一种4.5%Re单晶镍基合金的中温蠕变行为

通过对合金进行不同温度的固溶处理、蠕变曲线测定及组织形貌观察,研究了热处理工艺对4.5%Re镍基单晶合金中温蠕变行为的影响。结果表明:提高合金的固溶温度,可降低合金中元素的偏析程度,提高合金的蠕变性能。完全热处理后单晶镍基合金的组织结构由立方γ’相以共格方式嵌镶在γ基体所组成,在760℃/800 MPa条件下的蠕变期间,合金中γ’相不形成筏状组织,但在近断口区域,立方γ’相的扭曲程度增加。在施加的温度和应力条件下,合金具有良好的蠕变抗力和较长的蠕变寿命。合金在蠕变期间的变形特征是位错在基体中运动和剪切γ’相,其中,切入γ’相的<110>超位错可由{111}面交滑移到{100}面,形成K-W锁,而切过γ’相的<110>超位错在{111}面可发生分解,形成(1/3)<112>超肖可莱不全位错+层错的位错组态,阻碍位错运动和抑制位错的交滑移,是使合金具有良好蠕变抗力的主要原因。     

元素Re对镍基单晶合金中温蠕变行为的影响

通过对有/无元素Re合金进行蠕变曲线测定及组织形貌观察,研究了元素Re对镍基单晶合金中温蠕变行为的影响。结果表明:与无Re合金相比,4.5%Re合金在中温/高应力条件下具有良好的蠕变抗力。蠕变期间无Re合金中的#’相转变成串状,而4.5Re合金中的#’相仍保持立方体形貌,有/无元素Re合金在中温蠕变期间的变形机制均为<110>超位错剪切#’相,切入#’相的超位错可在{111}面滑移,或在{111}面分解形成{112}超肖克莱不全位错+(SISF)的位错组态,抑制其交滑移;其中,4.5%Re合金中切入#’相的<110>超位错可由{111}面交滑移至(100)面,形成K-W锁,是使合金具有良好蠕变抗力的重要原因之一。     

一种无铼二代镍基单晶高温合金蠕变机制研究

通过对一种镍基单晶合金中温高应力条件下的蠕变曲线的测定和微观组织及断裂后合金中位错组态的衍衬分析,研究中温高应力条件下单晶合金的组织演化及变形特征。结果表明:在中温高应力条件下,该合金的蠕变激活能Q为(462±20)kJ/mol,表观应力指数na=4.34。表明在试验温度和应力范围内,合金具有较好的蠕变抗力。位错组态衍衬分析表明,蠕变期间切入相内的<110>超位错既可在{100}立方体滑移系中运动,也可在{111}八面体滑移系中运动;位错在运动中相遇发生位错反应,形成的超位错可交滑移至{100}立方体滑移面。位于2个不同{100}六面体滑移面的位错在运动中相遇,可发生位错反应,生成的位错可在{111}八面体滑移系中运动。     

6%Re/5%Ru单晶镍基合金的超高温蠕变行为和影响因素EI北大核心CSCD

通过对6%Re/5%Ru单晶镍基合金(质量分数)进行蠕变性能测试和组织观察,研究了合金的超高温蠕变行为和影响因素。结果表明:测定出合金在(1160℃,120 MPa)的蠕变寿命为206 h。中期稳态阶段,位错在基体中滑移和攀移越过γ′相是合金的变形特征,γ基体中溶解的难熔元素可增加位错在基体中运动的阻力。超高温蠕变期间,随温度提高γ′相发生溶解,可减小筏状γ′相的尺寸,提高位错攀移越过γ′相的速率,特别是当温度大于1170℃时,合金的施加温度敏感性使筏状γ′相的尺寸减小,应变速率提高,这是合金蠕变寿命大幅度降低的主要原因。蠕变后期,基体位错可在位错网破损处切入γ′相,其中,切入γ′相的位错可由{111}面交滑移至{100}面形成K−W锁,抑制位错的滑移和交滑移,可改善合金的蠕变抗力。而在颈缩区域较大的有效应力可开动位错的双取向滑移,致使筏状γ′相扭折,并在扭折区域发生裂纹的萌生和扩展,直至断裂,这是合金在超高温蠕变期间的变形和损伤机制。     

固溶温度对单晶镍基合金成分偏析和蠕变行为的影响

通过对不同温度固溶处理合金枝晶干/间区域进行成分分析、蠕变性能测试及组织形貌观察,研究固溶温度对一种无Re单晶镍基合金成分偏析和蠕变行为的影响。结果表明:经不同温度固溶处理后,合金中枝晶干/间区域具有不同的偏析程度,随固溶温度提高,元素偏析程度降低,可明显提高合金的蠕变抗力和延长蠕变寿命。800℃蠕变期间,合金中γ′相仅形成串状结构,未形成完全筏状组织。合金在中温蠕变期间的变形机制是位错在基体中滑移和剪切γ′相,其中,在基体中发生大量位错的单取向、双取向滑移,可产生形变硬化作用,阻碍位错运动,加之γ′/γ两相共格界面的应力场作用,可抑制位错剪切进入γ′相,是使合金在稳态蠕变期间保持较低应变速率的主要原因。     

FGH95粉末镍基合金蠕变期间位错网的形成与分析

采用TEM观察和衍衬分析研究了FGH95粉末镍基合金蠕变期间的位错组态.结果表明,蠕变初期,1/2〈110〉位错在γ基体{111}晶面开动,使位错不断增殖.蠕变稳态阶段,2组不同Burgers矢量的位错可能滑移至同一晶面并相遇,反应后形成六角位错网络,或在不同滑移晶面相交.形成具有四边形特征的位错网络.位错网的形成可降低位错可动性并抑制位错交滑移,提高合金蠕变抗力.蠕变后期变形特征是形变位错在γ/γ′界面位错网损坏处切入γ′相,切入γ′相的位错可发生分解,形成不全位错和层错的位错组态.     

