大型工件内孔分段镀铬生产实践

针对大型工件内孔镀铬的要求及本厂现有镀铬生产能力状况，设计了内孔分段镀铬屏蔽装置，该装置既能隔离镀铬面实现分段镀铬，又能改变工件内孔分段镀铬交接处的电流分布，铬层搭接处不出棱，可见痕迹轻，且无起皮现象，工件镀铬部位的尺寸及镀铬层厚度完全满足产品的使用要求。     

镀铬废水处理,资源回用技术及进展

分析了镀铬废水的来源和性质，详细介绍了镀铬废水治理、资源回用的主要方法和关键技术，并提出清洁生产是镀铬废水治理的方向。     

自动调节镀铬液

在常规镀铬液中加入氟硅酸盐可以提高阴极电流效率.Weiner的研究报告指出,在镀铬液中加入镁离子能改进镀层的光泽性.据此,研究一种电流密度范围宽广而同时又能提高阴极电流效率的自动调节的光亮镀铬液,以供装饰性镀铬和镀硬铬使用,就成为人们关注的课题.本文介绍了在自动调节的装饰性镀铬和镀硬铬液中氟硅酸镁作用的研究结果.     

铜合金镀铬工艺实践

由于镀铬操作与基体材料的性能有着十分密切的关系，若按照一般钢铁零件镀铬的操作方法在铜合金上镀铬，往往容易出现白色条纹、花斑、脱壳曝皮、结合力不良等故障，铬镀层光亮度不佳，发灰、发暗，严重影响铬镀层的质量。作者从黄铜和铍青铜两类铜合金材料镀铬的生产实践中，总结了铜合金零件镀铬操作的要点，对提高铬镀层质量是有益的。１　铜合金特性及镀铬对策根据所加入的合金元素的不同，铜合金主要分为黄铜和青铜。黄铜是以锌为合金元素的铜合金，经常使用的有Ｈ６８、Ｈ６２、普通黄铜。黄铜材料很容易产生脱锌或破裂腐蚀，在黄铜零…     

我国早期镀铬史话

我国早期镀铬史话周金保１化学元素Ｃｒ的汉语译名镀铬属于发展较晚的工艺，虽然早在１８５４年就有人从三价铬槽液中镀得金属铬，１８５６年又发明从六价铬槽液里镀铬的工艺，但是直到本世纪２０年代，镀铬工艺才在国外得到广泛应用。镀铬传入我国比较晚，有关镀铬知识的...     

镀铬废水治理、资源回用技术及进展

分析了镀铬废水的来源和性质，详细介绍了镀铬废水治理、资源回用的主要方法和关键技术，并提出清洁生产是镀铬废水治理的方向。     

内孔镀铬阳极装置的改进

针对零件内孔镀铬要求和零件的结构特点，提出了一种新型内孔镀铬阳极装置，改进了常规内孔镀铬阳极装置的结构，利用多棵单钩悬挂式组合同型阳极及阳极杆和零件上端相应绝缘定位装置组成内孔镀铬阳极装置，阳极杆起定位，支承阳极和导电作用并与零件上绝缘定位装置构成了内孔镀铬阳极装置的两点定位系统，确保组合同型阳极与零件同心，操作简便，提高了工艺水平。     

镀铬溶液故障分析

１　问题的提出笔者近期走访了市郊的几家电镀厂，结果发现竟有三家电镀厂的镀铬溶液出现了相似的故障，后被证实是由于溶液中铁离子浓度过高引起的（分析结果是２３克、２６克和２８克），这说明厂家在镀液的维护方面存在问题。镀铬溶液出现故障后，笔者在现场仔细观察了镀铬工艺全过程及铬镀层。未发现工艺漏洞，但镀铬溶液的覆盖能力很差，铬层呈雾状、有斑点，另外两家镀出的铬层上的斑点呈紫褐色。２　问题的分析及解决上述故障现象估计是铁离子污染所致。于是，笔者按以下３个步骤查找并解决这几家电镀厂所出现的故障。①检查镀铬工艺…     

含稀土添加剂镀铬液对底层金属的腐蚀性及金属杂质积累倾向的探讨

各种镀铬液均存在一个杂质积累问题，含稀土添加剂镀铬液也不例外，尤其大多数稀土添加剂含有氟化物而表现出对已钝化的铬有良好的活化作用，但它们对基体金属或底镀层的腐蚀性及重金属杂质积累程度如何，成为电镀工作关心的问题。通过对常规镀铬液与含稀土添加剂的镀铬液对铁，铜，镍腐蚀速度的测定，作为衡阳镀铬液中金属杂质积累倾向的大小和选取镀铬添加剂，更新镀液的重要依据，并对不同含量的铜杂质对镀铬液深镀能力的影响作一     

