活性炭再生技术的研究进展

活性炭具有很大的比表面积,可控的孔径结构,热稳定性和较低的酸碱反应性,能够作为有效的吸附剂来去除水相和气相环境中的各种有机和无机污染物质,得到越来越多的关注。但是活性炭应用的最大的障碍是吸附剂的高成本和活性炭的再生比较难。这促使了活性炭的再生的方法发展,来满足活性炭的再生吸附过程和它的经济可行性。对于活性炭再生技术进行概述,并且设计提出一种新型的活性炭再生技术。     

水中重金属离子吸附材料的研究现状与发展趋势

系统介绍了无机吸附材料（碳质类、矿物类、金属氧化物类）、有机高分子吸附材料（纤维素、壳聚糖、农林废弃物、离子交换树脂等）和复合型吸附材料（有机/有机型、无机/无机型、有机/无机型）等重金属离子吸附材料的物化特性和结构特点,对上述材料去除水体典型重金属离子的吸附容量、吸附机理、工程应用进展等进行了综述。阐述了纳米材料、离子选择性材料和可降解生物质材料等新型重金属离子吸附材料的研究现状及发展趋势。结果表明:开发价格低廉、吸附容量高、选择性高、可再生且环境友好的吸附材料是重金属离子吸附研究的重要方向;结合现代化检测技术和分析手段,探索吸附过程中吸附剂与重金属离子间相互作用的本质,对于拓展吸附机理和开发性能优良的吸附材料具有重要的理论和实际意义。     

臭氧/复合吸附深度处理饮用水试验研究

针对水中污染物的特性,从污染物极性角度考虑,将极性无机吸附剂——多孔性软陶粒与活性炭组成复合滤料,提出了臭氧/无机+有机吸附剂组合强化去除水中污染物的作用机制,开发了臭氧/复合吸附组合工艺,将臭氧氧化、滤料的物理、化学吸附技术有机结合,充分发挥了三者协同作用,对水中污染物具有去除效率高、效果稳定等特点.臭氧/复合吸附组合工艺在最佳工艺条件下,对经常规处理后的济南狼猫山水库水中的浊度、CODMn、UV254、NH3-N和NO2-1-N的去除率分别达到92.2%、87.7%、86.3%、88.6%和92.3%.     

硝基苯在两种吸附剂上的吸附特性研究

硝基苯作为持久性有机污染物,对自然水体的危害日益严重,研究硝基苯的去除方法至关重要。以碳纳米管和活性炭为吸附剂,对比研究了两种吸附剂对硝基苯的吸附动力学特性,并用多种模拟方程进行拟合。结果表明,碳纳米管和活性炭对硝基苯的吸附过程均经历了快速吸附期、减速吸附期、平衡吸附期这3个阶段;碳纳米管的吸附速率大于活性炭,而饱和吸附量却远小于活性炭;准二级速率方程和Langmuir吸附等温方程能较好地拟合试验数据,说明这两种吸附剂对硝基苯的吸附更接近于单分子层吸附。     

坡缕石、硅胶及活性炭吸附VOC气体特性研究

考察了水、乙醇和甲苯分别在坡缕石上的吸附/脱附性能,同时与硅胶和活性炭的吸附/脱附性能进行对比。结果表明,吸附剂的吸附/脱附性能主要取决于吸附剂的比表面积和孔道尺寸,极性吸附剂的吸附/脱附性能还受吸附剂和吸附质极性的影响。三种吸附剂对水的吸附性能依次为:活性炭硅胶坡缕石。三种吸附剂对乙醇和甲苯的吸附量大小依次为:硅胶活性炭坡缕石。三种吸附剂的脱附再生性能依次为:坡缕石硅胶活性炭,其中乙醇和甲苯两种极性较小的VOC分子相对于极性较大的水分子更容易从坡缕石和硅胶中脱附。     

吸附剂Tenax—TA和活性炭对空气中苯的吸附性能比较

分别采用吸附剂为Tenax-TA和活性炭的吸附管模拟现场采集室内环境空气,了解Tenax-TA和活性炭对空气中苯的吸附性能。当Tenax-TA吸附剂以0.5L/min的流量采集10L空气时,苯存在漏出现象。说明空气中苯的采集不宜用Tenax-TA吸附剂替代活性炭吸附剂。     

天然气液化厂站脱汞的探讨

分析了吸附脱汞和氧化型吸收剂的脱汞效果,吸附脱汞的吸附剂包括煤基活性炭、活性炭纤维、活性焦、钙基吸附剂、壳聚糖类吸附剂.介绍了天然气脱汞的国内外工程实例.     

