Selective adsorption of acidic protein of bovine serum albumin onto sheet-like calcium hydroxyapatite particles produced by microreactor

The protein adsorption behavior onto sheet-like calcium hydroxyapatite Ca₁₀(PO₄)₆(OH)₂ (Hap) particles produced by microreactor was examined by using typical acidic bovine serum albumin (BSA) and basic lysozyme (LSZ). Since the sheet-like Hap particles were highly growth through b- (or a-) and c-axes, the particles had larger fraction of bc (or ac) crystal face. The saturated amounts of adsorbed BSA ($n_s^{\text{BSA}}$) for the sheet-like Hap nanoparticles were increased with increase in the particle size; i.e., $n_s^{\text{BSA}}$ showed a good linear relationship with the total surface area of bc and ac faces of each particle. This result strongly suggested that the sheet-like Hap particles progressed in b- and c-axes with large fraction of C sites on bc and ac particle faces and exhibit a high selective adsorption of BSA. On the contrary, very few LSZ molecules adsorbed onto sheet-like Hap particles. Hence the present study developed that the amounts of adsorbed protein, especially for BSA, can be controlled optimally by altering the size of sheet-like Hap particles. It was also found that the sheet-like Hap particles can be applied to separate completely BSA molecules from BSA–LSZ mixed solution.     

Variation in fatigue properties of cast A359-SiC composites under total strain controlled conditions: Effects of porosity and inclusions

The effects of casting defects, such as inclusions and porosity on fatigue properties of permanent mold cast bars of A359-20 vol% SiC particle composites cast and heat treated under identical conditions, were studied under total strain control conditions. The fatigue fracture surfaces and the near fracture regions were observed using optical stereo-microscope and scanning electron microscope (SEM) to identify the effects of microstructure and casting defects on fatigue properties of pairs of specimens tested under the same total strain that showed large scatter in fatigue life. It was found that the largest porosity size on the fracture surfaces of the fatigue specimens measured was around 700 μm, whereas the average dendrite arm spacing was 60–100 μm and the size of SiC particle clusters in the near fracture region was around 100 μm. Fracture surfaces of the composite bars showed that fatigue cracks frequently initiated from porosity present near the surface of the samples. Test specimens containing larger porosity size were observed to have lower fatigue life. However, some specimens with larger amounts of inclusions had a lower fatigue life than those with larger porosity size within the range observed in this study. The size and amount of inclusions, and the size and shape of the porosity near the surface seems to have the greatest influence in decreasing fatigue life. Fatigue strength, and fatigue ductility constants for permanent mold cast A359-20 vol% SiC composite were determined from the strain controlled fatigue data. They were as follows: fatigue strength exponent (b) is −0.1145, fatigue strength coefficient $({\sigma }_{\text{f}}^{\prime })$ is 558 MPa, fatigue ductility exponent (c) is −0.6066 and fatigue ductility coefficient (${\epsilon }_{\text{f}}^{\prime })$ is 0.0108.