生物能源研究新进展

主要介绍了燃料乙醇、生物柴油、生物制氢和沼气等生物能源的原料、生产技术及发展现状,探讨了生物能源发展前景。     

生物能源的发展现状及发展前景

主要介绍了生物能源包括燃料乙醇、生物柴油、生物制氢和沼气的原料、生产技术及发展现状。     

生物燃料的技术现状及研究趋势分析

生物液体燃料(燃料乙醇、生物柴油、生物丁醇等)是生物能源战略的重要组成部分,世界范围内产业化运作的液体生物燃料主要包括生物柴油和燃料乙醇。重点对生物柴油和纤维素乙醇这两种生物燃料的技术现状和技术研究趋势进行分析。工业生产生物柴油的主要方法是酯交换法,即利用动植物油脂和低碳醇在催化剂的作用下经酯交换反应生成脂肪酸酯。纤维素乙醇技术目前主要研究集中在开发可高效水解新型木质纤维素原料;开发新型温和预处理工艺;开发新型高效纤维素降解酶系;开发木质素高效利用产品;开发乙醇发酵基因工程菌株这五个方面。还对生物柴油和纤维素乙醇的研究趋势进行了方向性的分析。     

生物能源技术发展和利用的现状研究

生物能源作为可再生能源,具有可替代性、能大规模开发等特征,发展生物能源产业有利于缓解我国对石油资源的过度依赖,减少CO_2排放。本文主要介绍了生物柴油、燃料乙醇、成型燃料以及生物制氢的等生产技术及现状,分析了生物能源的发展趋势。     

微生物预处理能源草转化生物能源的研究进展

微生物预处理技术可有效去除能源草细胞壁中的半纤维素和木质素，并降解纤维素，提高原料转化效率，且具有低能耗、无污染等优点，发展前景较好。总结了微生物预处理能源草的微生物、微生物预处理过程分泌的酶以及处理效果，并对微生物预处理工艺中的预处理时间、预处理温度、微生物接种量、底物含水量和限制因素以及预处理工艺改进方法进行叙述，最后指出基因工程菌和联合预处理等是未来研究的热点。     

纤维素乙醇的研究进展

近年来以纤维素类生物质为原料制备乙醇的研究取得了许多进展,使纤维素乙醇的开发更具商业化前景.重点介绍了木质纤维素转化为乙醇的原料预处理方法、纤维素和半纤维素的酶法降解、有效可靠的发酵菌种的选育及木质纤维素乙醇制备工艺的开发.     

生物柴油制备技术研究进展

能源研究与开发已经成为全球的战略性任务.由于石化燃料原料储量有限,发展可替代能源成为当务之急.生物质能源因可再生、清洁环保而备受重视.生物柴油是生物质能源的重要组成部分,具有广阔的发展前景和潜力.本文简述了生物柴油的特性,重点讨论了生物柴油制备的主要方法和工艺特点.在分析各种工艺的优缺点之后,指出了目前存在的问题和今后应该发展的方向,提出了需要解决的关键问题.     

微藻制备生物柴油的研究进展

总结了国内外利用微藻制备生物柴油的研究进展,首先分析了微藻自身的概况,以微藻为原料生产的生物柴油是真正的环保可再生能源;其次对微藻制备生物柴油的现状做了进一步阐述,藻类生物柴油的生产技术仍不成熟,需要进一步的深入研究;最后归纳了微藻生物柴油存在的问题,并对其今后的研究重点及前景做出了展望。     

城市污水处理厂污泥中能源物质利用的研究进展

城市化发展导致城市水处理负荷及污水厂污泥数量的显著增加。污泥中能源物质的回收利用也日益受到关注。该文综述了几种从污水厂污泥中回收得到的产物,包括沼气、氢气、合成气、生物柴油、生物质的发电以及污泥协同焚烧中对热值的利用,讨论了有关能源物质资源化利用的技术方法,分析了有关特点及问题,指出高含固率污泥厌氧消化技术是今后污泥消化研究重点;污泥生物发酵制氢的产氢稳定性研究需要加强;热化学法制氢及合成气转化率高,但工艺设备复杂,能耗高,需优化制备条件,并注意目标产物的净化;污泥制生物柴油和微生物燃料电池技术是今后污泥能源化利用的发展趋势,但要关注污泥的后续处置问题;水泥窑协同焚烧污泥需重点对烟气污染物的排放及控制加以研究。     

生物质能源转化技术与应用(Ⅴ) ——生物柴油产业化制备技术

生物质能源是惟一可再生、可替代化石能源转化成气态、液态和固态燃料以及其它化工原料或者产品的碳资源。随着化石能源的枯竭和人类对全球性环境问题的关注,生物质能源替代化石能源利用的研究和开发,已成为国内外众多学者研究和关注的热点。本系列讲座主要讲述以生物质资源为主要原料,通过不同途径转化为洁净的、高品位的气体、液体或固体燃料。本讲主要概述生物柴油产业化制备技术研究现状,分析我国生物柴油产业化制备技术发展缓慢的原因,主要介绍了生物柴油常用的制备方法及其优缺点,预测了我国生物柴油产业化发展方向。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。