功能性双层镀铬的应用

概述双层镀铬的功能特性，应用和工艺技术。     

Characterization of Glutathione Peroxidase 4 in Rat Oocytes,Preimplantation Embryos,and Selected Maternal Tissues during Early Development and Implantation

This study aimed to describe glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPx4) in rat oocytes, preimplantation embryos, and female genital organs. After copulation, Sprague Dawley female rats were euthanized with anesthetic on the first (D1), third (D3), and fifth days of pregnancy (D5). Ovaries, oviducts, and uterine horns were removed, and oocytes and preimplantation embryos were obtained. Immunohistochemical, immunofluorescent, and Western blot methods were employed. Using immunofluorescence, we detected GPx4 in both the oocytes and preimplantation embryos. Whereas in the oocytes, GPx4 was homogeneously diffused, in the blastomeres, granules were formed, and in the blastocysts, even clusters were present mainly around the cell nuclei. Employing immunohistochemistry, we detected GPx4 inside the ovary in the corpus luteum, stroma, follicles, and blood vessels. In the oviduct, the enzyme was present in the epithelium, stroma, blood vessels, and smooth muscles. In the uterus, GPx4 was found in the endometrium, myometrium, blood vessels, and stroma. Moreover, we observed GPx4 positive granules in the uterine gland epithelium on D1 and D3 and cytoplasm of fibroblasts forming in the decidua on D5. Western blot showed the highest GPx4 levels in the uterus and the lowest levels in the ovary. Our results show that the GPx4 is necessary as early as in the preimplantation development of a new individual because we detected it in an unfertilized oocyte in a blastocyst and not only after implantation, as was previously thought.     

Sp7 Transgenic Mice with a Markedly Impaired Lacunocanalicular Network Induced Sost and Reduced Bone Mass by Unloading

The relationship of lacunocanalicular network structure and mechanoresponse has not been well studied. The lacunocanalicular structures differed in the compression and tension sides, in the regions, and in genders in wild-type femoral cortical bone. The overexpression of Sp7 in osteoblasts resulted in thin and porous cortical bone with increased osteoclasts and apoptotic osteocytes, and the number of canaliculi was half of that in the wild-type mice, leading to a markedly impaired lacunocanalicular network. To investigate the response to unloading, we performed tail suspension. Unloading reduced trabecular and cortical bone in the Sp7 transgenic mice due to reduced bone formation. Sost-positive osteocytes increased by unloading on the compression side, but not on the tension side of cortical bone in the wild-type femurs. However, these differential responses were lost in the Sp7 transgenic femurs. Serum Sost increased in the Sp7 transgenic mice, but not in the wild-type mice. Unloading reduced the Col1a1 and Bglap/Bglap2 expression in the Sp7 transgenic mice but not the wild-type mice. Thus, Sp7 transgenic mice with the impaired lacunocanalicular network induced Sost expression by unloading but lost the differential regulation in the compression and tension sides, and the mice failed to restore bone formation during unloading, implicating the relationship of lacunocanalicular network structure and the regulation of bone formation in mechanoresponse.     

污泥生物炭中氮硫行为及环境效应研究进展

污泥生物炭中氮硫元素含量高,其氮硫行为和环境效应对全球气候变化的影响不容忽视。以往的研究中,研究者往往以富碳生物炭作为主要研究对象,关注碳对全球气候变化的行为和功效,而对氮硫元素的作用关注不够。本文从原始污泥基本性质到其热解过程,再到生物炭的老化,逐步对污泥生物炭整个生命周期内氮硫的行为及其环境效应研究进行综述,并对未来应注重开展的研究方向进行展望,为生物炭中氮硫元素固定、释放及与之关联的环境效应和温室气体排放控制研究提供理论基础。分析表明,污泥中氮元素含量普遍高于硫元素,且热解过程中氮比硫更容易转移至气相产物。氮硫元素随热解温度的增加,在三相产物中的分配都是炭中持续减少,油中先增后减,气中一直增加。高温（＞800℃）条件下,气相中的氮含量高于固相,而硫元素则仍然主要存在于固相中。污泥生物炭老化及其环境效应研究表明,污泥生物炭氮硫元素与土壤的相互作用及其温室效应问题在今后的研究中应引起重视。     

The Effects of Immunosuppressive Treatment during Pregnancy on the Levels of Potassium,Iron, Chromium,Zinc, Aluminum,Sodium and Molybdenum in Hard Tissues of Female Rats and Their Offspring

