甲醇燃料在船舶内燃机动力中的应用

针对现有船舶动力应用甲醇燃料的方式,从甲醇的特点、甲醇混合气的形成、燃烧模式等方面开展分析,结果表明：高速船用柴油机改装为点燃式甲醇燃料发动机简便易行;低速船舶内燃机缸径大、缸盖空间充裕,便于多喷嘴布置,实现缸内直喷微量燃油引燃、甲醇燃料压燃模式,可在满足排放法规要求的前提下,在双燃料及纯燃油模式间切换;中高速船舶内燃机缸盖结构紧凑,适合采用柴油在缸内与甲醇混合气共燃的模式。     

新型伞状喷雾柴油预混合压燃数值模拟研究

提出了一种新型伞状喷雾，以解决柴油预混合压燃燃烧的预混合气准备困难的问题。该伞状喷雾以多孔油嘴配合内锥面式近距碰撞导向装置形成。新型伞状喷雾具备高扩散性的特点，同时贯穿距在设计上可通过调整碰撞角度而灵活设定。采用三维CFD软件AVL FIRE8．2对该喷雾的预混合气形成和燃烧过程进行了数值模拟，分析了燃烧室和喷油始点对预混合气形成及燃烧的影响。研究表明：采用内锥面碰撞导向装置可以提高喷雾高扩散性，这种伞状喷雾油粒动量小，使燃料撞击活塞或缸套表面的可能性大大降低，从而避免了部分区域燃空当量比过大和燃料挂壁的不良后果。对于提高柴油预混合气均匀度具有很大作用。     

低辛烷值高挥发性燃料直喷压燃宽运行范围的燃烧模式

在一台单缸柴油机上采用低辛烷值高挥发性汽/柴油混合燃料,在不同转速和负荷条件下对比了部分预混压燃(PPCI)和多段预混压燃(MPCI)等多种压燃模式的燃烧和排放特性,并在宽运行范围与原机柴油试验结果进行对比,以确定宽运行范围的最优燃烧控制策略.结果表明:试验用低辛烷值燃料能够在宽运行范围实现压燃模式的稳定运行;为使燃烧排放结果最优,低负荷区间应采用单次喷射PPCI模式,中、低转速(中、高负荷)采用MPCI模式,高转速(中、高负荷)采用多次喷射PPCI模式;宽运行范围内低辛烷值燃料可以实现NOx排放低于0.4,g/(k W·h)、碳烟排放低于0.5,FSN及最高压力升高率低于1,MPa/(°)CA;与原机柴油燃烧结果相比,低辛烷值燃料可以同时降低NOx和碳烟排放以及燃油消耗率,但CO和HC排放增加,循环波动系数也略有增加.     

预混合气浓度和温度对DMCC发动机运行边界的影响

以大柴DEUTZ-BM6F1013发动机的燃烧室为原型,采用FORTé程序包建立了缸内燃烧的三维CFD模型.通过不同条件下模型计算值与试验值的对比验证了模型的正确性.基于纯柴油模式(1,000,r/min、100,N·m)工况点,计算了不同初始温度、初始甲醇混合气浓度下缸压的变化情况,结果表明:柴油/甲醇组合燃烧(DMCC)模式随预混合气浓度和温度变化的运行边界可分为失火、爆燃和早燃3个区域.在失火和早燃区域,预混合气浓度的极限值均较低,热效率不高,且存在停转的风险,不利于发动机安全可靠的运行;在爆燃区域,预混合气浓度的极限值受最大爆发压力的限制,可以维持较高的数值,且该阶段燃烧稳定,发动机热效率高.因此,进一步提高DMCC模式的掺醇比,应考虑使发动机运行在进气的中高温范围.     

用扩散及准均质混合气压燃的组合燃烧降低柴油机碳烟与NOx排放的研究

在柴油机的一部分工况采用现有的扩散燃烧方式，另一部分工况采用柴油引燃醇燃料均质混合气的组合燃烧方式，利用醇燃料的高汽化潜热和含氧的特性，达到同时降低柴油机碳烟及氮氧化物(NOχ)的目的，并且避免在小负荷燃烧醇燃料带来的高醛类排放问题。在一台4缸水冷直喷式发动机上采用上述组合燃烧法进行试验，从发动机进气管处喷进乙醇形成均质混合气，然后由柴油引燃。由电控装置控制乙醇喷入量及其喷入时刻。试验结果表明，与原机相比，碳烟和NOχ排放分别减少了50％和30％，同时燃料的消耗率也有大幅度降低。     

