Microwave measurements on oilshale rocks

Characterization of some structural and electrical properties of oilshale deposit are studied in the X-band (8 to 12 GHz) through measuring the insertion loss (IL), return loss (RL), and the material equivalent input impedance, Z_m. X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy show that the deposit contains a number of minerals and oil pores. Measurements at microwave frequency show that the IL for the rock specimen of 5.1 mm thickness ranges between 2 and 4.5 dB; and the value of the RL for the same specimen ranges between 2 and 5.8 dB over the whole X-band. A particular surface deposit specimen of thickness 7.15 mm shows a high value of RL of about 38 dB at around 11.2 GHz, which seems almost transparent at this frequency. The overall behaviour of the measured impedance as a function of frequency shows a relatively strong dependence on the specimen thickness and weak dependence on both deposit depth and composition. Analysis of the obtained data of impedance indicates that the deposit has an inductive behaviour.     

Electrical characterization of some materials in the X-band

Three classes of materials, i.e. dielectric, semiconducting and conducting materials are considered, where some of their electrical properties are measured at microwave frequencies, i.e. in the X-band (8 to 12 GHz). These include the insertion loss, return loss, shielding effectiveness and the equivalent input impedance. Comparison between these different parameters is made using a set of curves as a function of frequency. The results obtained indicate virtually no unusual behaviour. A maximum shielding efficiency of about 34 dB is found for GaAs limit and lower values are found for the silicon, flexible carbon and dielectric materials. The equivalent input impedance was found to be roughly constant over the X-band for the dielectric and conducting materials while it exhibits a high dependence on frequency for semi-conducting material oscillating between inductive and capacitive.     

Measurements of the “Magnex DC” characteristics at microwave frequencies

This paper deals with the measurements of the equivalent impedance, insertion loss (IL), and return loss (RL) of a conductive composite material called Magnex DC, performed at microwave frequencies. It is found that the equivalent impedance of this composite material decreases as the frequency increases in the X-band (8–12.4 GHZ) and the IL of a 1.4 mm thick specimen is greater than 9 dB over the whole band. The utilization of this material in electromagnetic shielding is considered. Furthermore, results of the measurements performed on a tapered specimen are also reported.     

Some properties of nickel-coated carbon fibre-polypropylene composite at microwave frequencies

Some properties of nickel-coated carbon fibre-polypropylene composite are considered at microwave frequencies in the range 8 to 12 GHz. The paper presents the measured values of the insertion and return losses and the equivalent input impedance in the above frequency band. Measurements were performed on composite material for different nickel-coated fibre concentrations of 0, 5, 10, 16 and 28 wt%. The filler effects shows a transition region and identifies the dependency of the electrical properties on these concentrations. Furthermore, shielding effectiveness is calculated for the given concentrations and it is found that its value could reach more than 30 dB over the whole frequency band for a specimen of 2.6 mm thickness and with 28 wt% concentration.     

镀镍碳纳米管的微波吸收性能研究

用竖式炉流动法制备了碳纳米管,碳纳米管的外径40nm～70nm,内径7nm～10nm,长度50μm～1000μm,呈直线型,用化学镀法在碳纳米管表面镀上了一层均匀的金属镍。碳纳米管吸波涂层在厚度为0.97mm时,在8GHz～18GHz,最大吸收峰在11.4GHz(R=-22.89dB),R<-10dB的频宽为3.0Hz,R<-5dB的频宽为4.7GHz。镀镍碳纳米管吸波涂层在相同厚度下,最大吸收峰在14GHz(R=-11.85dB),R<-10dB的频宽为2.23Hz,R<-5dB的频宽为4.6GHz。碳纳米管表面镀镍后虽然吸收峰值变小,但吸收峰有宽化的趋势,这种趋势对提高材料的吸波性能是有利的。碳纳米管作为偶极子在电磁场的作用下,会产生耗散电流,在周围基体作用下,耗散电流被衰减,从而雷达波能量被转换为其它形式的能量。     

Microwave absorption properties of FSS-impacted composites as a broadband microwave absorber

The development of a cost-effective microwave absorber with wide bandwidth corresponding to reflection loss (RL)?≤??10 dB is still a very challenging task. A sugarcane bagasse-based agricultural waste composite has been analyzed for its elemental contents. The combination of elements is suitable for its possible usage as a cost-effective microwave absorbing material. Therefore, this composite has been subjected to morphological and electromagnetic studies to analyze its microwave absorbing behavior. The frequency dependent complex dielectric permittivity and complex magnetic permeability values were obtained using a transmission/reflection waveguide approach in the X-band. Furthermore, the effect of the Minkowski loop frequency selective surface (FSS) was studied over the absorption capability of the composite. It was found that the application of FSS leads to a reduction in thickness up to 2.9 mm and an enhancement in absorption bandwidth up to 3.6 GHz. The FSS patterned composite shows a remarkable performance with peak RL of ?28.4 dB at 10.7 GHz and absorption bandwidth of 3.6 GHz.     

