求解三维均质边坡安全系数的稳定性图表法研究

边坡稳定性图表为初步评价边坡的稳定性提供了一种简单但却行之有效的途径。针对现有三维稳定性图表主要是基于极限平衡法和极限分析法提出的不足,采用基于场变量的有限元强度折减法,建立了一套求解三维均质边坡安全系数的稳定性图表。借助ABAQUS软件的二次开发平台UFIELD程序,设置岩土体黏聚力与内摩擦角为场变量的函数,场变量为增量步时间t的函数,从而通过控制增量步时间t实现黏聚力与内摩擦角的折减,通过一次计算即可求得边坡的安全系数,无需手工修改折减系数反复试算。结合3个典型算例对该方法的可靠性进行了验证,并进行了计算效率的比较。结果表明,该方法得到的安全系数可靠,且提高的计算效率。另外,将基于该方法提出的三维均质边坡稳定性图表用于快速获取边坡安全系数、设计边坡坡度和反演滑带土体的强度参数,是合理可行的。     

Influence of counter-tilted failure surface angle on the stability of rock slopes subjected to block toppling failure mechanisms

In rock slopes where sedimentary rock masses dip into the face of the slope, failure may occur by block toppling. In traditional analytical models, the failure surface is assumed to be a single plane running from the upper columns to the toe of the slopes, which may be inconsistent with the physical situation, where the weak plane has undergone counter-tilting within the rock slope due to variations of lithology and weak plane characteristics. To better reflect the physical situations, the failure surfaces ought to be determined instead of basing it on assumptions and incorporated in the existing analytical methods for stability analyses. Therefore, a searching technique for determining the counter-tilted failure surface angle has been proposed and traditional analytical models for evaluating the stability of rock slopes subjected to block toppling failure mechanisms have been modified by incorporating the counter-tilted weak plane angle. The physical slope with counter-tilted failure surface was comprehensively analyzed using the modified analytical model and the results were validated using numerical simulation models. The simulated failure mode zones are consistent with the failure mode zones obtained by the modified analytical method. The influence of relative angles of the counter-tilted failure surface on the slope stability has been studied and the results show that progressive increase of the counter-tilted failure surface angles lead to a gradual increase in slope instability. The proposed analytical method could provide precise applications to evaluate the slope instability in rock slopes with counter-tilted failure surface.

     

砂质边坡安全性与快速评估方法研究

边坡内地下水位之变化是边坡安全的重要参数,但其对边坡稳定安全系数之影响却鲜少被人深入探讨。而现今监测仪器管理值大多仅以经验值代表边坡潜在危险性,且未明确指出对应的变位大小。因此,结合数值分析法和极限平衡法的优点及特性,详细分析砂质边坡的地下水位、应力、应变与安全系数之关系,探讨地下水位对砂质边坡稳定性的影响。研究成果获知各种内摩擦角不同的土壤,随着水位升高时,安全性也变化的趋势,且可以正规化参数与表达之。因此,进一步建立一个合理且可快速使用的边坡安全评估图表,以便用于砂质边坡快速安全评估,且亦可用于缺乏详细数据的现地边坡之快速安全评估,解决盲从检测之虞。     

边坡非线性位移预测的动力系统自记忆模型

边坡位移的准确预测对于边坡稳定性评价、边坡安全状态的预警以及滑坡灾害的控制具有重要意义。将"动力系统自记忆原理"引入到边坡位移时间序列预测研究。首先将量测得到的边坡位移时序数据视为描写边坡位移非线性动力学模型的一个特解,采用双向差分原理反导出边坡位移非线性常微分方程。以此作为微分动力核,运用自记忆原理建立了边坡位移预测的自记忆模型。将该方法用于三峡永久船闸边坡和卧龙寺边坡变形预测,研究结果表明:自记忆模型对于边坡位移预测具有较高的预测精度和较强的预测多个时序步位移的能力,从而为边坡位移预测提供了一条新途径。     

A Proposal of the Simplest Convex-Conical Surface for Soils

The simplest convex conical surface in the principal stress space is proposed in this article, relaxing the requirement that the frictional angles in the triaxial compression and extension states coincide with each other. It could be adopted as the equation of the critical state surface which is incorporated into the yield/loading surface in elastoplastic constitutive equations of soils. Also, it could roughly describe the failure surface of soils although the failure surface is not a material property, depending on loading conditions, i.e. the drained (volume change) or the undrained (constant volume), the constant lateral stress or the constant mean stress, etc.     

