Drilling detritus and the operating parameters of thermally stable PDC core bits

A single rock type was drilled using two types of thermally stable polycrystalline diamond compact (PDC) and an impregnated diamond core bit using a fully instrumented laboratory drilling rig at a fixed rotational speed, and over a range of weights on bit (WOB). Operating parameters of the bits such as WOB, rate of penetration (ROP), rotational speed (RPM), torque and drilling specific energy (SE) were continuously monitored during the drilling trials. The effects of these parameters on the performance of the bits were examined. Relations between the drilling variables are also described. At each set WOB for each bit, the drilling detritus were collected. The detritus sizes between 1180 and 53 microns were analysed using wet sieving and sub 53 micron was analysed using a Malvern particle size machine. Both data were combined to obtain a particle size distribution at set WOBs for each bit. The relations between the particle size of the drilling detritus and operating parameters, cutter size and wear of the PDC and impregnated diamond core bits, and original rock grain size were established. An increase in WOB, ROP, wear rates, pins or diamond size increased the drilling detritus size for the bits. No relation was found between the drilling detritus and the rock grain size due to the regrinding effect and the high proportion (> 30%) of matrix material in the rock.     

复合片钻头工艺技术在钾盐矿层中的应用

为提高钾盐矿层钻探时效,节约钻探成本,在某矿区勘探中,分别采用了金刚石钻头工艺技术与复合片钻头工艺技术两种方式进行钾盐矿层钻探研究。研究表明,采用SC-95型绳索钻具复合片钻头工艺技术,以油基泥浆作为冲洗介质,在钻压12～15 kN,转速160～260 R/min,泵量120～160 L/min条件下,进行钾盐矿层钻探,具有破岩性好,钻探时效高,有利于泥浆中岩屑快速沉淀并捞取,可节约泥浆费用等优点。将复合片钻头工艺技术应用于钾盐矿层钻探中,取得了显著的经济技术效果,是钾盐矿层钻探可以推广的一项工艺技术。     

微心PDC钻头心部结构优化的实验研究

在油气勘探中,需要在地层中进行岩石取样同时保证钻头的破岩效率和机械钻速,因此需要对微心PDC钻头心部结构进行优化.通过在不同尺寸的3种不同岩性(砂岩、灰岩和花岗岩)的岩心柱上完成静压、折断、冲击3种破坏形式的破岩实验,设计及制造一只直径为φ152.4 mm的可变参数的微心PDC钻头,并在不同尺寸的砂岩岩心柱上完成室内台...     

旋转钻井中岩石破碎能耗的分形分析

 通过旋转钻井中破碎岩石的能耗分析,应用分形岩石力学理论,从钻井过程中钻头破碎岩屑的粒度分布、能量耗散等角度,建立旋转钻井中钻头破碎岩石所需能量的分形描述模型,详细分析影响钻头破碎岩石能耗的因素。该模型显示出旋转钻井岩石破碎能耗不仅与钻压、转速等钻井参数关,还与地层岩石破碎体的尺度和粒度分布分形维数等因素有关。应用该模型不仅可以确定钻井过程中破碎岩石所需的能量,还可以反演计算,根据所需岩石的破碎能量优选钻进参数。将所建立的模型进行适当简化,可得到经典岩石破碎比功三大学说表达式,说明该模型具有一定的普遍性。     

空气冲旋钻井冲击力和机械钻速仿真研究

在钻井机械钻速预测研究中，以前常根据现场数据或试验数据统计拟合得出经验或半经验方程，方程一般含有一些很难确定的系数甚至是不可靠的。为此，借鉴三牙轮钻头仿真理论，建立了冲击旋转钻井系统仿真模型，包括冲击器动力学模型、冲旋钻头真实仿真模型、动态变化的真实井底模型和牙齿与井底岩石相互作用模型，用计算机仿真方法预测出冲击器活塞的冲击力、冲击功和空气冲旋钻井机械钻速。仿真结果和试验数据吻合较好，模型可靠，研究成果可用于冲旋钻头、冲击器设计和钻井参数优选。     

考虑岩石疲劳损伤的空气冲旋钻井破岩数值模拟研究

 以川东北PGP-X井为研究对象,对2 140～4 914 m地层进行分段采样,运用静态试验机和分离式霍普金森压杆(SHPB)试验装置对采样岩石进行动、静态力学性能室内试验。利用LS-DYNA建立空气冲旋钻井活塞–钻头–岩石相互作用系统模型,仿真模型中岩石采用H-J-C动态本构,为考虑冲击载荷往复加载对岩石造成的损伤积累,在每次冲击后,对井底岩石进行强度修正。在此基础上,研究PGP-X井钻井参量及空气锤结构参量与冲击功及破岩比功的关系,探索冲击功、冲击末速度、钻压、冲击频率、转速、井深及岩性对破岩能效的影响。分析发现冲击功–破岩比功曲线具有界限明显的波动区与稳定区,由此得到空气冲旋钻井的临界冲击功及临界钻压;临界冲击功及临界钻压与井深和岩性密切相关,随着井深和岩石硬度增加,临界冲击功和临界钻压都有逐渐减小。通过以上研究,推荐了典型深部地层的临界冲击功、临界钻压、最佳转速与冲击频率组合,这些结果可以作为现场空气冲旋钻井实践的参考。     

