Iterative Group-Blind Multiuser Detection and Decoding With Signal Rank Estimation for Coded CDMA Systems

In this paper, a turbo receiver structure is proposed for the uplink of coded code-division multiple-access (CDMA) systems in the presence of unknown users. The proposed receiver consists of two stages following each other. The first stage performs soft interference cancellation and group-blind linear minimum mean square error (MMSE) filtering, and the second stage performs channel decoding. The proposed group-blind linear MMSE filter suppresses the residual multiple-access interference (MAI) from known users based on the spreading sequences and the channel characteristics of these users while suppressing the interference from other unknown users using a subspace-based blind method. The proposed receiver is suitable for suppressing intercell interference in heavily loaded CDMA systems. Since the knowledge of the number of unknown users is crucial for the proposed receiver structure, a novel estimator is also proposed to estimate the number of unknown users in the system by exploiting the statistical properties of the received signal. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed estimator can provide the number of unknown users with high accuracy; in addition, the proposed group-blind receiver integrated with the new estimator can significantly outperform the conventional turbo multiuser detector in the presence of unknown users.      

On the Equivalence of Turbo Multiuser Detector using MMSE with <Emphasis Type="Italic">A-Priori</Emphasis> Information and Soft Interference Cancellation Followed by MMSE Filtering

This letter derives a turbo multiuser detector with linear minimum mean squared error (MMSE) filtering using a-priori information in order to reduce the computational complexity. The equivalence of the turbo multiuser detector developed in this letter and the one based on soft interference cancellation followed by a linear MMSE filtering is established.     

Multi‐group linear turbo equalization with intercell interference cancellation for MC‐CDMA cellular systems

In this paper, we investigate multi‐group linear turbo equalization using single antenna interference cancellation (SAIC) techniques to mitigate the intercell interference for multi‐carrier code division multiple access (MC‐CDMA) cellular systems. It is important for the mobile station to mitigate the intercell interference as the performance of the users close to cell edge is mainly degraded by the intercell interference. The complexity of the proposed iterative detector and receiver is low as the one‐tap minimum mean square error (MMSE) equalizer is employed for mitigating the intracell interference, while a simple group interference canceller is used for suppressing the intercell interference. Simulation results show that the proposed iterative detector and receiver can mitigate the intercell interference effectively through iterations for both uncoded and coded signals. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

V-BLAST系统中采用发射功率分配的MMSE迭代软干扰抵消算法

作为一种软输入软输出的MIMO检测算法,MMSE迭代软干扰抵消算法在MIMO Turbo接收机中得到广泛的关注。为了进一步改善系统性能,采用链路自适应方案是很好的选择。该文给出变发射功率的MMSE迭代软干扰抵消算法,并采用了一种有效的发射功率分配方案,只需要很少的控制信令,就可以获得较大的误码率性能改善。通过没有信道编译码的链路仿真,在4发4收QPSK调制的V-BLAST系统中,如果误码率要求为BER=10-3,MMSE迭代软干扰抵消检测算法迭代次数为2时,采用推荐的发射功率分配方案比不采用发射功率分配方案的系统性能提高了约2dB,如果调制方式为16QAM,系统性能提高了约6dB。     

Combined MMSE interference suppression and turbo coding for acoherent DS-CDMA system

The performance of a turbo-coded code division multiaccess system with a minimum mean-square error (MMSE) receiver for interference suppression is analyzed on a Rayleigh fading channel. In order to accurately estimate the performance of the turbo coding, two improvements are proposed on the conventional union bounds: the information of the minimum distance of a particular turbo interleaver is used to modify the average weight spectra, and the tangential bound is extended to the Rayleigh fading channel. Theoretical results are derived based on the optimum tap weights of the MMSE receiver and maximum-likelihood decoding. Simulation results incorporating iterative decoding, RLS adaptation, and the effects of finite interleaving are also presented. The results show that in the majority of the scenarios that we are concerned with, the MMSE receiver with a rate-1/2 turbo code will outperform a rate-1/4 turbo code. They also show that, for a bit error rate lower than 10^-3, the capacity of the system is increased by using turbo codes over convolutional codes, even with small block sizes     