PVC/Fe electrospun nanofibers for high frequency applications

In this article, we present a study on the microwave frequency properties of poly(vinyl chloride)/Fe composite nanofibers, with different concentrations of iron particles incorporated in poly(vinyl chloride) matrix. Using electrospinning, composite nanofibers were obtained with size ranging between 100 and 500 nm. The absorption properties of synthesized nanofibers were measured between two open-end rectangular waveguides in the 8–12 GHz frequency domain. The transmission loss measurements for poly(vinyl chloride)/Fe composite nanofibers demonstrated that this material can be used as protection material in X-band frequency domain. The applied magnetic field significantly modifies the measured scattering parameters in our samples case in a rather large domain of values for the field.     

Critical analysis of frequency selective surfaces embedded composite microwave absorber for frequency range 2–8 GHz

Radar wave absorbers are important for the reduction of radar cross section of the target for stealth applications. Earlier the radars were available in the frequency range 8–12 GHz (X-band) and 12–18 GHz (Ku-Band). Due to recent advancement in radar technology, radars are now available from 2 to 18 GHz frequency range. So there is an urgent need to develop such a material that can work as radar wave absorber in the lower frequency band of the microwave spectrum i.e., 2–8 GHz. For this purpose the selection of material is an important criterion as the radar wave absorption depends primarily upon the material characteristics i.e., complex permittivity and complex permeability. For lower frequency radar wave absorption, the material must also possess the conducting property along with dielectric and magnetic properties. Therefore, an attempt has been made to develop a radar wave absorbing nano-composite material by selecting constituent materials with such inherent properties that can work for the absorption of radar wave in the lower frequency range. It is observed that the developed composite give good absorption in the lower frequency range but with narrow radar wave absorption bandwidth (4–7 GHz). So we have explored the possibility of the efficient use of an advanced electromagnetic technique like frequency selective surface to enhance the radar wave absorption bandwidth in the lower frequency region of the microwave frequency spectrum and precaution has been taken such that complexity due to FSS can be avoided. It has been observed that the synthesised single layer absorber with single square loop, cross dipole and Jerusalem cross FSSs provides radar wave absorption bandwidth in the frequency range 2–8 GHz.     

X-Band microwave characterization of carbon-based nanocomposite material,absorption capability comparison and RAS design simulation

This paper presents a microwave characterization of several carbon-based composite materials interesting the future aircraft/aerospace systems. They consist in epoxy resin reinforced with five different carbon species: micro-sized granular graphite, fullerenes, carbon nanofibers, single- and multi-walled carbon nanotubes. Main goal of this work is to show how carbon inclusions size and geometry are able to significantly modify the electromagnetic properties at microwave frequencies. Microwave characterization is performed in terms of microwave permittivity and intrinsic wave impedance evaluation; all the computations are based on microwave scattering parameters measured in the X-band (8.2/12.4 GHz) by waveguide method. A theoretical analysis of the microwave absorbing capability is then performed assuming that a multilayer of nanocomposite material was backed on a conductor plate (such a structure is typically called Radar Absorbing Material). The results obtained for the reflection coefficient indicate that nanoparticles give better absorption properties to the matrix than micro-sized ones: nanocomposite materials could thus be used successfully as microwave absorbers, not only for their absorption performances but also for their light weight.     

Electrical properties of oilshale rocks

The characterization of electric properties of oilshale deposit is reported. The scanning electron microscopy and the results of the dielectric constants show that the deposit is a heterogeneous composite material containing some conducting and insulating microstructural units. The components of the equivalent input impedance measured at microwave frequencies (8 to 12 GHz) and the impedance at low frequencies (0.5 Hz to 30 kHz) showed frequency dependence. The real and imaginary components of the permittivity determined from the impedance data obtained at low frequencies showed an exponential decrease with frequency. The observed frequency dependence of the rock permittivity is ascribed generally to a Maxwell-Wagner type of mechanism. Also it was observed that the conductivity is almost independent of the frequency below 1 kHz and increases with frequency above this range. The values obtained for the conductivity at low frequencies indicate that the rock has an intermediate electrical conduction due to some mineralized metallic complexes and carbon content.     