FGH95粉末镍基合金组织结构对蠕变机制的影响

通过对热等静压态FGH95合金进行完全热处理、组织形貌观察、点阵常数测定和蠕变曲线测定,研究了FGH95镍基合金的组织结构和蠕变机制.结果表明:合金经热等静压成型后,粗大γ′相沿原始颗粒边界不连续分布,经高温固溶和时效处理后,晶粒尺寸无明显变化,粗大γ′相数量减少,且细小γ′相和MC碳化物在合金中弥散析出,可提高合金蠕变抗力,同时由于γ′相形成元素A1、Ti溶入基体,经XRD谱线测定,γ′相的平均点阵常数减小,而γ体相平均点阵常数增加,致使γ/γ′两相晶格错配度减小;在实验温度和应力范围内,测得合金的蠕变激活能为630.4 kJ/mol.在蠕变期间,FGH95合金的蠕变机制是位错在基体中运动或剪切γ′相,其中,蠕变位错以Orowan机制绕过γ′相,而＜110＞超位错切过y′相发生分解形成(1/3)＜112＞超肖可莱不全位错+层错的位错组态.     

镍基单晶高温合金中温稳态蠕变期间的变形机制

通过蠕变性能测试、组织形貌观察及位错组态的衍射衬度分析,研究了镍基单晶高温合金在中温/高应力稳态蠕变期间的变形机制.结果表明,在760℃,760 MPa和800℃,650 MPa蠕变期间,剪切g′相的位错可发生分解,分解后领先的a/3112超点阵Shockley不全位错切入g′相,拖曳的a/6112Shockley不全位错滞留在g′/g相界面,2个不全位错之间形成超点阵内禀堆垛层错(SISF);此外,剪切进入g′相的超点阵位错可由{111}面交滑移至{100}面,形成具有非平面位错芯结构的K-W锁,可抑制位错的滑移和交滑移,提高合金的蠕变抗力.在850℃,500 MPa蠕变期间,合金中的层错消失,部分剪切进入筏状g′相的a110超点阵位错可分解形成"2个a/2110不全位错加反相畴界(APB)"的组态,而合金中K-W锁的消失是由高温热激活致使立方体滑移的位错重新交滑移至八面体所致.     

PLASTIC DEFORMATION AND DISLOCATION STRUCTURE IN γ'-PHASE OF A DIRECTIONALLY SOLIDIFIED Ni-BASE SUPERALLOY

本文利用透射电镜观察了定向凝固高温合金DS Rene80在拉伸及蠕变时的位错亚结构。试验结果表明:在低于760℃拉伸时,切割γ′粒子的是在{111}面上夹有APB的(1/2)〈110〉位错对。在不低于760℃拉伸时,切割γ′粒子的是在{111}面上夹有超点阵内禀层错(SISF)γ(1/3)〈112〉不全位错;这些不全位错在大应力的作用下于{111}面上将分解为一根(1/2)〈110〉螺位错和一根(1/6)〈112〉刃位错,并在其间夹有一个APB。在760℃,618MPa条件下蠕变时,切割γ′粒子的是在{111}面上夹有SISF的(1/3)〈112〉不全位错;这些不全位错此时不分解。与此同时,亦有(1/2)〈110〉位错对切割γ粒子。在980℃,190MPa条件下蠕变时,则无γ′粒子被切割的现象。在760℃,618MPa及980℃,190MPa条件下蠕变至第二阶段时,在γ/γ′界面上都形成了二维位错网络墙,墙上位错的攀移是合金形变的控制因素。第二阶段蠕变速率(ε)与立方γ′粒子的尺寸(α)和体积分数(V_f)的关系符合ε∝α/V_f~(2/3)     

定向凝固镍基高温合金的塑性变形与γ′相中的位错结构

本文利用透射电镜观察了定向凝固高温合金DS Rene80在拉伸及蠕变时的位错亚结构。试验结果表明:在低于760℃拉伸时,切割γ′粒子的是在{111}面上夹有APB的(1/2)〈110〉位错对。在不低于760℃拉伸时,切割γ′粒子的是在{111}面上夹有超点阵内禀层错(SISF)γ(1/3)〈112〉不全位错;这些不全位错在大应力的作用下于{111}面上将分解为一根(1/2)〈110〉螺位错和一根(1/6)〈112〉刃位错,并在其间夹有一个APB。在760℃,618MPa条件下蠕变时,切割γ′粒子的是在{111}面上夹有SISF的(1/3)〈112〉不全位错;这些不全位错此时不分解。与此同时,亦有(1/2)〈110〉位错对切割γ粒子。在980℃,190MPa条件下蠕变时,则无γ′粒子被切割的现象。在760℃,618MPa及980℃,190MPa条件下蠕变至第二阶段时,在γ/γ′界面上都形成了二维位错网络墙,墙上位错的攀移是合金形变的控制因素。第二阶段蠕变速率(ε)与立方γ′粒子的尺寸(α)和体积分数(V_f)的关系符合ε∝α/V_f~(2/3)     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.