DME/柴油混合燃料HCCI燃烧与排放特性的试验研究

在单缸柴油机上采用轴针式喷嘴进气道燃油喷射方式,开展了二甲醚(DME)/柴油混合燃料预混均质压燃(HCCI)燃烧及其排放特性的试验研究,探讨了喷油嘴启喷压力、进气温度以及进气掺混不同比例CO2对混合气制备率和发动机性能的影响.结果表明:低沸点液相DME在进气道喷射过程中所具有的闪急沸腾效应,可有效强化柴油/DME混合燃料的雾化与蒸发,减少燃油撞击壁面而出现的进气歧管壁湿现象,从而改善柴油HCCI发动机均质混合气的形成与燃烧,拓宽发动机的运行工况范围.进气掺混0~30%的CO2能使HCCI发动机的正常工作范围从0.32MPa提高到0.5MPa,实现高负荷工况下同时降低NOx和碳烟的排放,但CO和未燃HC排放有所增加.     

燃料分层对乙醇/柴油双燃料发动机循环波动的影响

基于一台单缸柴油机,采用进气道喷射乙醇同时缸内直喷柴油的方式实现双燃料预混压缩着火(PCI)燃烧模式.固定发动机转速和负荷,通过调整预混乙醇比例以及柴油直喷策略,实现了不同程度的混合气燃料分层,并测量了相应的发动机循环波动特性,试验中NOx排放和COVIMEP分别控制在0.4 g/(kW·h)和7%以下.结合数值模拟研究了混合气燃料分层对双燃料发动机循环波动的影响,结果表明:燃料分层直接影响双燃料发动机循环波动.首先,着火正时在上止点附近时有助于降低双燃料发动机循环波动,乙醇预混当量比、柴油直喷中主喷油量以及主喷正时直接影响混合气初始着火区域燃料活性以及当量比,进而影响混合气着火正时.其次,混合气着火正时稳定性对于保证双燃料发动机燃烧稳定性较为关键.此外,燃烧相位以及缸内爆压不变,采用较高的乙醇预混比例结合推迟的主喷正时可以实现更加稳定的着火,进而降低双燃料发动机循环波动率.     

直喷压燃式发动机用双喷射系统燃用柴油--甲醇的研究

在具有双喷射系统的压燃式发动机中，用一个喷射系统喷射甲醇(CH2OH)作为主要燃料，另一个喷射柴油作为引燃燃料，进行了不同负荷下的性能和排放试验。试验结果表明：用柴油引燃的压燃式甲醇发动机与原柴油机相比，全负荷最大烟度下降66％，在整个负荷范围内NOx排放下降60％～70％左右，但CO和THC排放上升较多，说明本发动机中燃料与空气的混合气形成尚需改进。     

分层燃烧甲醇发动机的研究

介绍了在1130单缸柴油机上，采用火花助燃的方法燃用甲醇燃料的研究结果。试验表明，在火花塞跳火区域及燃烧室内获得合适的混合气层状浓度分布是火花助燃甲醇发动机可靠着火和燃烧的关键。甲醇发动机的动力性与柴油机相当，大负荷经济性比柴油机好，并能实现无烟燃烧。     

双燃料发动机的燃烧模型

针对双燃料发动机燃烧特性，建立了柴油喷雾扩散燃烧子模型和气体燃烧均质混合气火焰传播燃烧子模型，应用该模型研究了双燃料发动机燃烧机理，计算结果和实验结果相当吻合。计算表明：当引燃柴油比例较大时，双燃料发动机燃烧过程以喷雾混合控制燃烧为主，柴油喷雾扩散燃烧模型与实测较吻合；当柴油比例较小时，该过程以均质混合气火焰传播燃烧为主，均质混合气火焰传播燃烧模型与实测软吻合。计算结果表明，引燃柴油量对双燃料发动机性能影响较大，引燃柴油减少，着火滞燃期延长，缸内最大爆发压力升高。     

Analysis of different combustion chamber geometries using hydrogen / diesel fuel in a diesel engine

