激光淬火对重载轮轨磨损与损伤性能的影响

利用MMS-2A型微机控制摩擦磨损试验机研究了激光表面淬火对重载轮轨磨损与损伤性能的影响,分析了激光淬火对重载轮轨表面损伤的作用机理.结果表明:激光淬火处理后轮轨试样存在一定厚度的淬火处理层,其组织主要为均匀致密的马氏体层;激光淬火可明显提高车轮和钢轨试样的表面硬度,其硬度分别增加35.7%、33.5%;激光淬火基本不改变轮轨试样的滚动摩擦系数;激光淬火可增强轮轨试样的耐磨性,相比淬火前车轮和钢轨试样磨损量分别降低62.9%和66.0%;未处理轮轨试样表面损伤主要表现为明显的剥落损伤,激光淬火后轮轨表面损伤相对轻微,主要表现为小麻点式剥落损伤,重载工况下激光淬火处理使轮轨试样具有较好的抗表面损伤能力.     

轴重40t车辆车轮扁疤冲击振动特性研究

建立轴重40 t车辆-轨道动力学模型,采用变化车轮半径的方法模拟扁疤作用下的轮轨相互作用特征,分析轮轨冲击动力荷载特性。结果表明,车轮扁疤将激发出高频轮轨冲击荷载,高频区能量占主导。扁疤临界速度作用下轮轨冲击荷载达到峰值,扁疤越长,临界速度越高,扁疤长度为10,20,30和40 mm时临界速度分别为30,50,70和80 km/h,扁疤长度超过50 mm时,临界速度大于重载车辆最高运行速度100 km/h。高频区的轮轨荷载主要存在于轮轨界面,不会引起钢轨变形,频率在850 Hz以下时轮轨动荷载才能有效传至轨下基础,根据轨枕设计极限荷载,建议车轮扁疤长度不应超过40 mm。     

Influence of heavy haul railway curve parameters on rail wear

With the use of virtual prototype technology, a heavy haul vehicle-track dynamic model was established and the influence of curve parameters (including curve radius, circular curve length and transition curve length) and track parameters (including superelevation and rail cant) on rail wear was researched. The measures to reduce wear from optimizing curve parameters were summed up, by means of the analysis to the comparisons of a variety of parameter combinations. The study results prove that: when the curve radius is less than 800 m, the curve radius has a great influence on rail wear and the length of transition curve does too. When the curve radius is around 600 m (which means that the curve is a small radius curve), increasing the rail cant of the inner rail to 1/20 will effectively reduce the wear of the curve rail, and setting the inadequate superelevation to around 20% less than the balanced superelevation will, too. When the curve radius is around 800 m, increasing the rail cant of the inner rail to 1/20 will effectively reduce the wear of the curve rail, and setting the inadequate superelevation to around 10% to 15% less than the balanced superelevation will, too. When the curve radius is greater than 1000 m, only increasing the rail cant of the inner rail to 1/20 can effectively reduce the wear of the curve rail.     

Fracture and fatigue crack growth analyses on a weld-repaired railway rail

Although repair by arc welding is a well-known method for damaged rail surface recovery due to its ease of application, the method is vulnerable to the creation of cracks. In this study, a series of failure analyses and crack growth analyses were carried out on a fractured weld-repaired rail to determine the cause of the rail failure and the effect of residual stress on the crack growth rate. For this purpose, the residual stress profiles of rails under various conditions were obtained by both sectioning the physical rail and simulating the weld-repair process of the rail using the finite element method. Subsequently, the fatigue crack growth in the weld-repaired rail was simulated by assuming that a semi-elliptical crack was initiated at the boundary between the weld pool and heat-affected zone. From these analyses, it was found that weld defects, such as porosity, lamella line cracks, and quick transitions in material hardness and microstructure, especially at the boundaries, could be the causes of the crack initiation. The crack growth rate was strongly influenced by the magnitude of the residual stress, while it was significantly increased in the presence of high tensile residual stress at the rail head due to the weld repair. Therefore, reducing the tensile stress magnitude and increasing the compressive stress magnitude in the rail head is crucial to solving this problem in railway rail weld repair.     

