Hierarchical economic dispatch for multi-area power systems

In a multi-area power system, power exchange through tie lines such that the overall cost of the system operation is a minimum is a major economic dispatch problem. In this paper, techniques and methods are presented for solving the economic dispatch problem of radially interconnected power systems. The proposed method, based on a multi-area approach, uses an hierarchical control concept to improve the computation efficiency and accuracy; it has certain advantages over the conventional single-area approach. Theoretical formulations are derived and discussed from a simple power transfer concept. An efficient algorithm is organized. Numerical examples have been tested for a fictitious three-area system. The simulation results strongly support the proposed method with real-time application capability.     

交直流系统可利用传输能力的评估

提出了一种基于内点法的适用于交直流系统求解可利用传输能力的新方法。由交直流网络间的耦合关系和换流器转换方程, 推导出直角坐标系交直流系统的Jacobi、Hessian 矩阵, 进而用原始-对偶内点法求解计及电压幅值和热稳定约束的交直流系统ATC。针对静态电压稳定约束下交直流系统直流控制方式会发生调整的情况, 提出分段求解交直流系统ATC的方法, 该方法能方便考虑直流变量约束及运行方式的调整。经算例验证该算法在交直流系统ATC计算中对初始值选择要求不高, 收敛迅速。     

交直流系统可利用传输能力的评估

提出了一种基于内点法的适用于交直流系统求解可利用传输能力的新方法.由交直流网络间的耦合关系和换流器转换方程,推导出直角坐标系交直流系统的Jacobi、Hessian矩阵,进而用原始-对偶内点法求解计及电压幅值和热稳定约束的交直流系统ATC.针对静态电压稳定约束下交直流系统直流控制方式会发生调整的情况,提出分段求解交直流系统ATC的方法,该方法能方便考虑直流变量约束及运行方式的调整.经算例验证该算法在交直流系统ATC计算中对初始值选择要求不高,收敛迅速.     

Decomposition-coordination strategy to improve power transfer capability of interconnected systems

The maximum power transfer across critical corridors or interfaces is limited by various system constraints such as thermal, voltage, and stability limits. In an open transmission access environment, these constraints would be deeply influenced by the interactions among the path flows in different control areas. In particular, small signal stability, commonly in the form of low frequency oscillations, is considered a crucial factor since it limits the power transfer capability of transmission paths in interconnected multi-area systems. Based on such considerations, the focal point of this paper will be a new approach to coordinating the path transfers across multiple control areas, giving exclusive attention to the small signal stability. The differential eigenvalue method is used to derive the damping ratio constraints for satisfying the small signal stability criteria which are linear inequality constraints expressed in terms of the control parameter. Using Bender’s decomposition, the proposed methodology is formulated as a master problem and a set of sub-problems, each associated with one area motivated by the improvement of the overall computational efficiency via parallel processing. The performance of the decomposition-coordination method is illustrated with a 68-bus system from which it might be deduced that inter-area transfer margin could be improved by reasonable rescheduling of the neighboring tie-line flows.     

基于连续潮流法的交直流系统可利用传输能力的计算

提出并建立了交直流系统可利用传输能力(ATC)模型.该模型采用两端直流混合系统,考虑电压稳定性、节点电压水平、热稳定、N-1故障等安全约束条件.应用连续潮流法求解过程中,将交流和直流系统方程分解计算,通过直流网络状态量与换流器交流母线电压和给定直流控制量之间关系方程组来简捷地计及交直流系统间耦合关系.对IEEE30节点系统进行的仿真计算证明了所提出模型和算法的有效性.     

考虑电压稳定性约束的输电能力综合计算

在分析原-对偶内点法和连续性潮流方法计算系统输电能力各自优缺点的基础上．将两者结合,提出了一种系统输电能力的综合计算方法。该方法用原-对偶内点法优化得到的发电机出力值为连续性潮流方法提供最优的发电机出力方向。并用连续性潮流追踪系统从初始运行点到电压崩溃点的过程中各离散事件的变化过程,控制其向最优值靠近,从而提高系统的输电能力。对IEEE-14,30,118节点的算例做了测试,试验证明,该算法既能获得更大的输电能力,又能模拟系统实际运行状况,是常规的连续性潮流方法的完善。     

