天津MGL型感绿医用X线胶片

1前言 医用 X线胶片作为医疗诊断用的重要信息记录材料,自 20世纪初至今,始终是医学影像诊断的重要手段,被医疗卫生界所广泛应用。 医用 X线胶片主要有与常规钨酸钙增感屏组合使用的感蓝医用 X线胶片和与发射绿光的稀土增感屏组合使用的感绿医用 X线胶片两大系列。 天津牌感蓝医用 X线胶片已有四十多年的生产历史。产品主要性能基本达到国外同类产品水平,成为国内深受用户欢迎的知名产品。面对国外感绿医用 X线胶片于 90年代初开始在我国推广并取得成功的形势,为了满足我国医疗卫生界对感绿医用 X线胶片的需求,天津远大感光材料…     

感绿医用X线胶片及增感屏

1　感绿医用Ｘ线胶片是医用Ｘ线胶片的一种新型产品医用Ｘ线胶片的生产和应用经历了若干重要的发展阶段 ,而其中最为重大的技术进步就是由常规感蓝医用Ｘ线胶片发展为新型的感绿医用Ｘ线胶片。感蓝医用Ｘ线胶片与常规钨酸钙增感屏组成屏 /片系统自二十世纪初开始在医疗卫生界得到广泛推广应用 ,成为医学影像诊断的重要手段 ,为医疗卫生事业的发展作出了重要贡献。随着优质聚酯片基取代三醋酸片基应用于医用Ｘ线胶片生产 ,以及高温快速自动冲洗加工技术的推广应用 ,更进一步促进了医用Ｘ线胶片的发展。近一个世纪以来 ,医用Ｘ线胶片已发展成…     

我国医用X线胶片的前景探讨

随着直接数字射线照相DDR、计算机射线照相CR、成像版IP等新成像技术在医学成像界的逐步推广应用,传统的X线胶片,包括各种感兰片、感绿片、CT片等的市场已逐步被这些新成像系统产品所占据,在我国的大城市,有些医院（如上海瑞金医院）已经把X线成像的相关工作,包括：照相、诊断、交流、存档、检索、教学、研究全部数字化,不使用胶片了;尽管如此,由于我国广大农村人口卫生保健全面改善的实际需要和支付水平,以及传统医用X线胶片和成像设备的较低价格,胶片仍然还在广泛使用,因此我国最近几年的医用X线胶片的消费量还是在逐步增长,而且预计今后还要继续增长。本文以海关的进出口数据和对医院就诊人数的统计,进行全面分析说明这个问题。     

胸部X线摄影的技术现状

本文简明扼要地综述了胸部X摄影技术近些年来研究开发的一些新成果，阐述其所能达到的诊断水平和优缺点，包括：非对称性医用X线胶片的屏-片组合系统、多束均锋X线摄影、各种荧光存贮X线摄影系统等。     

用感光仪绿色施照光测定感绿医用X线胶片时感光度的计算

本文阐明了用特定光谱可见光对感绿医用X线胶片进行感光测定时 ,以能量纯物理绝对单位焦耳 /平方米为单位计量曝光量的计算方法和依据 ,以求取感光度。     

感绿X线胶片稀土增感屏生产工艺和发光机理探讨

感绿（正色性）医用x线胶片与稀土元素增感屏配合可显示出极大的优越性：显著地减少x线剂量，提高影像质量，降低生产成本等等．本文扼要地介绍了发射绿光的稀土元素增感屏生产工艺，并在稀土元素原子的电子结构基础上，简明地阐述了稀土元素增感屏的荧光发光机理．     

感绿医用X线胶片感光度测定时施照光光谱成分探讨

新颁布的测定医用X线胶片感光度的国际标准规定 ,用X -射线作为感光测定曝光时的光源 ,此法精确 ,但所需设备复杂 ,操作耗时。因此 ,在日常的检测工作中 ,采用特定的可见光代替X射线作为感光测定时曝光的施照光 ,是实际而合理的方法。本文介绍一组绿色可见光 ,可适用于测定感绿医用X线胶片的感光度。     