Iterative multiuser detection for coded CDMA signals in AWGN andfading channels

A new iterative receiver for joint detection and decoding of code division multiple access (CDMA) signals is presented. The new scheme is based on a combination of the minimum mean square error (MMSE) criterion and the turbo processing principle by Hagenauer (see Proc. Int. Symp. Turbo Codes and Related Topics, Brest, France, p.1-9, 1997). The complexity of the new scheme is of polynomial order in the number of users. The new scheme is applicable to two situations: (a) when the receiver is capable of decoding the signals from all users and (b) when the receiver is only capable of decoding the signals from a subset of users. In the first scenario, we establish that the proposed receiver achieves superior performance to the iterative soft interference cancellation technique under certain conditions. On the other hand, in the second scenario, we argue that the proposed receiver outperforms both the iterative soft interference canceler and the iterative maximum a posteriori (MAP) receiver because of its superior near-far resistance. For operation over fading channels, the estimation of the complex fading parameters for all users becomes an important ingredient in any multiuser detector. In our scheme, the soft information provided by the decoders is used to enhance this estimation process. Two iterative soft-input channel estimation algorithms are presented: the first is based on the MMSE criterion, and the second is a lower-complexity approximation of the first. The proposed multiuser detection algorithm(s) are suitable for both terrestrial and satellite applications of CDMA     

MMSE/PIC multiuser detection for DS/CDMA systems with inter- andintra-cell interference

This paper analyzes combinations of the linear minimum mean square error (MMSE) detector and a nonlinear parallel interference canceller (PIC) for multiuser code-division multiple-access (CDMA) detection. Both the case where all users' codes are known at the receiver and the case where only some codes are known are considered. An upper bound and an approximate formula for the error probability are derived and verified through simulation. It is shown that the combined MMSE/PIC detector can have a considerable performance gain over the MMSE. It is also shown that while the MMSE detector is sensitive to large code cross-correlation values, the combined MMSE/PIC detector is robust to code cross correlations. Finally, use of the MMSE/PIC detector for cellular systems with both inter- and intra-cell interference is considered     

A new symbol-alphabet-aware multi-user detection scheme

In this letter, a new multi-user detection scheme is proposed. It employs a novel nonlinear minimum mean square error (MMSE) estimator that exploits the knowledge of symbol alphabet to estimate the interfering signals. After cancelling the estimated interference, a conventional linear multi-user detector such as the MMSE detector or, simply, the matched-filter receiver (MFR) is then used to detect the desired user signal. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed detector significantly outperforms the conventional linear MMSE detector.     

Noncoherent MMSE interference suppression for DS-CDMA

A novel robust noncoherent receiver for minimum mean-squared error (MMSE) interference suppression for direct-sequence code-division multiple access (DS-CDMA) is proposed. The receiver consists of a linear MMSE filter and a decision-feedback differential detector (DF-DD). The performance of the proposed scheme is investigated analytically and by computer simulations. It is shown that the loss compared to coherent MMSE interference suppression is limited and can be made arbitrarily small by increasing the observation window used for calculation of the reference symbol of the DF-DD. Hence, the regarded noncoherent receiver is near-far resistant. For adjustment of the MMSE filter coefficients three noncoherent adaptive algorithms are proposed. In contrast to coherent adaptive algorithms, these noncoherent algorithms have the important advantage that they also converge if the channel phase is time-variant     

Performance analysis of coded space‐time adaptive detection in DS/CDMA systems over Rayleigh fading channels

