考虑紧固螺栓的三排滚柱式转盘轴承载荷分布计算

螺栓是转盘轴承的关键紧固件。为考察紧固螺栓工作参数对转盘轴承载荷分布的影响,提出了一种针对三排滚柱式转盘轴承的有限元等效建模方法。首先,基于三排滚柱式转盘轴承的结构特点和受力情况,建立考虑紧固螺栓的转盘轴承有限元模型,并从减少计算量和保证计算效率等方面考虑,采用非线性弹簧单元模拟滚子,通过有限元仿真快速获取了该转盘轴承的载荷分布。然后,设计并开展三排滚柱式转盘轴承静态加载试验,通过有限元仿真结果和试验结果的对比验证了所构建有限元模型的准确性。最后,基于构建的有限元模型,分析了螺栓预紧力和螺栓结合面处摩擦系数对三排滚柱式转盘轴承载荷分布的影响。仿真结果表明：螺栓预紧力对三排滚柱式转盘轴承载荷分布的影响显著,而螺栓结合面处摩擦系数的影响微弱,其中上排滚子承受的最大载荷随螺栓预紧力的增大而增大,下排滚子承受的最大载荷随预紧力的增大而减小;在轴向力和倾覆力矩的联合作用下,三排滚柱式转盘轴承下排滚子承受的载荷总体上高于上排滚子,充足的螺栓预紧力可以提高转盘轴承的承载能力,而螺栓预紧力不足则会使下排滚子承受更大的载荷,导致转盘轴承提前失效。研究结果可为转盘轴承的安装和后期维护提供参考。     

对转圆柱滚子轴承动态特性分析

针对内外圈对转圆柱滚子轴承内部复杂的运动特性及相互作用力,通过分析轴承径向游隙的影响因素以及考虑滚子与滚道的接触变形和热效应对油膜厚度的影响,利用拟静力学法建立了轴承的分析模型,并采用NewtonRaphson法进行求解;同时,利用该模型对滚子打滑率进行计算,以验证所采用分析方法的正确性和可靠性。然后,进一步探讨了不同工况下对转圆柱滚子轴承内部组件的转速变化规律与接触特性。结果表明：滚子的自转转速、滚子与滚道的接触载荷均随径向载荷的增大而增大;内、外圈转速变化会使受载区滚子与滚道的接触载荷以一定的规律重新分配,且转速对最小油膜厚度的影响较径向载荷更为明显。研究结果可为对转圆柱滚子轴承的结构优化和生热机理分析提供理论依据。     

惯性载荷对高速角接触球轴承最优预紧力的影响分析

高速角接触球轴承拟静力学模型是轴承内部载荷分布的有效分析手段,是动力学分析的基础.对受轴向载荷的高速角接触球轴承的具体算例进行了求解计算,得出了不同转速下钢球与沟道接触力随预紧力的变化规律.计算结果表明:在低转速范围内,钢球与外沟道接触力随着轴向预紧力的增大而线性增大;随着转速的升高,该接触力会呈现非线性变化,表现出先减小后增大的变化趋势.对这一变化规律进行了详细的分析,并从接触疲劳寿命和陀螺转动摩擦生热的角度,提出了确定高速角接触球轴承最佳预紧力的双重约束条件,为高速角接触球轴承的设计与使用提供参考依据.     

Predicting optimum hollowness of normally loaded cylindrical rollers using finite element analysis

Abstract

Fatigue life investigations have been made for hollow rollers in pure normal loading. Different hollowness percentages between 20 and 80% have been tested to find the optimum percentage hollowness that gives the longest fatigue life. Two main models were built for this purpose: model 1 with two identically sized rollers and model 2 with two non-identically sized rollers. In each model, two cases have been studied: when both rollers are hollow and when one roller is hollow while the other one is solid. The Ioannides–Harris (IH) theory was used to calculate the relative fatigue life of the hollow rollers with respect to solid rollers under the same loading. Investigations have been made for five different materials: CVD 52100, carburised steel, VIMVAR M50, M50NiL and induction hardened steel. The finite element package ABAQUS has been used to study the stress and deformations in the loaded rollers. In general, the optimum hollowness percentage with the longest fatigue life ranges between 60 and 70% based on the kind of the material, whether the rollers are of the same or different size and whether one or both rollers are hollow. Using the IH theory for fatigue life calculation resulted in having infinite fatigue life for those rollers made of induction hardened steel that relatively has high fatigue limit value. Rollers in the optimum range are flexible enough to get the best redistribution of stress in the contact zone. For models of a hollow cylindrical roller in contact with a solid roller, the optimum hollowness is around 70%. When both cylindrical rollers are hollow, the optimum hollowness decreases between 60 and 65%. At the optimum hollowness, small differences in the fatigue life have been found between models of one hollow roller and models of two hollow rollers, even though having both hollow rollers means less weight, thus saving more material and more stability for the system.     