用感光仪绿色施照测定感绿医用X线胶片时感光度的计算

本文阐明了用特定谱可见光对感绿医用Ｘ线胶片进行感光测定时，以能量线物理绝对单位焦耳／平方米为单位计量曝光量的计算方法和依据，以求取感光度。     

感绿医用X线胶片感光度测定时施照光光度谱成分探讨

新颁布的测定医用Ｘ线胶片感光度的国际标准规定,用Ｘ－射线作为感光测定曝光时的光源,此法精确,但所需设备复杂,操作耗时。因此,在日常的检测工作中,采用特定的可见光代替Ｘ线射线为感光测定时曝光的施照光,是实施而合理的方法,本文介绍一组绿色可见光,可适用于测定感绿医用Ｘ线胶片的感光度。     

医用S/F系统感绿胶片技术动态

感绿胶片／稀土增感屏系统可大大降低射线剂量。这主要是由于稀土增感屏比钨酸钙增感屏有较高的Ｘ线吸收效率及转换为可见光的效率。感绿的屏／片体系显示了细微的影像颗粒，具有较高的解像力。这主要是由于感绿片采用了Ｔ颗粒技术及抗交迭效应技术，提高了乳剂对荧光的吸收，同时防止交迭光的散射危害。     

用X射线对医用X线胶片进行感光测定时曝光条件的探讨

经过十四年的努力，国际标准化组织新近颁布了ISO9236－l：摄影术一医学放射照相屏片系统感光测定学一第一部分：感光测定曲线，感光度和平均斜率的测定，意在建议P成员采纳贯彻该标准。本文简述了该标准中的最棘手部分：X射线曝光条件，且加以了讨论。     

Optimising automatic exposure control in computed radiography and the impact on patient dose

Automatic exposure controls (AECs) used with computed radiography (CR) equipment need to be set for a constant signal level in the resultant images. The response varies with the energy of the X-ray beam in a different way from conventional film screen combinations. Dose to the imaging receptor has been employed in adjustment of the AECs for varying exposure conditions for CR systems installed in hospitals in the west of Scotland. However, other parameters could potentially be applied. In this study, three quantities have been investigated for use in setting the AEC function: the exposure indicator defined by the CR manufacturer, dose to the image receptor and image noise. Experiences gained in setting up the systems are described and results of a patient dose survey are reported.     

The influence of organophilic clay on field electron emission uniformity and lifetime of screen printed carbon nanotube film

The effect of adding clay, modified by a silane coupling agent, into the carbon nanotube (CNT) paste on the field electron emission and a lifetime of screen printed CNT film was studied. The composition of organophilic clay and CNTs was characterized by a combination of X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy. The incorporation of clay improved the dispersivity, adhesiveness, and conductive networking of paste, therewith enhancing the field emission's uniformity and stability. The improvement of this gas barrier on the CNT film by clay loading prevents emission degradation.     

Investigation on sol–gel boehmite-AlOOH films on Kapton and their erosion resistance to atomic oxygen

To improve the atomic oxygen (AO) erosion resistance of Kapton, boehmite-AlOOH films were deposited on it by sol–gel method and AO exposure experiments were performed in a ground-based AO simulator. The results indicate that the AlOOH-coated samples show an improved AO resistance and their erosion yield is one order of magnitude less than that of pristine Kapton. Furthermore, the AlOOH-coated Kapton remained optically stable under AO exposure. The AlOOH film structure before and after AO exposure was analyzed by scanning electronic microscope, atomic force microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. It was found that after AO exposure, the film structure tends to transfer from an octahedral coordination for AlOOH to an octahedral and tetrahedral mixed-coordination for γ-Al₂O₃. This implies that a more stable γ-Al₂O₃ structure could be formed in AlOOH film during AO exposure. The AO erosion mechanism of the coated Kapton was discussed.     

Some aspects on radiation protection in conventional and digital radiology in Romania

Since 1965, medical radiation exposure in the population of Romania has been evaluated by the Network of Radiation Hygiene Laboratories of the Ministry of Public Health, including 23 laboratories throughout the whole country; the network is co-ordinated by the Institute of Public Health Bucharest. In Romania, for a population of 22.5 million inhabitants, 465 X-ray examinations were reported during the last survey, the most frequent being chest examination. There was no specific reference to digital radiology. Digital radiology has been introduced only recently in Romania, and only some rough data on the situation can be presented. Siemens AG is now present in Romania with 23 installations, type SIEREGRAPH CF and AXIOM ICONOS. A digital image intensifier technique is used only for fluoroscopy, and radiography is performed using a conventional film/screen combination. The company Philips has nine installations for angiography, model INTEGRIS, and uses a computed radiography technique. Several direct digital radiography MULTISYSTEM SWISSRAY installations (about 40 units) are also available for adult and paediatric examinations. The Council Directive 97/43/EURATOM on health protection of individuals against dangers of ionising radiation in relation to medical exposure was fully transformed into Romanian legislation in 2002.     