In this paper, we study the use of channel coding in a direct‐sequence code‐division multiple‐access (DS‐CDMA) system that employs space‐time adaptive minimum‐mean square‐error (MMSE) interference suppression over Rayleigh fading channels. It is shown that the employment of adaptive antenna arrays at the receiver can assist in attenuating multiuser interference and at the same time speeds‐up the convergence rate of the adaptive receiver. In this work, we assess the accuracy of the theoretical results developed for the uncoded and convolutionally coded space‐time multiuser detector when applied to the adaptive case. It is found that the use of antenna arrays brings the receiver performance very close to its multiuser counterpart. Using performance error bounds, we show that a user‐capacity gain of approximately 200% can easily be achieved for the space‐time adaptive detector when used with a rate 1/2 convolutional code (CC) and a practical channel interleaver. This capacity gain is only 10% less than the gain achieved for the more complicated multiuser‐based receiver. Finally, we perform a comparison between convolutional and turbo coding where we find that the latter outperforms the former at all practical bit‐error rates (BER). Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Demodulation and code acquisition using decorrelator detectors forQS-CDMA

A linear detector for a quasisynchronous code-division multiple-access (QS-CDMA) cellular system is presented, which is designed according to a minimum mean-square error (MMSE) criterion. By using a time-averaged version of the interfering signal covariance matrix, it is shown that multiuser interference can be rejected without the need to estimate signal time-of-arrival. Furthermore, unlike previous MMSE receiver designs, estimation of the received signal covariance matrix is not required. An asymptotic form of the MMSE detector, corresponding to a decorrelator implemented using a projection operator, is also obtained. Bit-error rate (BER) results are presented which demonstrate the superiority of the MMSE receiver over the conventional matched-filter detector under strong near-far conditions. An analysis of the expected acquisition time T¯_ACQ is given for the decorrelator detector using a serial search scheme. The results obtained show that T¯_ACQ is far less for a code acquisition method using the decorrelator as opposed to a conventional matched filter     

An Adaptive MMOE-PIC Detector for Asynchronous DS-CDMA Communications

We propose a modified linear parallel interference cancelation (PIC) structure using the adaptive minimum mean output-energy (MMOE) algorithm for direct-sequence code-division multiple-access (DS-CDMA) systems. The complexity of the proposed receiver structure is shown to be linear in the number of users and hence, lower complexity than the centralized minimum mean-squared error (MMSE) multiuser detector. It is demonstrated that the proposed receiver structure can significantly reduce the long training period required by the standard adaptive MMOE receiver in near-far environments. Both numerical and theoretical results show that the proposed receiver performs close to the optimum MMSE receiver whereas the conventional adaptive MMOE detector suffers from high BER’s due to the imperfect filter coefficients. Also our results show a three fold increase in the number of users when the MMOE-PIC is used relative to the conventional MMOE receiver. Furthermore, the transient behavior of the proposed MMOE-PIC receiver due to abrupt changes in the interference level is examined. It is shown that the proposed adaptive receiver offers much faster self recovery, with less signal-to-interference ratio (SIR) degradation, than the standard MMOE in sever near-far scenarios.     

Turbo Receiver for Multicarrier Spread Spectrum Systems Employing Parity Bit Selected Spreading Sequences

In this paper a turbo receiver for multicarrier spread spectrum systems employing parity bit selected spreading code (MC-SS-PB) is proposed where detection and decoding are performed iteratively for each detected bit in the receiver. In MC-SS-PB systems, the parity bits generated by a linear block encoder are used to select a spreading code from a set of orthogonal spreading sequences. The selected spreading code is then used to spread the signals in all subcarriers. In the proposed receiver, soft information passes between the detector and the decoder on multiple iterations. Detection is performed by using the received signal in combination with the extrinsic likelihood provided by a soft input soft output decoder. The turbo receiver is further extended to a multiple user system where the multiple access interference is estimated in each iteration and subtracted out from the received signal. Simulations show a significant reduction in bit error rates when a turbo receiver is used in these systems.     