轨下扣件支承失效对轨道结构动力性能的影响

通过建立连续弹性离散点支承上Timoshenko梁的钢轨模型,运用车辆-轨道耦合动力学理论,模拟计算了室内模型轨道轨下支承失效状态下轮轨系统动力响应,分析了列车运行速度与扣件失效数量对轨道结构动力性能的影响,并进行了时域与频域内的试验分析与验证.结果表明:轨下扣件失效破坏了轨道结构支承的连续性,轮轨间相互作用增强,并随其失效数量的增加与列车运行速度的提高而显著增大;同时,扣件支承失效将影响其前后毗邻的正常轨道结构的动态特性,形成较长范围内线路不平顺,影响车辆运行平稳性与乘坐舒适度.钢轨频响函数测试表明,由于扣件支承失效改变了该区段轨枕间距与轨下支承刚度,削弱了道床对线路所提供的阻尼,轨道结构的动力性能也产生了显著变化.     

铁路钢轨与辙叉过渡层焊接的研究

钢轨与辙叉的焊接 ,属于高碳钢和高锰钢异种金属材料的焊接 .由于二者材料本身的焊接性都较差 ,而且所要求的焊接工艺差异很大 ,再加上钢轨的被焊截面形状不规则 ,所以给焊接带来很大的难度 .采用手工电弧焊的方法 ,通过增加过渡层可降低焊接难度 ,简化焊接工艺 .对 60 0mm长的钢轨与辙叉试件进行了实焊 ,其结果达到或超过了相关标准的技术要求 ,从而证明采用增加过渡层的办法来解决高碳钢和高锰钢焊接是一种可行的办法 .     

重载铁路钢轨隐伤病害处振动特性分析EI北大核心CSCD

钢轨隐伤病害在重载铁路中大量存在,病害发展后期会导致病害位置整个轨道-路基动态响应增大,严重影响轨道-路基正常服役状态。为研究重载铁路典型隐伤病害产生后对整个轨道-路基的时频域影响特征,开展了现场静态测试与病害原因分析,以及分别进行了病害断面和正常断面的动态行车测试对比试验,得出了病害断面的时频域及振动传递特征。结果表明:病害断面钢轨轨头存在局部低塌、剥离掉块及多裂纹病害,轨头表面会存在明显的裂纹扩展区,其呈Y型扩展并有贯通整个轨头的趋势。病害断面轨道-路基振动明显较正常断面大,其中钢轨、轨枕、道床及路基振动大小均值分别是正常断面的26倍、23倍、13倍及5倍;病害断面轨道-路基频谱峰值存在转向架和邻轴距为基频10 Hz左右的周期性调制频率;病害断面轨枕下道砟粉化严重导致振动能量在2000 Hz附近几乎无衰减,而正常断面在2000 Hz附近由上至下各层之间振动能量依次减小;车速增大对病害断面钢轨振动冲击影响最强烈,对其下部轨枕及路基影响在45~75 km/h内逐渐减弱。     

Parameters affecting the damage tolerance behaviour of railway axles

The paper provides a discussion on damage tolerance options applied to railway axles and factors influencing the residual lifetime as well as the required inspection interval. These comprise material properties such as the scatter of the da/dN–ΔK curve, the fatigue crack propagation threshold ΔK_th and the toughness of the material. Parameters affecting axle loading such as the press fit, rotating bending, load history and mixed crack opening modes are discussed. Finally the influence of the initial crack geometry on residual lifetime is simulated.     

摩擦调节剂抑制钢轨波磨的机理研究

基于轮轨之间的摩擦耦合自激振动引起钢轨波磨的观点,论文建立了车辆稳态通过小半径曲线时由轮对－钢轨－轨枕组成的轮轨系统有限元弹性振动摩擦自激振动有限元模型,用ABAQUS软件对该模型的运动稳定性进行了分析,重点研究了轮轨摩擦系数和蠕滑力-蠕滑率曲线负斜率对轮轨系统摩擦自激振动的影响。计算结果显示,轮轨摩擦系数对轮轨摩擦自激振动有重要影响,当控制摩擦系数 时可以消除钢轨磨耗型波磨,蠕滑力-蠕滑率曲线负斜率对钢轨波磨有显著影响。     

Investigation of damage mechanism of flax fibre LPET commingled composites by acoustic emission

Tensile failure and fracture behaviour of parallel laid twisted flax fibre reinforced low melting polyethylene terephthalate (LPET) composites were investigated. The tensile failure results of the model specimens were compared with AE results in terms of amplitude, energy and counts. The failure results of the flax fibre LPET composites exhibited mainly matrix crack initiation as a brittle failure for low, medium and high fibre contents. Since the composites at high fibre contents have higher porosity content, they show higher strain to failure, higher variation in the tensile results and have different appearances on their fracture surfaces than those of the composites at low and medium fibre contents.     