Relation between Kaiser effect levels and pre-stresses applied in the laboratory

This study aims to investigate the relation between the Kaiser effect (KE) levels and pre-stresses applied to rock samples in laboratory. For the purpose, a number of test specimens were obtained from different types of rock and a mortar block. Deformation and crack propagation stages were identified for each sample group. Based on the thresholds of these stages, the specimens were subjected to selected pre-stresses under uniaxial and axisymetric triaxial loading under laboratory conditions. Following the laboratory preloadings, acoustic emission (AE) experiments were carried out on the specimens under uniaxial loading conditions to determine the KE levels. The comparisons made between the laboratory pre-stresses and the KE levels suggest that the KE level is not equal to one of the pre-stress values or their differences, and should be related to combined effect of axial and confined pre-stresses, and some rock dependent characteristics.     

Experimental investigations on effects of gas pressure on mechanical behaviors and failure characteristic of coals

The mechanical behavior of coal is the key factor affecting underground coal mining and coalbed methane extraction. In this study, triaxial compression and seepage tests were carried out on coal at different gas pressures. The mechanical properties and failure process of coal were studied, as well as the acoustic emission (AE) and strain energy. The influence of gas pressure on the mechanical parameters of this coal was analyzed. Based on the conventional energy calculation formula, the pore pressure was introduced through the effective stress formula, and each energy component of coal containing gas was refined innovatively. The contribution of gas pressure to the total energy input and dissipation during loading was quantitatively described. Finally, the influence of gas pressure on coal strength was theoretically analyzed from the perspectives of Mohr–Coulomb criterion and fracture mechanics. The results show that the total absorbed energy comprises the absorbed energy in the axial pressure direction (positive) and in the confining pressure direction (negative), as well as that induced by the pore pressure (initially negative and then positive). The absorbed energy in the axial pressure direction accounts for the main proportion of the total energy absorbed by coal. The quiet period of AE in the initial stage shortens, and AE activity increases during the pre-peak stage under high gas pressure. The fractal characteristics of AE in three stages are studied using the correlation dimension. The AE process has different forms of self-similarity in various deformation stages.     

PDC钻头复合钻进破岩机理及个性化设计探讨

在复合钻进工况下,地面和井下马达的复合驱动虽能使PDC钻头的钻速能得到显著提升,但钻头寿命也会显著缩短。通过研究定向井、水平井下部钻柱的受力变形特性,建立了复合钻进下PDC钻头的运动学模型,研究了转速比、布齿位置、下部钻柱几何状态等对切削齿切削轨迹的影响规律。在此基础上,改进了PDC钻头破岩数字仿真系统,并利用该系统研究了PDC钻头在复合钻进工况下的运动学、切削力学规律以及井底形态特点。研究结果表明:除了高转速因素以外,复合钻进钻头破岩效率增高的主要原因在于PDC钻头切削齿的不平行刮切特性,以及螺杆弯角所导致的钻头牙齿的不均衡切削状态。针对PDC钻头在复合钻井条件下的破岩机理和失效特点,探讨了复合钻进PDC钻头个性化设计的技术思想和实施方法,为复合钻进条件下PDC钻头工作性能的改进提供了理论依据和技术手段。     

An analytical drilling model of drag bits for evaluation of rock strength

To evaluate the unconfined compressive strength (UCS) of rocks from drilling data is a promising in-situ method and has been studied by many researchers. In most studies, experimental methods have been used to determine the relationship between UCS and drilling data. In this paper, an analytical model is proposed to describe rock drilling processes using drag bits and rotary drills, and to deduce the relations among rock properties, bit shapes, and drilling parameters (rotary speed, thrust, torque, and stroke). In this model, a drilling process is divided into cycles, each of which includes two motions: feeding and cutting. Feeding is treated as an indentation motion. There is a linear relation between indentation pressure (thrust) and the indentation depth (penetration rate). The cutting forces and friction forces of both the rake surface and the flank surface are examined. Also, a virtual base is set to the model to simulate the contact surface between the flank surface of the bit and the rock.According to this model, drilling torque consists of four parts respectively generated from cutting, friction, feeding, and idle running. Torque caused by friction and idle running is ineffective for drilling, whereas that caused by cutting and indentation is effective. Similar to torque, specific energy also has four parts respectively from cutting, friction, feeding, and idle running. For the purposes of this study, effective specific energy is defined as the sum of specific energy consumed by cutting and feeding. Effective specific energy is independent of the penetration rate. Since it is proportional to the UCS of the rocks, it is not influenced by the penetration rate, and is more useful in the evaluation of UCS than other parameters. Some laboratory and field tests were conducted, and the results verified the usefulness and effectiveness of the proposed model.     

