基于数值模拟的大长径比筒形件正挤压成形工艺研究

基于DEFORM-3D数值模拟软件,以某深孔汽缸为研究对象,建立了大长径比筒形件正挤压成形的有限元仿真模型,研究入模角α、凹模圆角r、定径带长度h、挤压速度v等工艺参数对金属塑性变形的影响;以挤压力峰值Lmax、坯料损伤峰值Dmax和凹模磨损量W为优化目标,进行正交试验方案设计,分析各工艺参数对优化目标的影响规律,获得较合理的工艺参数组合。研究结果表明,当入模角α=90°、凹模圆角r=3 mm、定径带长度h=20 mm、挤压速度v=10 mm/s时,可有效降低挤压力峰值和凹模磨损量,保证了零件的成形质量与模具的使用寿命。     

工艺参数对分流宽展挤压空心镁合金壁板挤压力的影响

通过有限元法对大型镁合金空心壁板的挤压过程进行了仿真,获得了挤压成形过程中的挤压力,研究了不同模具结构和工艺参数的挤压力-行程曲线。结果表明,挤压载荷在到达峰值之前有三个阶段,分别对应于分流、宽展和挤出过程;挤压比λ、挤压速度v、初始坯料温度T_0、通道转角角度α和焊合腔纵向深度d对挤压载荷的影响显著性顺序为:λvT_0αd。根据挤压力峰值确定的合理工艺参数范围为:λ≤14,α=145°～155°,d≤240mm,T0≥440℃,v5 mm/s。     

GH690合金大型管材挤压成形参数优化

难变形合金GH690大型管材挤压过程中,坯料温度的分布、大小对成形管材组织有着重要影响.基于DEFORM-2D软件,以(φ)420 mm×60 mm的难变形GH690合金管材穿孔针挤压为研究对象,建立了可靠、适用的GH690合金大型管材挤压过程的温度有限元模型.模拟研究揭示了GH690合金大型管材挤压过程中坯料金属温度分布规律和坯料初始温度、挤压速度对其影响的规律.结果能为GH690合金大型管材挤压工艺优化设计与精细化控制提供重要的参考.     

GH690大型管材挤压损伤模拟研究

难变形合金GH690大型管材挤压过程中,坯料金属损伤的分布、大小对于成形管材表层质量有着重要的影响,尤其影响到成形管材的耐酸碱腐蚀速率.因此,基于DEFORM-2D平台,建立了可靠、适用的GH690合金大型管材(φ420 mm×60 mm)挤压过程的损伤预测有限元模型.模拟研究揭示了GH690合金大型管材挤压过程中坯料金属损伤分布规律和挤压比、模角对其影响的规律.该结果将为GH690合金大型管材挤压工艺优化设计与精细化控制提供重要的指导依据.     

304不锈钢大型管材挤压工艺虚拟正交优化

基于DEFORM-2D有限元模拟与正交试验,以降低挤压力峰值、提高模口处坯料变形均匀性为优化目标,对304不锈钢大型管材((Φ)600 mm×420～3600 mm)挤压成形过程进行了优化.当模角θ=35°、挤压速度v=200mm/s、挤压温度T=1200℃时,挤压力峰值最小;当θ=35°、v=l00mm/s、T=1050℃时,等效应变均方差最小.     

核电Inconel 690管材挤压模拟与实验研究

根据Inconel 690合金热加工图,用数值模拟方法确定了Inconel 690合金管材挤压的加热温度T=1200℃和应变速率及与之相应的挤压速度V=80 mm·s-1.依据核电装备对Inconel 690合金管材组织和力学性能方面的技术要求,通过对棒材进行挤压和固溶处理以及拉伸实验,确定了适合的挤压比为6和10.考虑到液压机最大压力为3000 kN,选取挤压比8,经数值模拟得出最大挤压力为2360 kN,符合液压机最大压力条件.     

Inconel625大型厚壁管挤压损伤行为仿真

Inconel625难变形合金大型厚壁管挤压成形过程损伤演变行为,是避免挤压管内外表面裂纹缺陷的重要研究内容。通过建立的基于耦合CL韧性断裂准则的Inconel625合金大型厚壁管挤压有限元模型,模拟揭示了关键挤压参数坯料初始温度、挤压速度、挤压比、摩擦和凹模半角对挤压过程中损伤的影响规律。结果表明,随着坯料初始温度、挤压速度和挤压比的增大,管材表面最大损伤值减小,可有效防止裂纹缺陷产生;而摩擦和凹模半角的增大,则会增大管材表面产生损伤的趋势,不利于获得无损伤的优质管材。     

304不锈钢管材挤压金属损伤规律仿真研究

在304不锈钢管材挤压成形中,合理、有效调节挤压速度,进而降低坯料金属损伤对于提高管材表面质量和抗应力腐蚀能力有极为重要意义.基于DEFORM-2D软件,研究了φ40 mm×6 mm规格304不锈钢管材挤压过程中坯料金属损伤的分布规律和挤压速度影响规律.结果表明,坯料损伤较大值主要集中在成形管材外侧,厚度约1.3mm;随着挤压速度增大,坯料损伤较大值厚度保持不变,坯料金属损伤峰值不断下降;当挤压速度大于150mm/s之后,坯料金属损伤峰值下降明显减慢.     

基于虚拟正交试验的关节轴承工艺参数优化设计

以GEW12DEM1T关节轴承为研究对象,基于ABAQUS平台建立关节轴承挤压装配过程的有限元仿真模型。基于模拟仿真的虚拟正交试验选取模具半径R1,R2,收口半径Ra,定径带长度h,挤压速度v等重要成形参数,以内外圈最大接触压力Fmax、挤压力峰值Lmax、内外圈最大间隙与最小间隙之差Mmax、轴承端部金属流速均方差SDV为衡量指标。结果表明,影响Fmax,Lmax,Mmax,SDV的因素主次顺序分别为RahR1R2v,RahvR1R2,RahvR1R2,vR2hRaR1;综合考虑轴承质量、挤压力等因素,获得了GEW12DEM1T自润滑关节轴承成形参数的合理取值范围R2=17mm~30mm,R1=4.5mm~5mm,h=6mm~6.3mm,v=20mm/s~40mm/s,Ra=13.9mm~14.2mm。实验验证结果表明,模拟及正交试验优化结果准确有效。     

基于FEM的INCONEL625难变形合金大型厚壁管挤压极限图研究

基于DEFORM-2D有限元平台,以INCONEL625难变形合金大型厚壁挤压管为研究对象,通过虚拟正交与回归分析,研究了工艺参数坯料预热温度(P)、模具预热温度(M)、挤压速度(V)、摩擦因子(F)、挤压比(λ)和模具几何结构参数凹模半角(β)、凹模圆角(R1,R2)、工作带长度(L)对该过程挤压力峰值和模口管材温度峰值的影响。结果表明,P,F,V,β,λ5个参数对挤压力峰值和模口管材温度峰值的影响较为显著;通过逐步回归法建立了挤压力峰值和模口管材温度峰值与上述5个主要参数之间的回归数学模型,并通过该回归数学模型以额定挤压力200 MN和模具出口管材最高温度1250℃为条件确定了5个主要参数的合理取值范围:F=0.01~0.02;V=100~200 mm/s;P=1000~1250℃;β=35°~50°;λ=4.5~7;在此基础上,建立了多个影响显著参数下的INCONEL625难变形合金大型厚壁管挤压极限图,并阐明了该挤压极限图的制作原理和应用。经验证,该挤压极限图是可行的。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。