A pre-trained deep-learning surrogate model for slope stability analysis with spatial variability

This paper presents a pre-trained deep-learning surrogate model for the slope stability problem, which can be used to accelerate the stochastic analysis of slope stability with spatial variability. One major innovation is that the model is trained with a big dataset (>12000 data) covering common soil properties, spatial variabilities, and slope shapes such that the trained model is ready to make predictions without additional training or numerical simulations required. Other two minor contributions are: (1) special treatments for the irregular and varying boundaries of slopes and (2) novel techniques that allow the use of non-uniform mesh in data acquisitions. The proposed model is accurate with a mean-absolute-percentage-error of about 6% for the testing dataset. Seven cases of unseen data are also used to verify the model performance, including cases of different soil parameters, slope angles, and even different slope surfaces (e.g., concave and convex slopes, which are not used in training). The results show that the predict slope factor of safety is high consistent with the values from finite element simulations, and so is the obtained probability density functions. But the surrogate model takes much less computational effort (several minutes compared with hours of computing) – proving the effectiveness of our model for efficient stochastic analyses.     

锦屏一级水电站左岸坝肩边坡施工期高效三维可靠度分析

 基于可靠度理论的边坡稳定性分析是一个重要的发展趋势,然而目前国内外关于复杂三维高边坡可靠度方面的研究几乎还是空白。以锦屏一级水电站左岸坝肩边坡为例,研究了施工阶段三维边坡可靠度问题。由于三维边坡稳定性分析有限差分强度折减法计算量较大,并且安全系数没有显式表达式,通过参数敏感性分析减少随机变量数目,提出三维边坡可靠度分析的非侵入式随机有限差分法。探讨了预应力锚索和深层混凝土抗剪洞2种主要加固措施失效对边坡变形、稳定及其可靠度的影响规律。研究了施工阶段边坡横河向位移、安全系数以及失效概率的变化规律。结果表明：参数敏感性分析可以有效地识别敏感性较大的随机变量,从而提高边坡可靠度计算效率。非侵入式随机有限差分法实现了概率分析与通用商业软件如FLAC3D的有机结合,极大地简化了可靠度分析过程,而且能充分利用参数敏感性分析中边坡稳定性计算结果,为解决三维高边坡可靠度问题提供一种有效的工具。此外,锦屏一级水电站左岸坝肩边坡所采取的预应力锚索和深层混凝土抗剪洞联合加固措施能够有效地控制边坡变形和确保边坡稳定性。施工阶段边坡开挖扰动作用对边坡稳定可靠度有着重要的影响。     

Response of Unsaturated Sandy Soils Under Constant Shear Stress Drained Condition

In order to understand the mechanism and conditions leading to failure of sandy slopes due to the infiltration of rainwater, constant shear stress drained triaxial tests were conducted on three sets of soil samples-normal sand, gravelly sand and silty sand-taken from natural slopes where large-scale landslides have occurred in the past. Water was infiltrated from the bottom of an initially unsaturated soil specimen under constant shear stress drained condition until failure occurred. Such a loading pattern simulated the stress path followed by a soil element on a potential failure plane on a slope subjected to rainwater infiltration. The effects of various parameters reflecting the initial condition, such as relative density, principal stress ratio, degree of saturation and infiltration rate, on the development of deformation during the infiltration process were investigated. The test results confirmed that the development of pore water pressure within the soil is the main reason for the failure of slopes during heavy rainfall. The results obtained can serve as guidelines in developing warning systems against impending rainfall-induced slope failures.     