载锆颗粒活性炭吸附去除水溶液中的硫酸根离子（英文）

制备负载氧化锆的颗粒活性炭(Zr-GAC),以吸附水溶液中的硫酸根离子。采用扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)和比表面积测定等方法对Zr-GAC进行表征。结果表明,Zr-GAC具有多孔的表面积,其上具有许多由氧化锆组成的团聚体。XPS分析证实,吸附剂表面存在大量的锆和羟基,氧化锆改性后的活性炭比表面积减小。采用间歇吸附实验研究了pH值对硫酸盐吸附的影响,在pH值小于10时,吸附效果较好。吸附等温线的模拟分析表明,Dubinin-Radushkevich(D-R)方程比Langmuir模型具有更好的拟合性,由D-R方程确定的在中性水溶液最大吸附量为70.14mg/g,远高于原GAC(8.9mg/g)。需要注意的是,D-R方程在测定溶液吸附的吸附能时可能存在问题,值得进一步研究。动力学研究表明,硫酸根在Zr-GAC上的吸附速度较快,并遵循准二级动力学方程。此外,温度的升高在一定程度上可能利于硫酸盐的吸附。Zr-GAC具有很好的吸附水溶液中硫酸根离子的潜力,特别是其吸附容量约为载锆生物炭吸附剂的两倍,pH值的适用范围更广。     

磁分离性Ni-ZnFe_2O_4/C纤维复合吸附剂材料的设计合成及性能研究

利用溶剂热法合成了镍锌铁氧体/碳Ni-ZnFe_2O_4/Cfiber(NZFCfiber)复合吸附剂材料,分别利用FTIR、XRD、SEM和VSM分析了样品的组成、结构和磁性能,利用样品对不同浓度亚甲基蓝(methylene blue,MB)水溶液的脱色实验研究了样品的吸附性能。结果表明,所得吸附剂吸附性能优良,同时具有典型的纤维结构,吸附过程符合准二级动力学模型(Quasi Second Order Kinetic Model,QSOKM),且为兰格缪尔单分子层吸附,样品的重复性能良好,且由于无机组分具有强的饱和磁化强度(Ms),因此复合材料具有良好的磁分离性,这也使得吸附剂材料可以方便地回收再利用。     

TiO2复合吸附剂去除三氯甲烷的试验研究

采用TiO2复合吸附剂进行了消毒副产物三氯甲烷的去除试验,考察了吸附时间、吸附剂用量、溶液pH等因素对试验的影响,并与活性炭吸附法进行了对比.结果表明,当三氯甲烷的浓度为100μg/L时,经TiO2复合吸附剂在一定条件下处理后,去除率达98%,高于或相当于颗粒活性炭吸附法的处理效果.     

Adsorption of basic dyes on granular activated carbon and natural zeolite

The adsorption of basic dyes from aqueous solution onto granular activated carbon and natural zeolite has been studied using an agitated batch adsorber. The influence of agitation, initial dye concentration and adsorbent mass has been studied. The parameters of Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherms have been determined using the adsorption data. Homogeneous diffusion model (solid diffusion) combined with external mass transfer resistance is proposed for the kinetic investigation. The dependence of solid diffusion coefficient on initial concentration and mass adsorbent is represented by the simple empirical equations.     

Mechanism of adsorption and electrosorption of bentazone on activated carbon cloth in aqueous solutions

An electrochemical technique has been applied to enhance the removal of a common herbicide (bentazone) from aqueous solutions using an activated carbon cloth as electrode. A pH increase from acidic to basic reduces the uptake, with capacities going from 127 down to 80 mg/g at pH 2 and 7, respectively. Increasing the oxygen content of the carbon cloth causes a decrease in the bentazone loading capacity at all pH values. This indicates that adsorption is governed by both dispersive and electrostatic interactions, the extent of which is controlled by the solution pH and the nature of the adsorbent. Anodic polarization of the carbon cloth noticeably enhances the adsorption of bentazone, to an extent depending on the current applied to the carbon electrode. The electrosorption is promoted by a local pH decrease provoked by anodic decomposition of water in the pores of the carbon cloth.     

Mineralisation of coloured aqueous solutions by ozonation in the presence of activated carbon

The degradation of organic matter in coloured solutions of different classes of dyes by ozonation in the presence of activated carbon is investigated. The kinetics of the decolourisation and mineralisation of three different dyes solutions (CI Acid Blue 113, CI Reactive Red 241 and CI Basic Red 14) were studied in a laboratory scale reactor by three different processes: adsorption on activated carbon, oxidation with ozone and ozonation in the presence of activated carbon. The mineralisation of the solutions was followed by measuring the total organic carbon (TOC). Under the experimental conditions used in this work, activated carbon was not capable of completely removing the colour of the solutions in reasonable time. On the other hand, ozonation quickly decolourised all the solutions, but satisfactory removal of TOC was never achieved by this process. The combination of activated carbon with ozone enhanced the decolourisation of the solutions and especially the mineralisation of the organic matter. Activated carbon acts both as an adsorbent and as a catalyst in the reaction of ozonation. The surface chemistry of the activated carbon is an important parameter; it was observed that basic samples improve TOC removal. The main conclusions of this work were validated by treating a real textile effluent collected after the conventional biological treatment.     