The ideal immunosuppressive regimen should provide for excellent immunosuppression with no side effects. Yet, current immunosuppressive therapy regimens commonly used in clinical applications fail to meet this criterion. One of the complications caused by immunosuppressive drugs is mineralization disorders in hard tissues. In this study, we evaluated the effects of three immunosuppressive therapies used after transplantation on the levels of potassium, iron, chromium, zinc, aluminum, sodium and molybdenum in the bones and teeth of female rats and their offspring. The study was conducted on 32 female Wistar rats, subjected to immunosuppressive regimens (cyclosporine A, mycophenolate mofetil and prednisone; tacrolimus, mycophenolate mofetil and prednisone; and cyclosporine A, everolimus and prednisone). The hard tissues of rats were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES, ICAP 7400 Duo, Thermo Scientific) equipped with a concentric nebulizer and a cyclonic spray chamber. All the immunosuppressive regimens included in the study affected the concentrations of the studied minerals in hard tissues of female rats and their offspring. The therapy based on cyclosporine A, everolimus and prednisone led to a decline in the levels of iron in bone, zinc in teeth, and molybdenum in the bone and teeth of mothers, while in the offspring, it caused a decline of bone potassium, with a decrease in iron and increase of molybdenum in teeth. Moreover, the regimen caused an increase in aluminum and chromium in the teeth and aluminum in the bones of the offspring, and consequently, it seems to be the therapy with the most negative impact on the mineral metabolism in hard tissues.     

木质素在超临界甲醇和乙醇溶剂中液化过程分析

通过研究木质素分别在超临界甲醇和乙醇溶剂中的液化过程，分析反应温度（260～340℃）及反应时间（0～120min）对木质素在两种溶剂中的转化率、生物油收率及其组分差异的影响。实验表明，木质素在超临界乙醇中的转化率及产物收率均高于甲醇。当反应温度340℃，反应时间60min，木质素在超临界乙醇中的转化率和生物油收率比在甲醇中分别提高了16.23%和11.54%，残渣收率降低了16.23%。通过GC-MS和FTIR对生物油和残渣分析，发现生物油组分中芳香族化合物相对含量较高，在甲醇和乙醇溶剂中分别达到66.13%和58.84%；随着反应时间的延长，甲醇溶剂中残渣的醚键官能团逐渐增强，而在乙醇溶剂中则先增强后减弱。分析认为在木质素降解过程中，超临界乙醇和甲醇均可产生氢自由基作为供氢体，攻击木质素及其大分子片段中的官能团，同时使液化产物中的活性片段减活，减弱重聚合反应，从而更利于芳烃产物的生成。而甲醇在液化过程中容易与木质素断键产生的苯酚中间体发生脱氢缩合反应，通过醚键聚合产生长链芳香族化合物，形成残渣，降低生物油收率。     

Early Life Events and Maturation of the Dentate Gyrus: Implications for Neurons and Glial Cells

The dentate gyrus (DG), an important part of the hippocampus, plays a significant role in learning, memory, and emotional behavior. Factors potentially influencing normal development of neurons and glial cells in the DG during its maturation can exert long-lasting effects on brain functions. Early life stress may modify maturation of the DG and induce lifelong alterations in its structure and functioning, underlying brain pathologies in adults. In this paper, maturation of neurons and glial cells (microglia and astrocytes) and the effects of early life events on maturation processes in the DG have been comprehensively reviewed. Early postnatal interventions affecting the DG eventually result in an altered number of granule neurons in the DG, ectopic location of neurons and changes in adult neurogenesis. Adverse events in early life provoke proinflammatory changes in hippocampal glia at cellular and molecular levels immediately after stress exposure. Later, the cellular changes may disappear, though alterations in gene expression pattern persist. Additional stressful events later in life contribute to manifestation of glial changes and behavioral deficits. Alterations in the maturation of neuronal and glial cells induced by early life stress are interdependent and influence the development of neural nets, thus predisposing the brain to the development of cognitive and psychiatric disorders.     

Effect of processing on flavor precursor amino acids and volatiles of sesame paste (tehina)