ABSTRACT

In this study, the effects on combustion characteristics and emission were investigated in a direct injection diesel engine. In experimental and numerical studies, the engine was operated at 2000 rpm. The analyzes were made in the AVL-FIRE ESE Diesel part with Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) software. Standard combustion chamber (SCC) and Modified combustion chamber (MCC) geometry were compared in the modeling. By means of the designed MCC combustion chamber geometry, the fuel released from the injector was directed to the piston bowl area. Therefore, the mixture was homogenized and the combustion had been improved. In addition, the evaporation rate of the mixture increased with the MCC geometry. Also, lower NO and CO emissions were obtained with the MCC model compared to the SCC model. On the other hand, diesel fuel and mass 5% hydrogen fuel was used into diesel fuel as fuel in the study. The combustion process was investigated using hydrogen in different combustion chambers. The use of hydrogen as additional fuel resulted in higher combustion pressure, temperature and NO emissions. Compared to SCC type combustion chamber in the MCC type combustion chamber used diesel fuel, CO emission decreased of 6% and 3% for hydrogen-added mixture fuel. Also, compared to SCC type combustion chamber in the MCC type combustion chamber used diesel fuel, NO emission decreased of 11% and 32% for hydrogen-added mixture fuel. Moreover, flame velocity, heat release rate and flame propagation increased with the addition of hydrogen fuel.     

降低小型柴油机排放的试验研究

从生物混合燃料成分、燃烧室结构和排气再循环等方面探索降低柴油机排放的方法。通过对柴油机排放性能的大量试验研究,结果表明:对于直喷式柴油机,生物混合燃料的NOx排放与柴油的排放基本相当,碳烟排放则比柴油有较大幅度的降低,而涡流室柴油机,NOx的排放量却有大幅度的降低,碳烟排放则比直喷式柴油机有更大幅度的降低,生物燃料的添加比例对NOx的排放影响不大。柴油机采用排气再循环技术后,混合燃料的碳烟排放仍比柴油少,混合燃料可以承载一定的EGR率而不增加碳烟排放。排气再循环可以大幅度地降低NOx排放且与EGR率有关,与燃料的性质关系不大。涡流室柴油机采用生物燃料和排气再循环,可以同时降低NOx和碳烟的排放,排放效果非常优良。     

燃油撞击对柴油机混合气形成及其燃烧过程影响的研究

介绍了具有油束撞击效应的轴针式喷油器在不同柴油机燃烧系统中的应用。试验结果表明,当这种喷油器运用于涡流室式柴油机时,可以起到降低发动机燃油消耗与排气烟度的作用;运用到直喷式燃烧系统时,发动机的运转正常,起动方便,但目前还存在燃油消耗率和排气烟度高的不足。此外,还详细介绍了这种轴针式喷油嘴产生的不同形式的碰撞效果对直喷式发动机性能影响的研究结果。     

柴油机混合气形成条件对瞬态火焰温度和碳烟质量浓度影响的研究

进气涡流强度、喷嘴的喷孔直径与个数、喷油压力等直接影响直喷式柴油机燃烧室内混合气形成与燃烧过程的进行，从而影响柴油机的动力性、燃油经济性和碳烟排放。作者用同步光导纤维四色法测量系统，研究了进气涡流、喷孔直径和个数对燃烧过程中火焰温度和碳烟浓度的影响。本文介绍的是所进行的研究工作和得到的结果。     

不同口径比和径深比燃烧室工作过程分析

不改变燃烧室体积,通过改变燃烧室的口径比和径深比,对柴油机工作过程进行了模拟计算。燃烧模型取4步简化动力学模型,湍流模型取修正k-ε模型。计算区域除气缸和燃烧室外,还包括进、排气支管。计算结果表明,随着口径比的减小,缸内挤流强度增加。对于空间雾化燃烧的直喷式柴油机,将燃烧室结构设计成油注形状,可以利用燃烧波在燃烧室内产生较大尺度的垂直涡流,有利于增强燃油喷射效应,从而提高油气与空气的均匀混合质量,提高柴油机的经济性,同时也有利于降低NO排放。     

正丁醇/柴油发动机燃烧排放特性及喷油、燃烧室形状影响

针对某型号直喷柴油机,建立了该柴油机中单缸完整燃烧室及气道三维模型,使用三维计算流体力学(computational fluid dynamics,CFD)分析软件CONVERGE对其进行模拟计算,研究了正丁醇掺混比例对柴油机燃烧排放的影响。结果表明:随着正丁醇掺混比例的提高,峰值缸压、滞燃期和燃烧速度均呈递增趋势,碳烟及CO排放量逐渐减少,NO_x排放量小幅增加。为了进一步改善缸内燃烧情况和降低污染物排放,对正丁醇掺混时喷油策略、燃烧室几何形状的综合影响进行了研究,结果表明:掺混时多次喷油及采用合适的燃烧室模型可以有效改善掺混后缸内油气混合情况,增加缸内湍动能强度,进一步降低碳烟排放量。与纯柴油工况对比,掺混并采用多次喷油策略后碳烟排放明显下降,且通过掺混能够有效简化喷油策略,但弱化了燃烧室形状对碳烟排放量的影响。     