Adsorption studies using gas-liquid chromatography—II. Competitive adsorption

Gas-liquid chromatography with a flame ionization detector system using the direct injection of aqueous solutions was used to monitor the adsorption of selected organic compounds dissolved in water onto activated carbon.The effects of competitive adsorption in batch (agitated flask) and column (flow through packed bed) systems were investigated. The effects became more pronounced with increase in the number of solutes in solution. This emphasises the importance of the competitive adsorption effect on the performance of an activated carbon unit in water or wastewater treatment.     

Adsorption studies using gas-liquid chromatography—III. Experimental factors influencing adsorption

Gas-liquid chromatography with a flame ionization detector system using the direct injection of aqueous solutions was used to monitor the adsorption of selected organic compounds in water onto activated carbon.The effects of changes in experimental factors influencing adsorption were investigated using both batch (agitated flask) and column (flow through packed bed) systems; solution pH and concentration, carbon particle size, carbon bed depth and flow rate were all studied.The direct injection of aqueous solutions was observed to facilitate the direct analysis of pollutants in water, obviating the need for preliminary concentration or extraction steps.     

Adsorption studies using gas-liquid chromatography—IV. Adsorption from bisolute systems

Gas-liquid chromatography with a flame ionization detector system using the direct injection of aqueous solutions was used to monitor the adsorption of selected organic compounds dissolved in water onto activated carbon.

The effects of competitive adsorption in bisolute solution systems were investigated. In general, the higher molecular weight compound was more favourably adsorbed because of the higher affinity of the larger molecule to the carbon surface.     

The Effect Of A Passive Adsorption Sheet On Reducing Organic Pollutants In Indoor Air

The effect of a thin, passive, adsorbent sheet containing activated carbon on reducing the concentration of volatile organic compounds in indoor air is investigated. A mathematical model is established to describe the conditions in a hypothetical room containing building materials, furniture, an activated carbon sheet, etc. The results of the modelling show that the activated carbon sheet can reduce the concentration of the organic vapour in the room air by a factor of 1.6 – 200, depending on the resistances to mass transfm in the laminar gas film surrounding the activated carbon sheet and in the voids of the sheet. The maximum value 200 is a theoretical limit, if both the film and void resistances could be eliminated. Minimization of the film and void resistances is important to achieve high effect of the activated carbon sheet. This could be done by e.g. dividing a single sheet into several smaller pieces, hanging the sheets at some places where the airflow is relatively high, and making the sheets thin and loose. For some of the model parameters, estimated or assumed values were used in the calculations. Experimental work regarding sorption equilibria and mass transport properties of the species and materials involved is needed for more accurate results.     

Modeling high adsorption capacity and kinetics of organic macromolecules on super-powdered activated carbon

The capacity to adsorb natural organic matter (NOM) and polystyrene sulfonates (PSSs) on small particle-size activated carbon (super-powdered activated carbon, SPAC) is higher than that on larger particle-size activated carbon (powdered-activated carbon, PAC). Increased adsorption capacity is likely attributable to the larger external surface area because the NOM and PSS molecules do not completely penetrate the adsorbent particle; they preferentially adsorb near the outer surface of the particle. In this study, we propose a new isotherm equation, the Shell Adsorption Model (SAM), to explain the higher adsorption capacity on smaller adsorbent particles and to describe quantitatively adsorption isotherms of activated carbons of different particle sizes: PAC and SPAC. The SAM was verified with the experimental data of PSS adsorption kinetics as well as equilibrium. SAM successfully characterized PSS adsorption isotherm data for SPACs and PAC simultaneously with the same model parameters. When SAM was incorporated into an adsorption kinetic model, kinetic decay curves for PSSs adsorbing onto activated carbons of different particle sizes could be simultaneously described with a single kinetics parameter value. On the other hand, when SAM was not incorporated into such an adsorption kinetic model and instead isotherms were described by the Freundlich model, the kinetic decay curves were not well described. The success of the SAM further supports the adsorption mechanism of PSSs preferentially adsorbing near the outer surface of activated carbon particles.     

An overall isotherm for activated carbon adsorption of dissolved natural organic matter in water

Design and analysis of activated carbon processes in water treatment often requires the adsorption isotherm for dissolved natural organic matter (NOM). Of the isotherm models available, the Summers and Roberts (SR) equation, capable of describing the adsorbent dose effect with the fewest parameters, has been successfully used to normalize NOM isotherm data. In this study, we show that the adsorbent dose in the SR equation can be eliminated as an intermediate variable and the initial concentration effect on NOM adsorption is then described explicitly. Comparing with the original SR equation, the derived isotherm equation is in a form more amenable to analysis. To ensure that the prediction is physically attainable, we introduced the limiting adsorption capacity by taking the adsorbent pore volume and size exclusion into consideration. Subsequently, we develop a simple relationship that can be used to determine the minimum adsorbent usage required for any desirable level of treatment. By comparing with extensive isotherm data previously published by Li et al. [2003a. Polydisperse adsorbability composition of several natural and synthetic organic matrices. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 265(2), 265-275], we demonstrated that the isotherm equation derived herein yields predictions that agree with the much more complicated fictive component-ideal adsorbed solution theory (IAST)-based model for NOM from different sources and over a range of initial concentrations.