Experimental investigation on the breakage of hard rock by the PDC cutters with combined action modes

To verify the feasibility and efficiency of rotary-percussive drilling assisted by waterjets in very hard rocks, experiments on the performance of polycrystalline diamond compact (PDC) cutters resisting different combined loads of static thrust, impact, cutting and waterjets on Missouri red granite and Halston limestone were investigated. The experiments were conducted by means of a drop hammer and linear cutting-impact table. The effects of static thrust (WOB), impact energy, impact spacing and waterjets on the rate of penetration in hard rocks are described and the results are analyzed by measuring the depth of the craters or cuts penetrated by PDC cutters. Results from the study confirmed that the combined mode of cutting-impact is very effective in very hard rocks.     

基于回转切削的岩石力学参数获取新思路

 基于回转钻探和静力触探试验的综合优势,开发并进行系统地旋进式触探试验,在室内试验和理论推导的基础上进一步验证。从旋进式触探机制入手,根据切削、静压及钻压作用过程建立旋进式触探试验参数钻压、扭矩与每转进给量之间的关系曲线,结合室内试验成果进而以曲线斜率和钻削理论为依托推导出岩石的抗压强度、弹性模量、内摩擦角及黏聚力的计算公式。以粉煤灰砌块旋进式触探试验成果为例,按上述方法计算试样4大基本力学参数,与试验实测值进行验证。结果表明计算值与室内实测的基本力学参数值比较接近,论证了该方法的可行性和后续研究的可期待性。     

孕镶齿切削效率数值模拟及实验研究孕镶齿切削效率数值模拟及实验研究

PDC钻头和牙轮钻头在深部难钻地层中钻进时出现钻头钻进效率低、磨损速度快、寿命短等现象,相对而言,孕镶金刚石钻头凭借其特殊的破岩机理和“自锐性”在此类地层中具有良好的钻进性能,已成为提高深部难钻地层破岩效率的重要手段之一。本文以金刚石浓度、粒度、钻压、转速与孕镶齿的切削效率内在影响规律研究为目的,利用离散元软件PFC3D建立孕镶齿磨削砂岩的物理模型来进行数值模拟,然后进行孕镶齿磨削实验,实验数据与模拟结果的对比,验证了孕镶齿选取平行黏结模型来进行模型建立及仿真的正确性,从而粒度、钻压、转速、浓度对切削效率的影响逐渐降低,同时为孕镶钻头工作性能分析、个性化设计、地层适应性评价及钻头选型提供了依据。     

镍基合金——碳化钨复合涂层脆性的测估

采用显微硬度法结合声发射技术，对在４５钢表面上用真空熔烧法制得的镍基合金——碳化钨复合涂层的脆性进行测估．结果表明：这种涂层的声发射能量累积计数值Ｅｎ与所加压入负荷Ｐ之间存在线性关系；可用Ｅｎ－Ｐ直线斜率Ｋ来评价涂层的脆性；不同碳化钨含量的涂层的Ｅｎ－Ｐ直线的斜率Ｋ不同；Ｋ值愈大，涂层的脆性愈大．     

不同围压下岩石声发射不可逆性及其主破裂前特征信息试验研究

 通过对花岗岩在不同围压下循环加卸载声发射(AE)试验,得到岩石加卸载损伤破坏过程中高、低频通道中AE累计振铃计数、岩石应力与时间的关系。基于此,研究岩石AE的不可逆性特征。同时运用快速傅里叶变换FFT逆变换对Kaiser点AE信号进行消噪,并通过FFT分析消噪后信号的频谱特征,探求岩石主破裂前特征信息。研究结果表明：(1) 两通道中接收到的AE振铃计数整体变化趋势基本相同,所揭示的Kaiser效应和Felicity效应规律基本一致;两通道中AE振铃计数特征主要区别在于数量不同;(2) Kaiser点主频分布在46.39～70.80与151.37～166.99 kHz范围内。岩石主破裂前,随轴向应力水平增加,低频通道中Kaiser点主频整体变化趋势由较低频向较高频转移,高频通道中由较高频向较低频转移;(3) 花岗岩Kaiser效应应力上限值为极限强度的65%左右。Kaiser点的主频特征及变化规律,可为岩石的损伤破坏评价提供依据。     