Deposition of amorphous CN(x) materials in BrCN plasmas: exploring adhesion behavior as an indicator of film properties

Adhesion and delamination behavior of amorphous carbon nitride (a-CN(x)) is critical to development of wear resistant materials and protective coatings. Here, the composition and delamination behavior of a-CN(x) films was explored utilizing BrCN, CH?CN, and CH? as film precursors, either alone or in combination with one another. Film delamination depends on film thickness and plasma composition as well as post deposition treatment conditions. Delamination is not observed with films deposited from 100% CH?CN discharges, whereas films of similar thickness deposited from 100% BrCN plasmas delaminate almost immediately upon exposure to atmosphere. Exploration of these differences in delamination behavior is discussed relative to contributions of humidity, hydrocarbon species, and ion bombardment during deposition in conjunction with compositional studies using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS).     

Nanostructured ZnFe2O4 thick film as room temperature liquefied petroleum gas sensor

In the present work, thick film of nanostructured zinc ferrite was prepared by screen printing method and its liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) sensing properties were investigated. The structural and surface morphological characterisations of the sample were analysed by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The minimum crystallite size of ZnFe₂O₄ calculated from Scherrer's formula is found to be 4 nm. SEM images exhibit the porous nature of the sensing material with a number of active sites. Optical characterisation of the film was carried out by ultraviolet–visible spectrophotometer. The estimated value of band gap of the film was found 1.91 eV. The LPG sensing properties of the zinc ferrite film were investigated at room temperature for different vol.% of LPG. The variations in electrical resistance of the film were measured with the exposure of LPG as a function of time. The maximum values of sensitivity and percentage sensor response were found 16 and 1785, respectively, for 5 vol.% of LPG. These experimental results show that nanostructured zinc ferrite is a promising material for LPG sensor.     

Improved Contact X-Ray Microradiographic Method to Measure Mineral Density of Hard Dental Tissues

Contact X-ray microradiography is the current gold standard for measuring mineral densities of partially demineralized tooth specimens. The X-ray sensitive film specified in the last J Res NIST publication on the subject is no longer commercially available. OBJECTIVES: Develop a new microradiographic method by identifying a commercially available film with greater than 3000 lines per millimeter resolution, which is sensitive to X rays, and develop correct film processing for X-ray microradiographic application. METHODS: A holographic film was identified as a potential replacement film. Proper exposure was determined utilizing a thick nickel plate to create test-strips. Film development was bracketed around manufacturer suggestions. Film linearity was determined with aluminum step-wedges. Microradiographs of 100 μm thick tooth sections, before and after acidic challenges, were a final test for film. Magnified images were captured with a digital microscope camera with 0.305 micrometers per pixel resolution. RESULTS: The appropriate film exposure was 30 minutes at 80 kV(p) and 3 mA with a development time of 2 minutes. Step-wedge experiments show the system to be linear in terms of pixel intensities with respect to x-ray attenuation for normalized pixel intensity values that are 10% to 90% of full scale (r(2) = 0.997) which encompasses the full exposure region of tooth tissue. Enamel sections were analyzed and show distinctive differences between erosion and demineralization. The image capture device resolution of 0.305 micrometers per pixel limits the system resolution. CONCLUSION: Use of the identified holographic film when combined with the described processing modifications has resulted in an improved X-ray microradiographic method for the measurement of mineral density of dental hard tissues. The method described can be further improved by using a higher resolution digitization system. The method is appropriate for quantitatively measuring changes in mineral density and erosion.     

拍摄电视影像的技巧

拍摄电视影像就是从电视机的屏幕上,直接把正在放映的画面影像拍摄下来。本文从快门选择、光圈控制、曝光控制、调焦方法、胶卷使用和环境处理等方面介绍了拍摄电视影像的注意事项。