Combustion and emissions control in diesel–methane dual fuel engines: The effects of methane supply method combined with variable in-cylinder charge bulk motion

In this paper, the results of an extensive experimental campaign about dual fuel combustion development and the related pollutant emissions are reported, paying particular attention to the effect of both the in-cylinder charge bulk motion and methane supply method.A diesel common rail research engine was converted to operate in dual fuel mode and, by activating/deactivating the two different inlet valves of the engine (i.e. swirl and tumble), three different bulk flow structures of the charge were induced inside the cylinder. A methane port injection method was proposed, in which the gaseous fuel was injected into the inlet duct very close to the intake valves, in order to obtain a stratified-like air–fuel mixture up to the end of the compression stroke. For comparison purposes, a homogeneous-like air–fuel mixture was obtained injecting methane more upstream the intake line. Combining the different positions of the methane injector and the three possible bulk flow structures, seven different engine inlet setup were tested. In this way, it was possible to evaluate the effects on dual fuel combustion due to the interaction between methane injector position and charge bulk motion. In addition, methane injection pressure and diesel pilot injection parameters were varied setting the engine at two operating conditions.For some interesting low load tests, the combustion development was studied more in detail by means of direct observation of the process, using an in-cylinder endoscope and a digital CCD camera. Each combustion image was post-processed by a dedicated software, in order to extract only those portions with flame presence and to calculate an average luminance value over the whole frame. These luminance values, chosen as indicators of the combustion intensity, were represented over crank angle position and, then, an analysis of the resulting curves was performed.Results showed that the charge bulk motion associated to the swirl port, improving the charge mixing of the diesel spray and the propagation of the turbulent flame fronts, is capable to enhance the oxidation of air–methane mixture, both at low and high engine loads. Furthermore, at low loads, the analysis of combustion images and luminance curves showed that methane port injection can significantly affect the intensity and the spreading of the flame during dual fuel combustion, especially when a suitable in-cylinder bulk motion is obtained.Concerning the engine emissions, some correlations with what observed during the analysis of the combustion development were found. Furthermore, it was revealed that, for several combinations of the engine operating parameters, methane port injection was always associated to the lowest emission levels, demonstrating that this methane supply method is a very effective strategy to reduce unburned hydrocarbons and nitric oxides concentrations, especially when implemented with variable intake geometry systems.     

柴油机低温火焰预混合燃烧的试验研究

柴油机实现低温火焰预混合燃烧,可降低最高燃烧压力,抑制火焰传播速度,有效地减少NOx的排放.本文通过在1135型柴油机中采用适当减少压缩比、提高喷油速率、相应推迟喷油定时、用少量燃油预喷射及乳化柴油等技术,进行了降低气缸平均燃烧温度的比较试验,获得了NOx和碳烟排放明显降低和燃油耗率得到改善的效果.     

Flame structure of wall-impinging diesel fuel sprays injected by group-hole nozzles

This paper describes an investigation of the flame structure of wall-impinging diesel sprays injected by group-hole nozzles in a constant-volume combustion vessel at experimental conditions typical of a diesel engine. The particular emphasis was on the effect of the included angle between two orifices (0-15 deg. in current study) on the flame structure and combustion characteristics under various simulated engine load conditions. The laser absorption scattering (LAS) technique was applied to analyze the spray and mixture properties. Direct flame imaging and OH chemiluminescence imaging were utilized to quantify the ignition delay, flame geometrical parameters, and OH chemiluminescence intensity. The images show that the asymmetric flame structure emerges in wall-impinging group-hole nozzle sprays as larger included angle and higher engine load conditions are applied, which is consistent with the spray shape observed by LAS. Compared to the base nozzle, group-hole nozzles with large included angles yield higher overall OH chemiluminescence intensity, wider flame area, and greater proportion of high OH intensity, implying the better fuel/air mixing and improved combustion characteristics. The advantages of group-hole nozzle are more pronounced under high load conditions. Based on the results, the feasibility of group-hole nozzle for practical direct injection diesel engines is also discussed. It is concluded that the asymmetric flame structure of a group-hole nozzle spray is favorable to reduce soot formation over wide engine loads. However, the hole configuration of the group-hole nozzle should be carefully considered so as to achieve proper air utilization in the combustion chamber. Stoichiometric diesel combustion is another promising application of group-hole nozzle.