Ni0.4Co0.2Zn0.4Fe2O4/BaTiO3纳米纤维双层吸波涂层的微波吸收特性研究

采用静电纺丝法制备了平均直径分别为180 nm和220 nm的BaTiO₃(BTO)和Ni_0.4Co_0.2Zn_0.4Fe₂O₄(NCZFO)纳米纤维, 使用X射线衍射(XRD)、场发射扫描电镜(FESEM)和矢量网络分析仪(VNA)对纤维的物相结构、表面形貌和微波电磁参数进行了表征, 并根据传输线理论分析评估了以BTO和NCZFO纳米纤维为吸收剂的硅橡胶基单层和双层结构吸波涂层在2~18 GHz范围内的微波吸收性能。结果显示, 由于BTO纳米纤维的介电损耗与NCZFO纳米纤维的磁损耗的有机结合和阻抗匹配特性的改善, 以NCZFO纳米纤维/硅橡胶复合体(S1)为匹配层、BTO纳米纤维/硅橡胶复合体(S2)为吸收层的双层吸波涂层比相应单层吸波涂层表现出更为优异的吸收性能。通过调节匹配层与吸收层的厚度, 在4.9~18 GHz范围内反射损耗可达–20 dB以下; 当吸收层和匹配层的厚度分别为2.3 mm和0.5 mm时, 最小反射损耗位于9.5 GHz达–87.8 dB, 低于–20 dB的吸收带宽为5 GHz。优化设计的NCZFO/BTO纳米纤维双层吸波涂层有望发展成为一种新型的宽频带强吸收吸波材料。     

Co含量对轻质微波吸收剂C/Co纳米纤维吸波性能的影响

采用静电纺丝法结合热处理制备了一种可应用于2~18 GHz频段的高性能轻质微波吸收剂C/Co纳米纤维, 详细研究了金属Co含量对纳米纤维的电磁特性及微波吸收性能的影响。相对于纯碳纳米纤维, C/Co纳米纤维的微波吸收性能得到显著加强, 其主要吸波机制仍是介电损耗。随着Co含量的增加, C/Co纳米纤维的电磁衰减能力逐渐下降, 而微波吸收却先增强后减弱, 含37.8wt% Co的C/Co-5纳米纤维因金属Co粒子和纳米碳纤维的良好结合与协同效应, 以及纤维中特殊的Co粒子@石墨核壳结构所带来的良好阻抗匹配与足够高的电磁衰减能力而表现出最好的吸波性能。模拟计算结果表明, 涂层厚度在1.1~5.0 mm间变化时, 填充5wt% C/Co-5纳米纤维的硅胶吸波涂层的反射损耗(RL)值超过-20 dB的频率范围在3.2~18 GHz, 最小RL值达到-78.8 dB, 其中当涂层厚度仅为1.5 mm时, RL值低于-20 dB的吸收带宽可达6.0 GHz (12~18 GHz)。C/Co纳米纤维优异的微波吸收性能表明, 这些磁性碳杂化纳米纤维有望成为一种极具应用前景的新型吸波材料。     

含损耗介质和谐振子复合材料的电磁参数测定与反射系数计算

制备了一种含损耗介质和谐振子的环氧树脂基微波吸收复合材料,在8.2～12.4GHz频率范围内作了复合材料的电磁参数测试.结果表明:这种复合材料的磁损耗很小,主要损耗机制是介电损耗.由传输线等效电路模拟吸波复合材料,根据输入阻抗计算电磁波反射系数,给出了功率反射系数计算的BASIC程序.并把计算结果与扫频测试结果作了对比.对比结果表明:理论计算与实测的功率反射系数随频率的变化规律基本一致.     

Development of the composite RAS (radar absorbing structure) for the X-band frequency range

Since the EM properties of fiber reinforced polymeric composites can be tailored effectively by adjusting its composition, they are plausible materials for fabricating the radar absorbing structure (RAS) of desired performance. In this study, the composite RAS which has superior load bearing capacity and EM absorption characteristics has been developed by blending the conductive carbon black with the binder matrix of the E-glass/polyester composite, and its EM absorption characteristics has been measured by the free space method in the X-band frequency range (8.2–12.4 GHz). The composite RAS was designed so as to have the optimal performance for the X-band centered at 10 GHz. From the investigation, it was found that the composite RAS of 2.93 mm thickness with the conductive carbon black absorbed more than 90% of incident EM wave throughout the entire X-band frequency range.     