The content of flavor precursor free amino acids in dehulled sesame seeds, subjected to roasting (R), steaming (S), roasting plus steaming (RS) and microwaving (M), was determined and compared with those of the raw (RW) seeds. R, RS, and S had major effects in reducing the content of free amino acids from 2360 μg/g to 582, 795 and 884 μg/g, respectively; M had no effect on the content of free amino acids. Meanwhile, flavor volatiles of the raw and processed seeds were compared by means of a dynamic headspace analyzer/gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer. Volatiles of RW seeds contained 85 compounds, whereas under the analytical conditions employed, seeds subjected to R, RS, S, and M had 117, 97, 93 and 87 compounds, respectively. Among volatiles identified in the RW seeds were 36 hydrocarbons, 8 aldehydes, 4 ketones, 8 alcohols, 2 acids, 2 esters, and 1 pyrazine. The only pyrazine identified in the RW seeds was 2,5-dimethylpyrazine. Pyrazines, generally recognized as contributors to the roasted aroma of foods, were more numerous (10 in R, 6 in RS, 2 in S, and 2 in M) and prevalent (8.71% in R, 2.97% in RS, 2.04% in S, 0.53% in M, and 0.25% in RW) in the volatiles of processed sesame seeds. The chemical nature of pyrazines also depended on the process employed. Multivariant analysis indicated a highly negative correlation between the loss of free amino acids and production of volatile flavor compounds in the R and RS samples, while the M sample remained unchanged. Furthermore, both R and RS seeds contained dimethyl sulfide and dimethyl disulfide, whereas no sulfur-containing compounds were present in other samples. Of the processed seeds, the flavors of R and RS samples were considered as acceptable, and the flavor intensity of the former was deemed stronger than that of the latter by the experimenters.     

Ion-doped hydroxyapatite: An impasse or the road to follow?

Doping hydroxyapatite (HAp) with foreign ions has been increasing in popularity as a chemical approach to augment the existing and impart new properties to it. However, it is uncertain whether this approach can elicit properties strong enough to make HAp competitive for commercial applications in biomedicine and elsewhere. In particular, material properties, such as grain size, morphology, surface charge, porosity, topology and others may prove to be more effective in controlling properties of HAp than the dopant choice and concentration. This study tackles this question through a meta-analysis of the dependence of selected materials properties on dopant concentrations reported across the literature, showing that doping is a convenient way of controlling some, but not all properties in HAp and should be implemented ideally in combination with other structural and compositional factors of influence. This meta-analysis is coupled to a bibliographic analysis of the evolution of trends in terms of the type, frequency and concurrency of dopants in HAp, covering the entire Periodic Table, all 72 elements incorporated into HAp so far and the 1990 – 2019 period split into successive lustra. The study demonstrates a continuously ascending trend in popularity of certain elements, such as Sr, Ce and Se, and a continuously declining trend of others in the past two decades, including F, Y, I, Ti and most lanthanides. For the fourth period transition metals a trend of constancy was observed and for yet other elements, including Ag and Mg, a period of ascent was succeeded by a steady decline, the onset of which coincided in the case of Ag with the peak in the airing of the concerns over its cytotoxicity by the scientific community. Reasons for these trends with respect to most elements are explained and connected with trends governing broader realms of materials science. It is shown that the choice of ions as dopants in HAp is largely driven by broader trends in materials science, rendering the doped HAp a mirror to view these existing and past trends in. Theoretically, by following the historic progression of these trends, a gaze in this mirror could assist in extrapolation of future trends, which normally come at the cost extinguishing some of the existing ones. This immersion in more general developments in materials science opened the path toward drawing connections between the bibliographically assessed geopolitical trends in doped HAp and in broader aspects of the scientific community, including the growing gap between the rich and the poor pervading it. The analysis reported here is conceptually novel and could be applied to numerous other materials.     

Possible Role of Crystal-Bearing Cells in Tomato Fertility and Formation of Seedless Fruits

Crystal-bearing cells or idioblasts, which deposit calcium oxalate, are located in various tissues and organs of many plant species. The functional significance of their formation is currently unclear. Idioblasts in the leaf parenchyma and the development of crystal-bearing cells in the anther tissues of transgenic tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicon L.), expressing the heterologous FeSOD gene and which showed a decrease in fertility, were studied by transmission and scanning electron microscopy. The amount of calcium oxalate crystals was found to increase significantly in the transgenic plants compared to the wild type (WT) ones in idioblasts and crystal-bearing cells of the upper part of the anther. At the same time, changes in the size and shape of the crystals and their location in anther organs were noted. It seems that the interruption in the break of the anther stomium in transgenic plants was associated with the formation and cell death regulation of a specialized group of crystal-bearing cells. This disturbance caused an increase in the pool of these cells and their localization in the upper part of the anther, where rupture is initiated. Perturbations were also noted in the lower part of the anther in transgenic plants, where the amount of calcium oxalate crystals in crystal-bearing cells was reduced that was accompanied by disturbances in the morphology of pollen grains. Thus, the induction of the formation of crystal-bearing cells and calcium oxalate crystals can have multidirectional effects, contributing to the regulation of oxalate metabolism in the generative and vegetative organs and preventing fertility when the ROS balance changes, in particular, during oxidative stresses accompanying most abiotic and biotic environmental factors.