激光表面快速熔凝过程中熔区组织重构

利用晶体生长的最小过冷度判据,对单晶合金激光重熔区组织的生长速度进行了分析,建立了枝晶尖端生长速度与激光束扫描速度和固液界面前进速度的关系.根据此分析对熔池进行了重构和预测,发现激光熔池中枝晶组织的生长方向强烈地受基材晶粒取向和激光束扫描方向的影响.枝晶生长条件下,择优取向对枝晶生长方向的影响要较热流的影响大.理论预测与实验结果相吻合.     

激光功率和扫描速度对熔覆组织与性能的影响

采用激光熔覆技术在GCr15钢基材上制备FeCrNiSi合金熔覆层,通过超景深显微镜、显微硬度计及摩擦磨损试验机,研究激光工艺参数对熔覆层显微组织、硬度及摩擦磨损性能变化的影响规律.结果 表明:随着激光功率增大,熔覆层一次枝晶呈逐渐变大、变长的趋势,一次枝晶间距先增大后减小,二次枝晶间距逐渐减小;随着扫描速度加快,熔覆层一次枝晶呈先变大后减小的趋势,一次枝晶间距先增大后减小,二次枝晶间距先减小后增大.随着激光功率的降低或扫描速度的增加,熔覆层表面硬度提高,当激光功率为2400W、扫描速度为7 mm/s时,熔覆层最高硬度为781.5 HV,是基材的3.4倍;此时熔覆层磨损机制由磨粒磨损和黏着磨损逐渐演变为疲劳主导的磨损机制.     

激光直接烧结FGH95合金的微观组织与性能

基于直接激光金属烧结成形技术,以FGH95镍基高温合金粉末为研究对象,讨论了烧结工艺参数对制件微观组织、体积密度及显微硬度的影响。制件微观组织结构由等轴晶和枝状晶组成,在较高的激光功率、较低的扫描速度和较小的扫描间距时,等轴晶数量减少,尺寸增加,而枝状晶数量多且晶粒细微。制件的体积密度随着激光功率的提高而增大,随着扫描速率和扫描间距的增大而减小;随着激光功率和扫描速度的提高,制件的显微硬度呈先降后升趋势;随着扫描间距的增大,制件的显微硬度呈递增趋势,在到达最大值时有明显的回落。采用激光功率为900 W,扫描速度为0.8 m/min,扫描间距为0.6 mm以及粉层厚度为0.9 mm的参数组合,可获得表面平整、体积密度高、晶粒均匀细小和无明显微观缺陷的制件,其显微硬度可达到477 HV。     

镍基单晶高温合金选区激光熔化成形工艺及组织

采用选区激光熔化(SLM)技术,研究了工艺参数对成形SRR99镍基单晶高温合金裂纹、气孔、显微组织等的影响。结果表明,在激光功率一定的条件下,设置合理的扫描速度、扫描间距、分层厚度可成形高致密度试样。激光体能量密度是影响SRR99合金裂纹和气孔的重要因素。裂纹数量和尺寸随激光体能量密度的增大急剧增加。裂纹大多始于熔覆层的层间交界处,有明显的沿晶开裂特征。激光体能量密度过低时,气孔呈不规则形;随着激光体能量密度增大,气孔形貌向圆形转变。SLM沉积试样组织为微细的枝晶组织,一次枝晶间距随沉积高度的增加略有增大,二次枝晶不发达。     

TiNi合金/纯镍/不锈钢激光微焊接熔化区的微观组织

以纯镍丝为填充材料,采用精密脉冲激光实现了厚度为0.2 mm的TiNi形状记忆合金/不锈钢异种材料的焊接,研究了熔化区（焊缝和熔合区）的组织形貌和微观结构。结果表明,焊缝中心晶粒呈外延连续生长的特征。连续生长的枝晶可以跨越3~5个脉冲激光形成的鱼鳞纹,长度可以达到约200 μm。焊缝与两侧母材的熔合区呈现完全不同的形貌,在不锈钢母材与焊缝的接合界面,枝晶沿着不锈钢母材的熔合线生长,在枝晶间有二次晶轴;在TiNi合金与焊缝的熔合区,有一层宽度约为5 μm的过渡层将焊缝与母材隔开。     

稳恒磁场设计及电流强度对激光熔覆Fe55涂层微结构的影响

利用自行设计的稳恒磁场装置以辅助激光熔覆工艺,通过调节电流强度获得相应的稳恒磁场作用于激光熔池,在45钢基材表面制备了Fe55合金涂层。借助扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、能谱仪（EDS）和X射线衍射（XRD）等表征手段分析了稳恒磁场作用下Fe55合金涂层的微观形貌、化学组成和物相结构。结果表明,Fe55合金涂层主要由-（Fe,Cr）和（Fe,Ni）固溶体、（Cr,Fe）23C6碳化物及少量Cr9.1Si0.9组成。与未施加磁场相比,稳恒磁场作用下的激光熔覆Fe55涂层,枝晶间Cr元素含量更高,枝晶内Fe元素含量也有所增加。稳恒磁场在一定程度上促进了激光熔池中的传质过程,有助于Fe,Cr元素扩散和（Fe,Cr）固溶体的形成。当电流强度为4.0 A时,外加磁场大大降低了熔池内固-液界面前沿的温度梯度,增加了液态金属熔池的形核率,涂层中大量柱状枝晶和树枝晶转变为方向各异的等轴晶,涂层组织得到了明显优化。     

