the tests. The results showed that the ultimate bearing capacity of the footings was affected by the number and layout of the reinforcements, and the increment of bearing capacity does not always increase with the number of reinforcement layers. The layout of the reinforcement layers affected the failure mechanisms of the footings. Including more layers of reinforcement could greatly reduce the dynamic response of the foundations under cyclic loading. In terms of bearing capacity improvement, including one layer of reinforcement at the depth of 0.6B was the optimum based on the test results. It is found that fracture of geogrid could occur under cyclic loading if the reinforcement is too shallow, i.e. for the cases with the first layer of reinforcement at 0.3B depth.     

循环荷载下断续裂隙岩体的变形特性

断续裂隙岩体在地震、波浪冲击、动力机器运转等动力循环荷载作用下的疲劳特性是岩石力学的一个基础课题。采用预制断续裂隙类砂岩模型试样单轴动循环加载试验,借助测试到的荷载–位移曲线从不可逆变形与总变形随循环次数的演化规律入手探讨了含2、3条裂隙试样循环荷载下的疲劳变形规律,并对影响裂隙试样疲劳变形的加载频率、循环荷载水平及裂隙空间位置等因素进行了讨论分析。研究发现:断续裂隙岩体的疲劳变形演化规律与完整岩石、完全离散的节理化岩体一致,均可划分为3个阶段:初始变形阶段、等速变形阶段与加速变形阶段;其疲劳破坏时的变形量与周期荷载的上限荷载在静态荷载–位移曲线峰值后区对应的变形量相当;同时,断续裂隙岩体疲劳变形除受加载频率及荷载水平的影响之外,还受到裂隙空间位置的明显影响。     

循环荷载下软黏土强度弱化研究及其动力计算应用

滨海软黏土在波浪循环荷载作用下会发生强度弱化,从而降低软黏土地基承载力,影响结构稳定性。以烟台港原状淤泥质粉质黏土为研究对象,通过室内动三轴试验,以围压、初始静偏应力、循环动应力和循环次数为试验变量,分析不同应力组合作用下的淤泥质粉质黏土的孔压发展规律和不排水抗剪强度弱化规律。根据孔压发展规律拟合出软黏土双曲孔压计算模型,同时利用等效超固结比理论,将得到的孔压模型和强度规律结合起来,提出了综合考虑围压、静偏应力、动应力和循环次数适用于整个动态循环过程的不排水抗剪强度弱化公式,并通过试验对公式进行了验证。最后将公式应用于烟台港防波堤数值模型的动力计算中。从试验到数模,比较完整地提出了一套便于应用于工程实践的考虑地基土体循环弱化效应的动力计算方法。