An investigation on rotatory bending fretting fatigue damage of railway axles

Fretting damage failure analysis of a Chinese carbon railway axle RD₂ was carried out. The wheel hub was in situ cut to expose the damaged surface of the wheel seat to avoid additional damage. A small‐scale axle test rig was developed, and simulation tests were performed at different rotator speeds of 1800 and 2100 rpm. The wear mechanism of fretting damage areas was a combination of abrasive wear, oxidative wear and delamination. The fracture surfaces exhibited characterization of multisource and step‐profile. The fretting fatigue crack initiated at the subsurface and propagated along an inclined angle at the first stage. The fretting damage at the higher speed was more severe compared with the lower speed, which lead to a relatively shorter fatigue life. The damage morphologies of the axle in the simulation tests were in good agreement with that observed in the failure analysis on real axle.     

高速车轮钢的组织韧化工艺及机理研究

为改善高速车轮钢韧性,从而提高高速车轮运行安全性,通过改变辗轧变形温度(tD)及踏面淬火温度(tQ),系统研究了热处理工艺对车轮钢力学性能的影响.采用光学、扫描电子显微(SEM)技术、电子背散射技术(EBSD)、定量金相技术等研究了车轮钢珠光体组织.试验结果表明:车轮钢韧性随着tD与tQ的降低而升高,强度变化不大;tD与tQ的降低导致奥氏体晶粒尺寸减小,同时得到细化的珠光体球团组织,是韧性优化的直接原因.进一步断口分析与EBSD分析表明,单个珠光体球团可形成一个解理面,且解理面滑移带终止于珠光体球团界,与珠光体球团内部小角度晶界相对应,可认为珠光体球团是车轮钢韧性的控制单元.     

Effect of microstructure on the spalling damage in a 20Mn2SiCrMo bainitic rail

The effect of microstructure on the spalling damage in a heavy-haul 20Mn2SiCrMo bainitic wing rail was investigated. The results show that spalling damage is strongly correlated to the detailed microstructure factors which contribute to the crack propagation resistance at different levels. It is demonstrated that comparing with blocky martensite/austenite (M/A) constituents, film-like M/A constituents have better performance to retard crack propagation. Moreover, the type and proportion of M/A constituents are affected by the isothermal holding temperature during heat treatment, where typical blocky M/A constituents are found in the temperature range from 360 °C to 400 °C.     

钢轨万能轧制过程金属横向流动机理研究

为研究钢轨万能轧制过程中轨头、轨底与轨腰断面之间的金属横向流动规律,根据金属横向流动体积与延伸系数的关系,基于钢轨轧制前后体积不变条件推导出轨头、轨底与轨腰之间金属横向体积流动率数学模型.解析计算结果表明:轨头流向轨腰的金属体积流动率与相应轨头综合变形影响因子呈反比关系,与相应轨底综合变形影响因子成正比关系;轨底流向轨腰的金属体积流动率分别与相应轨底综合变形影响因子呈反比关系,与轨头综合变形影响因子呈正比关系;压下系数对轨头及轨底流向轨腰的金属体积流动率的影响比宽展系数大得多.为验证理论模型,完成了钢轨的万能热轧实验,实测了不同轧制规程时钢轨各部分轧制前后断面形状以及体积变化,并与理论计算结果进行了比较.理论计算结果与实验结果误差不超过±16%,可用于钢轨万能轧制实践.     

The development of a damage tolerance concept for railway components and its demonstration for a railway axle

A draft procedure for damage tolerance analysis of railway components is presented and illustrated by a case study on a railway axle. The scheme is based on the recently developed European flaw assessment procedure SINTAP, the NASGRO/ESACRACK procedure for fatigue crack extension and other documents. As the result of the worked example the crack size was quantified which has to be detected in non-destructive testing if the inspection interval is fixed by an existing maintenance plan. The resulting numbers are aimed at illustrating the method and cannot be used for industrial implementation without appropriate modification.     

Review of the fatigue damage tolerance of high-speed railway axles in Japan

Railway axles are one of the most important components in railway systems since a fail-safe design is not available. In the present paper, the fatigue tolerance of the high-speed railway axle in Japan is reviewed. To maintain the safety, the fatigue strength of the axle has been extensively studied. Theses case histories and consequent improvements in manufacturing process are presented. The crack propagation behavior of the induction hardened axle is studied based on the fracture mechanics. Concerning the powered railway axles, the fatigue design method in Japan is compared with that in Europe and the effect of the train velocity on the allowable load is discussed.     