基于一致性理论的多区域电力系统分布式状态估计

随着电网规模不断扩大,传统集中式状态估计方法的数据通信与存储任务重、计算量大,难以满足现代电力系统状态估计需求。在计及系统状态估计非线性的基础上,将电力系统划分为若干个不重叠的子区域,并利用拉格朗日乘子法对状态估计方程进行解耦,建立电力系统多区域非线性状态估计模型。基于一致性理论建立全分布式状态估计方法对模型进行求解,该方法无需状态估计控制中心,只需各子区域交换一致性变量和边界节点的状态变量信息,各子区域便可平行独立地计算本地状态变量估计值,较集中式状态估计均衡了通信及计算负担。IEEE 14节点系统仿真结果验证了所提分布式状态估计方法的有效性。     

Parallel processing in power systems computation

An attempt is made to define the state of the art and identify the most fertile grounds for future research in parallel processing as applied to power system computation. The analysis is confined to examining the application of parallel computers to specific power system problems. The state of the art is summarized in an attempt to capture the developing approach of matching algorithms to architectures. Research problems including neural network use and genetic algorithms all involve the central challenge of matching highly parallelized algorithms to parallel/distributed architectures     

Optimization and coordination of wide-area damping controls for enhancing the transfer capability of interconnected power systems

This paper proposes systematic procedures to design wide-area damping controls (WADCs) in large interconnected power systems. An efficient model reduction method is first introduced, based on the pseudo-random binary signal (PRBS) probing technique and the prediction error identification algorithm (PEM). Then, the comprehensive controllability concept, as well as its calculating method, is proposed for properly locating the supplementary damping controllers. Further, an improved modal performance index is adopted as the measure of the stabilizing effect. With various constraints taken into account to meet practical engineering requirements, finally, the optimized and coordinated tuning of WADC parameters under various operation scenarios is achieved by a constrained nonlinear programming algorithm. The proposed approach has been tested on a practical 437-machine, 2791-node interconnected power system and the simulation results have demonstrated its high effectiveness in damping inter-area oscillations and enhancing across-region transfer capabilities.     

拒绝服务攻击下的分布式弹性负荷频率控制

开放通信网络的大量应用,给电网带来了潜在安全隐患.文章研究了周期性拒绝服务攻击下的弹性负荷频率控制器的设计问题.给出了一种可检测的拒绝服务攻击模型,推导了网络攻击下的分布式负荷频率控制时滞切换系统模型.基于李亚普洛夫理论,分析了切换系统的稳定性,并进行了弹性控制器设计,所设计控制器对负荷扰动和网络攻击具备一定的鲁棒性....     

考虑电压和热稳定约束的可利用传输能力的快速算法

在现代电力市场环境,可利用传输能力(ATC)需要尽快提供给使用方。而在计算中要考虑的所有N-1故障因素导致了ATC计算任务非常繁重。基于此,提出了一种应用故障过滤与排序技术的ATC快速计算方法。首先,采用迭代线性潮流法(ILPF)对电网的N-1故障进行排序以筛选出热稳定极限和电压幅值约束条件下最严重的故障情况;然后,应用原始-对偶内点法对最严重故障情况进行ATC的计算,解决了ATC计算的耗时问题。算法的有效性通过IEEE30母线系统的仿真得到了验证。     

Cross decomposition for multi-area optimal reactive power planning

This paper presents a novel decomposition based algorithm to solve the reactive power planning problem in large scale multi-area power systems. Extensive studies on the application of the Benders decomposition method (BDM) have been conducted to solve this complex problem. Nevertheless, these applications are based on the difficult evaluation of the plane cuts from the solution of the master problem. In this paper, the authors introduce the possibility of solving reactive power planning based on an iterative optimization process between the BDM subproblem and the subproblem of a Lagrangean relaxation decomposition method (LRDM). The overall process is referred to as a cross decomposition algorithm (CDA). The merits of the proposed approach are shown by the evaluation of plane cuts based on the solution of easy-to-solve subproblems. Moreover, the proposed approach is extremely efficient in multi-area (zone decomposition) power systems. Test results are demonstrated for the 3-area IEEE 30-bus and the 8-area 180-bus systems     

考虑电压和热稳定约束的可利用传输能力的快速算法

在现代电力市场环境,可利用传输能力(ATC)需要尽快提供给使用方.而在计算中要考虑的所有N-1故障因素导致了ATC计算任务非常繁重.基于此,提出了一种应用故障过滤与排序技术的ATC快速计算方法.首先,采用迭代线性潮流法(ILPF)对电网的N-1故障进行排序以筛选出热稳定极限和电压幅值约束条件下最严重的故障情况;然后,应用原始-对偶内点法对最严重故障情况进行ATC的计算,解决了ATC计算的耗时问题.算法的有效性通过IEEE30母线系统的仿真得到了验证.     