Three-dimensional stress intensity factor analysis of a surface crack in a high-speed bearing

The boundary element method is applied to calculate the stress intensity factors of a surface crack in the rotating inner raceway of a high-speed roller bearing. The three-dimensional model consists of an axially stressed surface cracked plate subjected to a moving Hertzian contact loading. A multi-domain formulation and singular crack-tip elements were employed to calculate the stress intensity factors accurately and efficiently for a wide range of configuration parameters. The results can provide the basis for crack growth calculations and fatigue life predictions of high performance rolling element bearings that are used in aircraft engines.     

Numerical prediction of optimum hollowness and material of hollow rollers under combined loading

Fatigue life investigations have been made for cylindrical hollow rollers in pure rolling contact. In addition to normal loading, the rollers have been subjected to tangential loading of 1/3rd the normal load value. Sufficient coefficient of friction has been used to ensure no slipping occurs. Two main models were built with different hollowness percentages to investigate the hollowness percentage that gives the longest fatigue life. The first model consists of two cylindrical rollers of same size, while the second model consists of two rollers of different sizes. Two cases have been studied, when both rollers are hollow and when only one roller is hollow. The stress distribution in the roller body and the resulting deformation has been investigated using the finite element package, ABAQUS. Then the Ioannides–Harris (IH) theory was used to predict the fatigue life of the hollow rollers in pure rolling contact. Investigations have been made for five different materials, CVD 52100, Carburized steel, VIMVAR M50, M50NiL and Induction-hardened steel. It has been found that the optimum hollowness percentage with the longest fatigue life ranges is around 50%. Many factors affect the optimum hollowness percentage, like the kind of the material used for the cylindrical roller, whether the rollers in contact are of the same size or different size and whether the hollow roller is in contact with another hollow roller or in contact with solid roller.     

Fatigue Failure Analysis of a Grease-Lubricated Roller Bearing from an Electric Motor

The grease-lubricated roller bearing of an electric motor that drove a supply blower suddenly failed during operation. In order to identify the causes of the failure, a variety of characterizations were carried out. The failed surfaces of the bearing were observed visually and microscopically, and the characteristics of the lubricating grease were also investigated. Results showed that the surface of the inner ring of the bearing contained contact fatigue damage, and was covered with a multitude of debris and contact fatigue pits. What’s more, the lubricating grease was subjected to severe thermally induced degradation due to high service temperature, which consequently resulted in the decrease of the lubricating capacity of the grease. Thus, the lubricant film in the roller/raceway contacts was not formed effectively and the lubrication of the roller bearing was poor. As a result, serious local wear as well as contact fatigue damage were brought about on the roller and raceway and the wear finally led to the failure of the bearing.     

高速列车轴箱圆柱滚子轴承启动过程的打滑动力学特性

轴箱轴承的动力学性能对列车安全、平稳运行有非常重要的影响。基于刚性套圈假设建立轴承内部变形几何关系,采用Hertz接触理论描述滚子与套圈的接触关系,采用线性压缩弹簧来模拟滚子与保持架之间的相互作用,考虑拖动系数随滑移速度的非线性关系计算滚子与套圈的摩擦力,建立考虑内圈、滚子和保持架自由度的圆柱滚子轴承的动力学模型,研究轴承启动过程中的运动学特性和力学特性。结果表明:在轴承启动过程中,滚子自转转速抖动上升;启动初始阶段滚子打滑明显,其中滚子在刚进入承载区时出现的打滑对轴承性能影响较大;轴承启动的初始阶段,滚子与内圈的摩擦力和与保持架的接触力变化剧烈,且随内圈角加速度的增大而增大。     

单排球式回转支承动态力学性能研究

应用ANSYS/LS-DYNA软件建立回转支承的多体动力接触有限元模型,采用显式动力学有限元算法,综合考虑载荷和转速对回转支承的影响,对回转支承的运转过程进行数值模拟,得出了单排球式回转支承在运转过程中滚动体的动态响应、应力分布及滚道的米塞斯应力分布。并将计算结果与赫兹理论计算结果进行比较,验证了动态仿真的合理性,为回转支承的设计提供可靠的理论依据。     