An inventory for evaluating hazard and risk assessment of cut slopes in weak rocks along highways

Several cases of instability of cut slopes along major highways in Jordan were reviewed in this study, in some detail. Emphasis was placed on the Amman-Irbid highway with the aim of establishing a wider data base of case studies and examining all possible mechanisms and factors influencing stability. The study showed that major cut slope failures were caused by the presence of weak cohesive layers (mainly clayey marl) interbedded within other, mostly stronger, formations, in addition to the steep cutting angles and unfavourable dip of strata combined with relatively high piezometric surface brought about by poor surface and subsurface drainage. The study also showed that sections II and III of Amman-Irbid highway suffer from an alarmingly high level of instability in cut slopes with more than 50 % of the entire route length was found to have high level of instability. No remedial measures were carried out so far to improve the overall situation of critical slopes. The amount of excavations required to render the cut slopes stable by satisfying acceptable standards of safety, was determined to be approximately 2.8 million cubic meters with an estimated cost of 10 million JD’s. To investigate the influence of various parameters on slope stability, several analyses were performed in addition to back analyses to determine shear strength parameters. Data were obtained from previous in vestigations by local and international firms, screened and modified where needed, before being used in stability analyses. Considerable difference between back analysis and test result values for shear strength parameters were observed in many cases. A classification system was developed for factors influencing landslides, bases on the case studies considered; a stability grading scheme was also introduced; the system was applied to several existing cases along Amman-Irbid highway, the resulting assessments were in agreement with the observed stability conditions.     

Apport d'une approche probabiliste de la stabilité pour la conception des talus de mine a ciel ouvert. Applciation à la mine de Carmaux,france

Slope stability problem in operacast mines is one that is often encountered by geotechnical engineers in the design of slopes in jointed rock masses. To resolve this problem, several elements such as the geometrical and the geotechnical parameters of the fracture set of the rock mass have to be considered. In this paper, the characterization of the statistical distribution of geometrical fracture parameters enable the simulation of the rock massive and thus provides a realistic approach to the analysis of failure mechanisms that may affect the rock mass. Computer programs were developed and applied to the opencast coal mine of Carmaux (France). Test results led to the proposal of different slope angles and bench widths for different slope orientations in the mine.     

Laboratory shear strength parameters of cohesive soils: variability and potential effects on slope stability

The study quantified laboratory geotechnical variability by analyzing compacted alluvial fine-grained soils commonly used to backfill exhausted quarries in Central Italy. Repeating the test 4 times and combining the relevant results, 256 pairs of friction angle and cohesion values were obtained, with mean values of 27.0° ± 0.8° and 19.22 ± 4.08 kPa, respectively in the shear stress range 100–250 kPa. The influence of the variability of laboratory drained shear strength parameters on the long-term stability of artificial saturated slopes was examined, taking into account both deterministic and probabilistic approaches. In many cases, when the deterministic approach indicates stability, the probabilistic one indicates a certain probability of instability, even for the lowest slope height (5 m) and a slope angle higher than 15°.     

Surficial stability analysis of soil slope under seepage based on a novel failure mode

Normally, the edge effects of surficial landslides are not considered in the infinite slope method for surficial stability analysis of soil slopes. In this study, the limit stress state and discrimination equation of an infinite slope under saturated seepage flow were analyzed based on the Mohr-Coulomb strength criterion. Therefore, a novel failure mode involving three sliding zones (upper tension zone, middle shear sliding zone, and lower compression zone) was proposed. Accordingly, based on the limit equilibrium analysis, a semi-analytical framework considering the edge effect for the surficial stability of a soil slope under downslope seepage was established. Subsequently, the new failure mode was verified via a numerical finite element analysis based on the reduced strength theory with ABAQUS and some simplified methods using SLIDE software. The results obtained by the new failure mode agree well with those obtained by the numerical analysis and traditional simplified methods, and can be efficiently used to assess the surficial stability of soil slopes under rainwater seepage. Finally, an evaluation of the infinite slope method was performed using the semi-analytical method proposed in this study. The results show that the infinite slope tends to be conservative because the edge effect is neglected, particularly when the ratio of surficial slope length to depth is relatively small.     