一种多分区互联电网分布式无功优化算法

电网互联进程不断加快和系统规模的不断扩大对互联电网无功优化计算提出了更高的要求。提出了一种基于子网边界节点等值注入功率的多分区互联电网无功优化分布式协调优化算法。基于电网监控分层分区的特点,通过建立保留分区间联络线的简化外网模型,将子网间边界向量相等的耦合约束转化为边界节点注入功率修正方程的等式约束。构造边界节点电压加权修正的外层协调环节,依靠等值注入功率和对应边界节点电压向量的数值更新与传递实现全网无功优化问题的分布式求解。该方法有效地降低了协调层的参与度,进一步提高了子网无功优化的独立性,符合无功优化和控制的本地性要求。对多个IEEE试验系统进行了数值仿真测试与分析,结果表明方法具有良好的有效性和适用性。     

电力市场中最大输电能力的研究

在电力市场及转运出现后，输电能力作为技术指标为市场信号是一个越来越重要的参数。首先讨论最大输电能力（Total Transfer Capability,TC)的概念，并用图解方法分析了相关的制约因素，然后综述TTC的计算方法及研究现状，对基于直流潮流的电力传输分布因子法（PTDF），连续潮流法（CPF）和最优潮流法（OPF）等进行了述评，最后展望了TTC的求解思路和发展方向。     

含风电系统断面TTC运行规则的极限学习机提取方法

风电集中接入使得传统方式有效计算极限传输容量存在困难。为此,提出一种基于差分进化极限学习机的含风电系统输电断面极限传输功率(Total Transfer Capability, TTC)运行规则提取方法。首先基于K-medoids聚类方法提取以"风功率-负荷"二维特征表征的典型运行场景,然后通过随机采样和重复潮流方法生成用于TTC运行规则挖掘的知识库。接着采用RELIEF-F算法筛除冗余特征并辨识与输电断面TTC存在强关联的特征属性,以削减运行特征的高维度。最终通过将训练数据输入差分进化极限学习机,从知识库中提取TTC运行规则。算例验证表明,所提方法能够以较高的计算精度及较强的泛化能力实现TTC的快速估计。     

基于功率传输转移分布因子的简化电网潮流计算方法

为了减少大型电力系统的潮流计算时间,研究简化电网的潮流计算方法具有重要意义。现有方法将传统Ward等值技术用于电网简化后,简化电网却产生与原始电网不同的潮流结果。针对这种情况,提出了一种改进的简化电网的直流潮流计算方法。在已有研究的基础上,给出了基于功率转移分布因子的直流潮流算法以及使用Ward技术对电网的简化方法。结合上述两部分,给出了基于功率转移分布因子的简化电网潮流计算方法。通过仿真算例表明,所得的结果具有较高的精度,可用于简化大型电网的潮流计算、潮流预报等应用中。     

An evaluation method for power transfer capability enhanced by lightning countermeasures

Various countermeasures are taken against lightning faults in power transmission lines to decrease their occurrence and improve transmission reliability. However, how much they enhance the power transfer capability has not yet been quantitatively evaluated. The conventional deterministic approach, which is widely used in power system planning methodology, is inadequate to deal with this issue. This paper proposes a new method for numerically defining the power transfer capability enhanced by countermeasures against lightning. The proposed method is based on a probabilistic approach in which several fault patterns are taken into consideration with their occurrence frequency and maximum transferable power. This paper also gives an example application of the proposed method to a model trunk transmission system. The effect of a third overhead ground wire on the increase of transfer capability of a 500 kV transmission line has been quantitatively evaluated.     

Assessment of available transfer capability of transmission systems

The available transfer capability (ATC) of a transmission system is a measure of unutilized capability of the system at a given time and depends on a number of factors such as the system generation dispatch, system load level, load distribution in the network, power transfers between areas, network topology, and the limits imposed on the transmission network due to thermal, voltage and stability considerations. This paper describes a method for determining the ATC between any two locations in a transmission system (single-area or multiarea) under a given set of system operating conditions. The method also provides ATCs for selected transmission paths between the two locations in the system and identifies the most limiting facilities in determining the network's ATC. In addition, the method can be used to compute multiple ATCs between more than one pair of locations. The proposed method is illustrated using the IEEE reliability test system (RTS)