石英纤维热损伤机制

通过TG/DSC和高温XRD对石英纤维的高温相转变行为进行了研究,通过高分辨SEM对经不同温度处理过的石英纤维的表面形貌进行了研究,并用抗拉强度实验机测量了这些石英纤维的抗拉强度。研究结果表明,低于1000℃ 处理的石英纤维热损伤可分为两个阶段: (1) 在低于600℃的热处理温度范围内,由于石英纤维表面处理剂的挥发 , 石英纤维直径逐渐减小,原来表面的裂纹、条状和圆形凸起等缺陷逐渐显露出来,导致石英纤维抗拉强度缓慢降低;(2) 在600～1000℃ 的热处理温度范围内 , 石英纤维表面处理剂挥发完毕,在热处理的升降温过程中,由于热应力的作用,表面的条状和圆形凸起开始剥落,造成一定数量的新的表面裂口和裂纹缺陷。温度越高,石英纤维表面的条状和圆形凸起剥落现象越明显,这是造成这一温度条件下石英纤维强度显著降低的主要因素之一。此外,结合TG/DSC和XRD的研究结果,石英纤维低于1000℃热处理后,虽然没有明显的相变化,但是晶体结构有序化程度提高,表面开始析出α-方石英并导致纤维表面形成一定数量的凸起缺陷,这也是导致高温处理后石英纤维热损伤的原因之一。      

轮缘固体润滑剂对轮轨减摩及损伤性能影响

用MMS-2A滚动摩擦磨损试验机完成试验工作,对比干态和3种不同固体润滑剂作用工况,分析干态和3种不同固体润滑剂作用后的轮轨摩擦性能和固体润滑剂的有效作用时间,探究固体润滑剂对轮轨摩擦性能的影响;分析不同工况下轮轨表面磨损量和表面裂纹,同时对裂纹的长度、角度、深度进行统计,分析固体润滑剂作用对轮轨损伤性能影响。结果表明:固体润滑剂具备减摩润滑作用,其中1号效果最佳,将干态下的摩擦系数0.5降低到0.2左右;固体润滑剂通过降低接触界面的摩擦系数减小轮轨界面的切向摩擦力,降低轮轨表面的磨损量,其中固体润滑剂1降低车轮和钢轨的磨损量最大,分别降低95.3%和97.1%;固体润滑剂主要通过抑制疲劳裂纹的长度来抑制轮轨疲劳裂纹的生长和扩展,通过正应力挤压作用使轮轨表面疲劳裂纹开口紧闭,缓解裂纹根部分支现象,有效抑制轮轨疲劳裂纹生长与扩展行为.     

Fatigue crack growth and damage characteristics of high-speed rail at low ambient temperature

Low temperature can be a significant problem affecting safety and maintenance of railway. In this study, the fatigue crack growth rate and rolling contact fatigue damage behaviors of high-speed rail material under different temperature conditions were investigated by a series of experiments. The results indicate that the stress and strength of rail material increase with the decrease of ambient temperature. The crack growth rate at 0 °C and − 20 °C is similar with that at 20 °C. While, when the temperature decreases to − 60 °C, the growth rate of crack increases sharply. The promotion of rail embrittlement at low temperature accompanied with the action of high stress causes the rapid failure and increase of surface crack length and subsurface crack damage. Meanwhile, three crack growth mechanism models at different temperatures can be inferred. The brittle fracture mode is increasingly apparent with the temperature decreasing.     

Introduction to the damage tolerance behaviour of railway rails - a review

Despite substantial advantages in material development and in periodic non-destructive inspection together with periodic grinding and other measures in order to guarantee safe service, fatigue crack propagation and fracture is still in great demand as emphasised by the present special issue. Rails, as the heart of the railway system, are subjected to very high service loads and harsh environmental conditions. Since any potential rail breakage includes the risk of catastrophic derailment of vehicles, it is of paramount interest to avoid such a scenario. The aim of the present paper is to introduce the most important questions regarding crack propagation and fracture of rails. These include the loading conditions: contact forces from the wheel and thermal stresses due to restrained elongation of continuously welded rails together with residual stresses from manufacturing and welding in the field, which is discussed in Section 2. Section 3 provides an overview of crack-type rail defects and potential failure scenarios. Finally the stages of crack propagation from initiation up to final breakage are discussed.