Blind adaptive multiuser detection

The decorrelating detector and the linear minimum mean-square error (MMSE) detector are known to be effective strategies to counter the presence of multiuser interference in code-division multiple-access channels; in particular, those multiuser detectors provide optimum near-far resistance. When training data sequences are available, the MMSE multiuser detector can be implemented adaptively without knowledge of signature waveforms or received amplitudes. This paper introduces an adaptive multiuser detector which converges (for any initialization) to the MMSE detector without requiring training sequences. This blind multiuser detector requires no more knowledge than does the conventional single-user receiver: the desired user's signature waveform and its timing. The proposed blind multiuser detector is made robust with respect to imprecise knowledge of the received signature waveform of the user of interest     

Iterative (turbo) soft interference cancellation and decoding forcoded CDMA

The presence of both multiple-access interference (MAI) and intersymbol interference (ISI) constitutes a major impediment to reliable communications in multipath code-division multiple-access (CDMA) channels. In this paper, an iterative receiver structure is proposed for decoding multiuser information data in a convolutionally coded asynchronous multipath DS-CDMA system. The receiver performs two successive soft-output decisions, achieved by a soft-input soft-output (SISO) multiuser detector and a bank of single-user SISO channel decoders, through an iterative process. At each iteration, extrinsic information is extracted from detection and decoding stages and is then used as a priori information in the next iteration, just as in turbo decoding. Given the multipath CDMA channel model, a direct implementation of a sliding-window SISO multiuser detector has a prohibitive computational complexity. A low-complexity SISO multiuser detector is developed based on a novel nonlinear interference suppression technique, which makes use of both soft interference cancellation and instantaneous linear minimum mean-square error filtering. The properties of such a nonlinear interference suppressor are examined, and an efficient recursive implementation is derived. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed low complexity iterative receiver structure for interference suppression and decoding offers significant performance gain over the traditional noniterative receiver structure. Moreover, at high signal-to-noise ratio, the detrimental effects of MAI and ISI in the channel can almost be completely overcome by iterative processing, and single-user performance can be approached     

Turbo Interference Mitigation in Layered Space-Time MIMO DS-CDMA Uplink with TTCM(Turbo Trellis Coded Modulation)

In this paper we propose the use of a turbo receiver for the uplink of a MIMO CDMA system employing layered space-time transmission. The proposed receiver consists of a low complexity layered space-time multi-user detector using minimum mean squared error (MMSE) filtering with a-priori information and a bank of MAP SISO decoders. Using the soft estimates from a bank of MAP decoders we obtain soft values of the interfering symbols. The SISO multiuser detector subtracts the vector of the interfering symbols from the incoming signal. The resulting vector is then filtered by an adaptive MMSE filter to reduce the residual MAI. This process iterates by exchanging extrinsic informations between the bank of MAP decoders and the SISO multiuser detector. Turbo Trellis Coded Modulation (TTCM) is used as Forward Error Correcting (FEC) code due to its high bandwidth efficiency. Our computer simulations show that the proposed structure outperforms a classical iterative receiver based on parallel interference cancellation (PIC) as well as a non-iterative MMSE receiver. Furthermore, in a multiuser context, the proposed receiver offers an error performance similar to that of single-user case at high SNR. Jean-Pierre Cances graduated in electrical engineering from ENST Bretagne in 1990. He received his Ph.D degree from Télécom Paris in satellite communication engineering in 1993. He is now an assistant Professor at the Ecole Nationale Supérieure d'Ingénieurs de Limoges (ENSIL). His current research interests include satellite communication systems, multicarrier detection and synchronization algorithms, MIMO communication systems. Gholam Reza Mohammad-khani received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in communication engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, respectively in 1992 and 1994. He worked as a lecturer in Mashhad University in 1997. His current research interests include satellite communication systems, multiuser detection and synchronization algorithms. Vahid Meghdadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in communication engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, respectively in 1989 and 1992. He worked as a lecturer in Mashhad University in 1993. Since 1994, he has been a Ph.D. student inEcole nationale Supérieure d'Ingenieurs de Limoges (ENSIL) where he is now an assistant professor. His current research interests include satellite communication systems, multiuserdetection and synchronization algorithms, MIMO communication systems.     