圆柱滚子轴承多体接触动力学研究

考虑滚子和套圈、滚子和保持架、保持架和引导套圈的动态接触关系,提出了机械系统中圆柱滚子轴承多体动力学分析的新方法。基于圆柱套圈滚道的三角网格模型,实现了圆柱滚子和套圈滚道的动态接触力的预测搜索算法,进而建立了计及润滑摩擦作用和Hertz接触作用的圆柱滚子轴承的三维多体接触全动力学模型。运用广义-α方法计算分析了不同工况条件下圆柱滚子轴承的动态特性和保持架的稳定性,获得了不同工况下轴承的运动轨迹、角速度、滚子和倾斜扭转振动、动态接触力,拖动力和相轨迹等动态响应的变化规律。计算结果表明低速或较小径向力下,滚子和保持架的拖动力相对较小且不稳定,滚子和保持架侧梁、外圈挡边之间存在明显的频繁接触冲击作用,内圈中心的振动位移相对较大,保持架中心的径向平面运动轨迹形成不稳定的近似圆周运动,圆柱滚子轴承的运动稳定性相对较差。随着转速或旋转径向力的增加,保持架中心的径向平面运动轨迹为圆周运动和单周期的相轨迹运动,保持架中心的轴向振动明显,滚子倾斜扭转振动相对较小。     

Fatigue Life of Slewing Bearings under Combined Radial,Axial and Tilting Moment Loads

A calculation method of fatigue life for slewing bearings under combined radial,axial and tilting moment loads was proposed.Single row four-point contact ball slewing bearing being used as a case,the statics model of the slewing bearing was established and a set of equilibrium equations were obtained.By solving the equilibrium equations,the rolling element loads were obtained and the equivalent rolling element loads were calculated further.By using the geometrical parameters of the bearing,the rating rollin...     

印刷包装设备常用深沟球轴承参数对性能的影响

目的为轴承设计和公差选用提供理论依据与指导,有效解决轴承精密公差的选用问题。方法以高速糊盒机中6300型号的深沟球轴承为具体分析实例,建立深沟球轴承的数学模型,分析轴承参数微量变化带来的影响及其变化规律,并通过软件进行仿真分析与验证。结果深沟球轴承的疲劳寿命、刚度与滚子数量、直径及其内外圈曲率半径有着密切联系,其中轴承疲劳寿命对滚子数量和滚子直径变化表现敏感,寿命的增加量达到77.78%,轴承径向刚度对轴承滚子数量的变化很敏感,刚度的增加量为23.08%,而轴承轴向刚度对滚子直径和套圈曲率半径的变化较为明显,刚度的增加量分别为38.29%和15.1%。结论在一定范围内应尽量选取和设计滚子数量较多、直径较大、内外圈曲率半径较小的深沟球轴承,使其疲劳寿命与刚度性能达到最优。     

Electrical Fluting Failure of a Tri-Lobe Roller Bearing

A tri-lobe cylindrical roller bearing possessing excellent orbital slippage resistance was submitted to GE-Poland Materials Laboratory for examination of uniformly spaced axial fluting damages observed on both the rollers and outer raceway surfaces. The bearing was fabricated from premium-melted M50 and M50NiL commonly used in aircraft quality bearings. Detailed investigation of the raceway and rollers revealed a high density of microcraters associated with local melting and material removal attributed to passage of electrical current through the bearing during operation. The effect of the electrical discharge on crater dimensions and density based on a thermoelectric phenomenon is discussed in this article.     

偏载状态下轧机轴承接触力学模型研究

该文针对板带轧制过程偏载工况下滚动轴承接触力学模型进行研究。建立了支承辊四列圆柱滚子轴承的Hertz理想接触模型、基于柔度矩阵法的轴承偏载接触力学模型。针对辊间不同载荷进行了模型数值求解,仿真模拟了理想及偏载接触过程。研究表明:偏载运行状态严重影响各列轴承载荷分布,15°~30°位置角的滚动体承载最大,最大接触应力呈“M”形分布;仿真结果与数值模拟结果吻合程度较好,误差不超过15%,且略小于数值求解结果,在实际工程应用范围内;随着轧制载荷的增大,轴承同一列上的总径向力不断增大,偏载程度越来越严重。研究为延长轴承使用寿命、保证轧机安全稳定运行提供理论依据,具有重要工程意义。     