Correlation between natural slope angle and rock mass strength rating in the Betic Cordillera,Granada, Spain

This study proposes a method to determine zones gentler or steeper than the equilibrium slope angle based on rock mass strength (RMS) and to regionalize the parameters. The method was developed using GIS and applied to rock masses of the Alpujarride Complex (Granada, Spain). 41% of the natural slopes studied have angles lower than the equilibrium due to dissolution processes and the presence of alluvial or colluvial deposits, while 28% of those slopes have angles higher than the equilibrium due to rapid erosion in tectonically active zones. Cross correlation analysis between maps showing degrees of slope equilibrium and landslide inventories suggest that long-term geomorphic changes have induced slope angles higher than the equilibrium which are associated with rock falls and rock slides.      

不完备概率信息条件下边坡可靠度分析方法

不完备概率信息条件下边坡可靠度估计是一个富有挑战性的问题。基于Copula函数提出了不完备概率信息条件下边坡可靠度分析方法。首先,简要介绍了基于Copula函数的岩土体抗剪强度参数联合概率分布函数构造方法。其次,定义了边坡稳定分析的名义安全系数,提出了边坡失效概率波动范围分析方法。最后以无限边坡稳定可靠度问题为例证明了所提方法的有效性。结果表明：不完备概率信息条件下边坡失效概率是不唯一的。抗剪强度参数间Copula函数类型对边坡失效概率具有明显的影响,这种影响直接导致了不完备概率信息条件下边坡失效概率的波动范围较大。边坡失效概率波动范围随名义安全系数的增大或失效概率的减小而增大。所提3种方法能够有效地缩小边坡失效概率的波动范围,提高了边坡失效概率的估计精度,从而为不完备概率信息条件下边坡可靠度分析提供了一条有效的途径。     

Slope stability analysis based on big data and convolutional neural network

The Limit Equilibrium Method (LEM) is commonly used in traditional slope stability analyses, but it is time-consuming and complicated. Due to its complexity and nonlinearity involved in the evaluation process, it cannot provide a quick stability estimation when facing a large number of slopes. In this case, the convolutional neural network (CNN) provides a better alternative. A CNN model can process data quickly and complete a large amount of data analysis in a specific situation, while it needs a large number of training samples. It is difficult to get enough slope data samples in practical engineering. This study proposes a slope database generation method based on the LEM. Samples were amplified from 40 typical slopes, and a sample database consisting of 20000 slope samples was established. The sample database for slopes covered a wide range of slope geometries and soil layers’ physical and mechanical properties. The CNN trained with this sample database was then applied to the stability prediction of 15 real slopes to test the accuracy of the CNN model. The results show that the slope stability prediction method based on the CNN does not need complex calculation but only needs to provide the slope coordinate information and physical and mechanical parameters of the soil layers, and it can quickly obtain the safety factor and stability state of the slopes. Moreover, the prediction accuracy of the CNN trained by the sample database for slope stability analysis reaches more than 99%, and the comparisons with the BP neural network show that the CNN has significant superiority in slope stability evaluation. Therefore, the CNN can predict the safety factor of real slopes. In particular, the combination of typical actual slopes and generated slope data provides enough training and testing samples for the CNN, which improves the prediction speed and practicability of the CNN-based evaluation method in engineering practice.     