Multiuser MIMO receivers for space frequency block coded SC‐FDMA systems

Single carrier‐frequency division multiple access (SC‐FDMA) has been adopted as the uplink transmission standard in fourth generation cellular network to enable the power efficiency transmission in mobile station. Because multiuser MIMO (MU‐MIMO) is a promising technology to fully exploit the channel capacity in mobile radio network, this paper investigates the uplink transmission of SC‐FDMA systems with orthogonal space frequency block codes (SFBC). Two linear MU‐MIMO receivers, orthogonal SFBC (OSFBC) and minimum mean square error (MMSE), are derived for the scenarios with limited number of users or adequate receive antennas at base station. In order to effectively eliminate the multiple access interference (MAI) and fully exploit the capacity of MU‐MIMO channel, we propose a turbo MU‐MIMO receiver, which iteratively utilizes the soft information from maximum a posteriori decoder to cancel the MAI. By the simulation results in several typical MIMO channels, we find that the proposed MMSE MU‐MIMO receiver outperforms the OSFBC receiver over 1 dB at the cost of higher complexity. However, the proposed turbo MU‐MIMO receivers can effectively cancel the MAI under overloaded channel conditions and really achieve the capacity of MU‐MIMO channel. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Hybrid Turbo Multiuser Detection for OFDM Transmission with Spatially-Correlated Channels

This letter proposes a novel hybrid turbo multi-user (MU) detection technique based on group-wise soft interference canceling minimum mean-square error filtering (SC-MMSE) combined with maximum a posteriori (MAP) signal detection for OFDM MU systems. A new user grouping algorithm is developed that exploits the knowledge of the pairwise spatial correlation among the channels of each group, of which aim is to reduce noise enhancement due to the MMSE interference suppression of highly correlated user signals. It is shown that the proposed detector can achieve significant performance improvements over SC-MMSE in the presence of high spatial channel correlation     

On MSE Exit Chart Analysis and Real Time DSP Implementation for Iterative (Turbo) Detection

We investigate the use of the mean square error (MSE) transfer characteristics to examine the convergence behaviour of the iterative (turbo) multiuser detector for coded code-division multiple-access (CDMA) systems. Both MSE and mutual information (MI) based extrinsic information transfer (MSE-EXIT and MI-EXIT) chart techniques reveal the same asymptotic and convergence behaviours. An improved low complexity version of the soft interference cancellation MMSE (SIC-MMSE) detection scheme is also proposed for CDMA systems utilizing BPSK modulation. Herein, under fixed-point data representation and computation constraint a real time DSP implementation (using TMS320C6416) is suggested. EXIT charts reveal that fixed-point implementation is feasible at possibly no performance degradation. Based on the measured number of cycles of different constituent sub-functions of the proposed receiver, a data transmission rate of up to 186 Kb/s can be reached for a 5-users load and a processing gain of 7 in an AWGN channel.     

Reduced-dimension MAP turbo-BLAST detection

The Bell Labs layered space-time (BLAST) architecture is a simple and efficient multiantenna coding structure that can achieve high spectral efficiency. Many BLAST detectors require more receiver antennas than transmitter antennas. We propose two novel turbo-processing BLAST detectors that can operate in systems with fewer receiver antennas than transmitter antennas. Both detectors are based on the group-detection strategy. The first proposed detector, the reduced-dimension maximum a posteriori (RDMAP) detector uses a dynamically formed group for each bit decision, while the second proposed detector, the group maximum a posteriori (GMAP) uses a static grouping. For both detectors, a maximum a posteriori (MAP) decision is made using a group of transmitted symbols, and the remaining signal contribution is treated as interference. The interference is characterized as nonzero mean colored-noise source that is whitened before a decision is made. Both proposed detectors are generalizations of the MAP detector and the turbo-processing minimum mean-squared error (MMSE) detector in Sellathurai and Haykin, and Abe and Matsumoto. An uncoded bit-error rate analysis for an independent Rayleigh fading environment is also presented. Simulated results are presented which show that both the RDMAP and GMAP detectors have a performance improvement over the MMSE detector, especially in systems having an excess number of transmitter antennas.