Effect of slid-roll ratio on the contact fatigue behavior of sintered and hardened steels

Powder metal processed gears and bearings find increasing application in automotive and other engineering industries. Failure of these machine elements is mostly due to the presence of sliding action in addition to the prevailing rolling action during transmission of motion and power. This rolling-sliding contact fatigue behavior of sintered and hardened steel rollers was investigated using a test machine designed and developed in the laboratory. Sintered and hardened steel rollers were mated against the hardened wrought tool steel roller at different slide-roll ratios and contact stresses. Contact stress versus number of cycles-to-failure data was generated under drop lubrication conditions. An increase in slideroll ratio significantly affected the life of the rollers at all contact stress levels investigated. Failed surfaces were analyzed using the optical microscope. Significant peeling-type failure was observed in the specimens tested, but no marked difference in the failure appearance was noted due to the introduction of traction forces.     

Multiaxial fatigue life calculation model for components in rolling‐sliding line contact with application to gears

Important components such as gears, rollers, or bearings operate in rolling‐sliding contact loading conditions. Determination of their fatigue lives remains a challenging task due to complex states of stress and strain in the contact region, as well as complex contact conditions such as variable loading amplitude and complex geometry of contact. A mathematical model of rolling‐sliding line contact combined with a multiaxial fatigue life calculation model based on the Fatemi‐Socie critical plane crack initiation criterion is proposed. The developed model was applied to gears' teeth in mesh and compared with fatigue lives of gears reported in the literature. Good agreement was determined confirming the validity of the proposed model. A further advantage is obtaining locations of initiated cracks and the orientation of critical plane(s), which can subsequently be used for the estimation of crack shapes in initial phases of their growth and the damage type that they can be expected to develop into.     

Contact Fatigue Damage and Fracture Failure of a Bearing Outer-Race Used on a Locomotive Wheelset

Fracture took place on the upper-edge of one side of the bearing outer-ring used in a locomotive wheel in service, and two small pieces had separated from the outer-ring. The fractographic study indicates that the fracture mode is of instantaneous initial cracking and fatigue propagation. Fracture of the edge was caused by abnormally high contact loading on the upper-end of one race of the bearing cup. Extensive spalling is present on the upper part of the raceway of the broken side of the bearing outer-ring, and the surface contact fatigue is its primary failure mode. The occurrence of a large inclined load on the raceway of one side of outer-ring is responsible for the serious spalling damage on the raceway of the outer-ring.     

印刷机偏心滚子轴承接触应力与变形仿真分析

目的对偏心轴承接触应力与滚子静、动态变形进行研究,得到接触应力与变形和结构与工况因素的关系。方法在Hertz线接触与弹流润滑理论下,建立滚子接触应力模型及静、动态滚子间接触变形的关系模型,利用有限元软件Ansys仿真计算。建立静、动(润滑与转速)态下滚子变形之间的关系公式,分析印刷机偏心双列圆柱滚子轴承的接触应力与变形及相互关系。结果滚子与内外套圈的接触应力均随径向载荷的增大而增大,滚子与内套圈的接触应力大于滚子与外套圈的接触应力;滚子的总接触变形量与径向载荷呈正比关系,滚子的内外接触应力与滚子的总接触变形量也呈正比关系;滚子的边缘出现应力集中,须用设计凸度的方法降低,从而更好地提高偏心轴承的整体性能。结论根据接触应力与变形的关系,可为偏心轴承的设计与优化提供理论依据。     

回转窑滚圈与托轮接触应力解析

 滚圈与托轮接触应力的计算对回转窑滚动接触疲劳寿命预测起到至关重要的作用。考虑滚圈与托轮在牵引滚动接触状态下相互之间传递法向力和切向摩擦力的综合作用,将其简化为二维平面应变问题,然后从经典Hertz理论中弹性半空间在分布法向力和切向力作用下受载区应力分量的积分表达式出发,对接触区对称平面上各点的应力进行分析与计算,得出受载区各主应力的解析表达式,并采取最优函数逼近法求得半解析解,确定了最大主剪应力及其位置,能满足工程应用的要求。     

轧线辊道轴承润滑浅析

轧钢生产线安装有大量辊道,它是运送轧件的重要设备,而辊道顺利工作的前提是轴承得到了正确的润滑。本文对轴承的润滑介质及方式进行分析,以此来提高轧线辊道轴承的使用寿命。