活性碳纤维/树脂复合吸波材料的设计

研究了长度为1—2mm的活性碳纤维的介电特性。发现随频率的增大,介电常数的实部减小,虚部增大,具有频响效应。介电常数的实部和虚部均随复合材料中纤维质量百分含量的升高而增大。依据纤维的介电常数,通过阻抗匹配设计方法,优化设计两层和四层活性碳纤维吸波复合材料。根据优化结果制备了含有四个结构层的吸波复合材料,材料-10dB以下的频带宽度为8GHz,最大反射衰减-39．3dB。     

含电路模拟结构吸波复合材料

研究了电路模拟结构材质、电路模拟结构尺寸、介质层电磁参数等对电阻渐变型和"陷阱"式结构吸波复合材料的吸波性能和力学性能的影响。结果表明:通过合理的结构设计,在其它条件相同的情况下含电路模拟结构电阻渐变吸波复合材料的吸波性能在8~18 GHz范围内有3~5 dB的提高;含电路模拟结构"陷阱"式吸波复合材料在厚度≤4 mm条件下,实现了吸波性能在8~18 GHz频率范围内吸收率≥12 dB。在提高吸波复合材料吸波性能的同时,电路模拟结构的引入使复合材料力学性能有一定的提高,有利于实现吸波复合材料的吸波/承载一体化。      

Microwave absorption properties of double-layer absorbers based on spindle magnetite nanoparticles and flower-like copper sulfide microspheres

In this work, the spindle magnetite nanoparticles (SMNPs) and flower-like copper sulfide microspheres (FCSMSs) were synthesized via hydrothermal method. The structures, chemical composition and morphologies of samples were analyzed and characterized in detail. The microwave absorption properties of single-layer and double-layer absorbers were investigated based on the electromagnetic transmission line theory in the frequency range from 2 to 18 GHz. The results show that the double-layer absorbers consisting of FCSMSs as matching layer and SMNPs as absorbing layer display superior microwave absorbing performance compared to the single-layer ones due to the proper combination of magnetic loss of SMNPs and dielectric loss of FCSMSs, and the improved impedance matching characteristics. When the thicknesses of the absorbing layer and the matching layer are 1.6 and 0.4 mm, respectively, the minimum reflection loss reaches ??74.3 dB at 10.9 GHz, and the efficient absorption bandwidth is up to 5.34 GHz (8.46–13.8 GHz). The optimal SMNPs/FCSMSs double-layer absorbers can become a novel microwave absorption material with strong-absorption and broad-band.     

Synthesis,characterization and evaluation of reflectivity of nanosized CaTiO<Subscript>3</Subscript>/epoxy resin composites in microwave bands

Microwave absorbing materials play a major role in electromagnetic interference and compatibility measurements in anechoic chambers. Nanocrystalline calcium titanate (CT) was synthesized by hydrothermal method and further composites of CT/epoxy resin were fabricated as thin solid slabs of four different weight ratios. The composite material was analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), which reveals that CT was observed to be in the monoclinic phase with an average crystallite size of 24 nm. The reflectivity measurement of the composite materials was carried out by the transmission/reflection method using a vector network analyzer R&S: ZVA40, in the X- and Ku-bands. The effective permittivity and permeability of the samples was also computed with the help of measured transmission and reflection coefficients. The results show that CT with equal weight of epoxy resin provides −30 dB at 8.5 GHz in the X-band and −19.5 dB at 18.0 GHz in the Ku-band. Reflectivity was found to be better than −10 dB for 2.2 GHz and 1.9 GHz for X-band and Ku-band, respectively and encourages use of it as potential microwave absorber material.     

Structural and microwave properties of Ag-doped strontium hexaferrite

A series of silver-doped strontium hexaferrite with the chemical formula SrAg_ZFe_12-zO₁₉ (0.0?≤?z?≤?1.0) were synthesized by the Co-precipitation method. The crystal structure, morphology, and properties of microwave absorption with Ag concentration were studied. The structural analysis by XRD revealed that the samples are crystallized with an M-type hexagonal structure. The values of lattice parameters, the volume of the unit cell, and X-ray density are increasing with the increase of Ag doping. The least values of Rietveld refinements have confirmed a good correlation between experimental and calculated data. Hexagonal plate-like morphology was observed in SEM images and the grain size decreases with Ag doping. Microwave properties have been measured by a vector network analyzer. Real and imaginary parts of electrical permittivity dependence with the frequencies in X-band (8–12 GHz) have been studied. The Reflection loss (RL) was investigated for all samples in X-band frequencies. Maximum RL of ? 21.95 dB at 10.0 GHz was observed for the composition of silver, z?=?0.4. Improved RL when compared with the pure sample indicating enhanced impedance matching and attenuation constant hence the material can show maximum energy loss for the incident microwaves. The results so obtained are explained based on composition and microwave phenomena. The present studies have confirmed the nature of microwave absorption for Ag-doped strontium hexaferrite.

     

On the measurement of microwave absorption of bulk YBaCuO superconductors in X-band (8–12 GHz)

Microwave absorption at the surface of highT _c YBaCUO superconducting sample has been determined in X-band by measuring VSWR. Power reflectivity >98% has been observed in the frequency range of 8·2–10·5 GHz indicating very low absorption at the surface. At some of the frequencies, however, negligible microwave loss has been observed.