气体钻井低温破岩机理分析

气体钻井有着较高的机械钻速在很大程度上归因于钻头水眼处的焦耳–汤姆森低温效应。这种效应对井底岩石产生了热冲击应力,使得井底岩石的强度降低,进而促进了机械破岩的作用。首先建立了非对称冷却条件下井底岩石的温度场的分布模型,并以此建立了井底岩石三维动态热应力分布模型,对气体钻井井底热冲击应力进行了深入的剖析。其次,通过莫尔–库仑准则,对岩石的黏聚力变化进行了分析,得出随着冷却时间的加长,岩石强度迅速降低,有利于岩石的破坏。最后,为验证理论模型,对砂岩岩样进行液氮冷却试验,并对其进行声波实时测量,声波的首波波幅也有明显的延迟,说明冷却处理对岩心内部结构产生了很大影响。     

浅谈影响煤田钻探效率的原因及其对策

对煤田绳索取芯金刚石钻进中的钻杆结泥皮技术问题、钻孔漏失、绳钻钻头钻速低及寿命不高等技术难题进行了分析研究,并提出了具体的措施,从而使绳索取芯金刚石钻进工艺更上一个新台阶。     

高温高压条件下花岗岩切削破碎试验研究

 为了达到最接近实际工程的试验效果,采用中国矿业大学的“20 MN 伺服控制高温高压岩体三轴试验机”,设计了精确的加压和旋转系统,操作控制比较方便,测量数据准确。利用大尺寸(f 200 mm×400 mm)花岗岩试样和工程钻头(f 30 mm的PDC钻头),使试验条件更加接近实际工程情况,开创了该类大试样试验的先河。通过正交试验研究花岗岩在高温高压状态下的切削破碎规律,得出以下结论：(1) 高围压状态(100 MPa)下,随着温度升高,花岗岩的可切削性逐渐增强,在超过一定的钻压时,切削速度随着温度的升高而明显增大,在755 N钻压下,300 ℃的切削速度比室温时增大30%～50%;(2) 高围压状态(100 MPa)下,随着温度升高,单位破岩能耗明显降低,在钻压为755 N时,300 ℃时的单位破岩能耗比室温时降低20%～30%;(3) 在高温高压环境下,切削速度随着钻压或转速的增大而增大;单位破岩能耗随着转速的增大而增大,随着钻压的增大而减小,与室温无围压状态下的切削破碎规律基本一致;(4) 由于花岗岩在此温压范围内属于渐进破坏,抗压强度下降缓慢,如果钻压太低则切削速度和单位破岩能耗受温度影响很小,为了在高温下取得对花岗岩的良好切削效果,钻压需要超过一定的值。     

旋转模块式PDC钻头破岩机理研究

针对深部难钻地层钻头的钻速低、寿命短、能耗高等问题,在常规固定齿PDC钻头上引入旋转模块结构,旋转模块齿和固定切削齿“交叉刮切”破碎岩石,提高钻头的破岩效率,且旋转模块齿交替轮流工作的方式使得切削齿冷却及时,减缓切削齿的磨损,延长钻头寿命。介绍了新型钻头的结构特点和工作原理,对旋转模块进行了变参数实验,实验结果表明:旋转模块随着侧转角的增大,转速增加;随着轴倾角的增大,转速降低。研究得到旋转模块在不同结构参数下的切削载荷以及破碎比功的变化规律,验证了旋转模块齿和固定切削齿“交叉刮切”破碎岩石,能够降低破岩比功,为后续旋转模块式PDC钻头的设计提供理论依据和支撑。     

考虑有效应力的钻屑量理论分析及试验研究

考虑深部开采条件下水平地应力作用不能忽略,引入有效应力,推导得到新钻屑量公式,分析给出了有效应力与钻屑量间关系,提出了通过有效应力判断钻屑量方法。在此基础上以典型阜新孙家湾矿突出危险煤层为例,利用自主研制的三维应力煤体钻屑量检测试验装置,改变轴压模拟垂直地应力、围压模拟水平地应力、孔隙压模拟瓦斯压力作用,进行了实验室尺度下钻屑法模拟试验,研究了有效应力、煤层深度、瓦斯压力对钻屑量影响规律。研究结果表明:钻屑量与有效应力呈线性递增关系,试验值略大于理论值,平均误差为7.9%,与前人结论一致,验证了新钻屑量公式有效性及三维应力煤体钻屑量检测试验装置可靠性;随着煤层埋藏深度增大,钻屑量越大,钻屑量与煤层深度呈线性递增规律,且钻屑量随钻孔深度增加呈先减小、后递增、最后缓慢递减规律,在钻孔深度12.5 cm处钻屑量最大,表明此处为应力集中区;钻屑量随瓦斯压力增加,呈指数函数递增规律,瓦斯压力越大,孔壁裂纹扩展越明显,说明瓦斯对煤体软化作用越显著。上述研究结论对该矿深部煤与瓦斯突出预测和防治具有重要参考价值。