堆积层边坡表层位移矢量角及其在稳定性预测中的作用与意义

根据边坡不同稳定性的位移矢量角的形成机制以及对新滩边坡实际资料的分析，发现堆积层边坡的表层位移矢量角是描述和评价边坡整体稳定性的基本参数之一。它有明确的物理意义与预测预报标准，且受局部或随机因素影响较小，同时反映了边坡的变形受力条件与整体稳定性状态，在滑坡预测预报中有着位移或位移速率不可替代的作用。在此基础上，重点对边坡塑性滑移阶段的位移矢量角及其与稳定性的关系进行了系统的分析。运用数理统计趋势位移分析原理建立了边坡位移矢量角和位移速率双参数统计预测预报判据，克服了传统位移时序分析法单一参数预测理论的不足，并运用新滩边坡F系列监控点实际资料进行了双参数的后验稳定性验算与判别。预测结果与边坡的实际失稳时间与规律相吻合，说明该理论判据具有一定的精度和实用性。     

Microseismic monitoring and numerical simulation on the stability of high-steep rock slopes in hydropower engineering

For high-steep slopes in hydropower engineering, damage can be induced or accumulated due to a series of human or natural activities, including excavation, dam construction, earthquake, rainstorm, rapid rise or drop of water level in the service lifetime of slopes. According to the concept that the progressive damage(microseismicity) of rock slope is the essence of the precursor of slope instability, a microseismic monitoring system for high-steep rock slopes is established. Positioning accuracy of the monitoring system is tested by fixed-position blasting method. Based on waveform and cluster analyses of microseismic events recorded during test, the tempo-spatial distribution of microseismic events is analyzed.The deformation zone in the deep rock masses induced by the microseismic events is preliminarily delimited. Based on the physical information measured by in situ microseismic monitoring, an evaluation method for the dynamic stability of rock slopes is proposed and preliminarily implemented by combining microseismic monitoring and numerical modeling. Based on the rock mass damage model obtained by back analysis of microseismic information, the rock mass elements within the microseismic damage zone are automatically searched by finite element program. Then the stiffness and strength reductions are performed on these damaged elements accordingly. Attempts are made to establish the correlation between microseismic event, strength deterioration and slope dynamic instability, so as to quantitatively evaluate the dynamic stability of slope. The case studies about two practical slopes indicate that the proposed method can reflect the factor of safety of rock slope more objectively. Numerical analysis can help to understand the characteristics and modes of the monitored microseismic events in rock slopes. Microseismic monitoring data and simulation results can be used to mutually modify the sensitive rock parameters and calibrate the model. Combination of microseismic monitoring and numerical simulation provides a more objective basis for the numerical model and parameters and a solid mechanical foundation for the microseismic monitoring.     

Simplified method for analyzing soil slope deformation under cyclic loading

Reasonable assessment of slope deformation under cyclic loading is of great significance for securing the safety of slopes. The observations of centrifuge model tests are analyzed on the slope deformation behavior under cyclic loading conditions. The potential slip surface is the key for slope failure and follows two rules: (i) the relative horizontal displacement along the potential slip surface is invariable at an elevation, and (ii) the soil along the slip surface exhibits the same degradation pattern. These rules are effective regardless of the location of the potential slip surface throughout the entire deformation process of a homogeneous slope, ranging from the initial deformation stage to the failure process and to the post-failure stage. A new, simplified method is proposed by deriving the displacement compatibility equation and unified degradation equation according to the fundamental rules. The method has few parameters that can be determined through traditional element tests. The predictions from the proposed method agree with the centrifuge test results with vertical loading and shaking table loading. This result confirms that the proposed method is effective in predicting the full deformation process of slopes under different cyclic loading conditions.     

边坡稳定分析的神经网络方法

论述了BP神经网络的基本原理和算法,研究了MATLAB下的BP神经网络工具箱在边坡稳定性分析中的应用。采用影响边坡稳定性的复合指标,建立了BP预报模型。用收集到的边坡数据样本训练和测试BP神经网络模型,结果表明该BP神经网络预测边坡稳定性是可行的、有效的。     

边坡岩体稳定性的人工神经网络预测模型

在综合分析边坡岩体变形失稳破坏模式及其影响因素的基础上 ,提出了表征边坡岩体稳定性分析的复合指标。以大量水电边坡工程的稳定状况为学习训练样本及预测样本 ,讨论了基于人工神经网络技术的边坡岩体稳定性分析方法及其有效性。研究表明 ,用人工神经网络方法预测边坡岩体的稳定状况是可行的。