面向碳纤维增强树脂基复合材料/钢异质结构连接的汽车钢板高速激光毛化工艺研究

为了解决激光连接碳纤维增强树脂基复合材料(CFRP)/钢异质接头中的缩孔问题,采用光纤激光对GMW2钢板进行高速毛化试验,系统研究了激光功率、扫描速度、扫描长度和扫描次数对微凸起宽度和高度的影响,并利用高速摄像实时观察了毛化过程。结果表明,微凸起宽度与熔池宽度相当,增加激光功率或减小扫描速度将导致熔池宽度增加,微凸起宽度也将增加;而扫描长度和扫描次数不影响熔池的宽度,因此微凸起宽度也不发生变化。微凸起高度由蒸气压力、表面张力和液体动压力决定,激光功率增加将导致蒸气压力的增加和表面张力的减小,液态金属向熔池尾部流动的驱动力增大,适当地增加激光功率有利于微凸起的长高,但激光功率过高将产生大量飞溅,导致微凸起高度不稳定;随着扫描速度的增加,蒸气压力、表面张力和液体动压力都将发生变化,熔池液体流动的驱动力和阻力存在竞争关系,导致微凸起高度呈先增加后减小的趋势;扫描长度增加,蒸气压力水平分量增大,驱动力增加,微凸起高度逐渐增大。     

激光熔化沉积DZ408镍基高温合金微细柱晶显微组织及性能

采用激光逐层熔化沉积工艺制备出了DZ408高温合金板状试样,分析了其激光沉积态及热处理后的显微组织,测试合金的室温拉伸力学性能并分析了其断裂机理。结果表明,激光熔化沉积(LMD)DZ408镍基高温合金沿沉积方向具有快速凝固定向生长微细柱晶组织,其一次枝晶间距约为26μm、二次枝晶间距约为8μm,但在枝晶尺度范围内仍存在较明显的元素枝晶偏析,枝晶间γ′尺寸大于枝晶干。顶层沉积层由定向生长微细树枝晶和非定向树枝晶组成,相遇处由于合金液补缩不足产生疏松。在激光沉积过程中选择足够的重熔率,将非定向自由生长树枝晶层和疏松区重熔,是获得致密定向微细柱状晶的必要条件。经过后续热处理,测试合金的室温抗拉强度为1507MPa,延伸率为14.5%。     

LPBF成形新型定向凝固镍基高温合金基础工艺研究

研究了激光粉末床熔融（LPBF）增材制造技术成形新型定向凝固镍基高温合金ZGH451的致密化行为、显微组织和凝固晶粒取向。结果表明：未熔合和凝固裂纹是主要冶金缺陷；通过增大激光功率、减小扫描间距和扫描速度，可以有效消除未熔合缺陷；在激光功率150 W、扫描层厚0.02 mm、扫描速度600～800 mm/s、扫描间距0.06～0.08 mm的工艺窗口内，可以获得无裂纹、高致密（致密度为99.9%）样品，其凝固组织主要由基本沿构建方向定向生长的柱状晶构成，具有典型的微细枝晶显微组织，一次枝晶间距小于1μm，二次枝晶不发达。枝晶间存在TiC和TaC颗粒析出，未观察到明显的γ/γ′共晶。样品呈现出一定的定向凝固特性，[001]织构明显，但相邻熔道搭接区域内仍有复杂热流产生的大取向差柱晶。样品力学性能优异，其屈服强度与传统定向凝固工艺制备的第三代单晶高温合金相当。研究结果证实了采用LPBF技术成形定向凝固ZGH451镍基高温合金的可行性。     

Ti_(47)Cu_(38)Zr_(7.5)Fe_(2.5)Sn_2Si_1Ag_2合金激光重熔非晶化行为

利用功率为500 W的光纤激光器对晶态Ti_(47)Cu_(38)Zr_(7.5)Fe_(2.5)Sn_2Si_1Ag_2合金基体进行了激光重熔实验,研究了不同工艺对熔池形貌及晶化的影响。结果表明,单道重熔的熔池内易获得非晶组织,且随着扫描速度减小,熔池形貌逐渐由球冠状向漏斗状转变。搭接重熔下,扫描宽度较大时重熔区内出现熔道搭接造成的热影响区晶化带;扫描宽度较小时由于热累积效应显著,熔池展宽和扫描宽度接近,重熔区内基本为非晶态。面扫描过程中,由于热累积匙孔效应更突出,熔池熔深显著增大,熔池底部出现少量气孔。     

Resolution Enhancement Technology:Integrated Process Solutions using OPC

DUV lithography, using the 248 nm wavelength, is a viable manufacturing option for devices with features at 130 nm and less. Given the low kl value of the lithography, integrated process development is a necessary method for achieving acceptable process latitude. The application of assist features for rule based OPC requires the simultaneous optimization of the mask, illumination optics and the resist.Described in this paper are the details involved in optimizing each of these aspects for line and space imaging.A reference pitch is first chosen to determine how the optics will be set. The ideal sigma setting is determined by a simple geometrically derived expression. The inner and outer machine settings are determined, in turn,with the simulation of a figure of merit. The maximum value of the response surface of this FOM occurs at the optimal sigma settings. Experimental confirmation of this is shown in the paper.Assist features are used to modify the aerial image of the more isolated images on the mask. The effect that the diffraction of the scattering bars (SBs) has on the image intensity distribution is explained. Rules for determining the size and placement of SBs are also given.Resist is optimized for use with off-axis illumination and assist features. A general explanation of the material' s effect is discussed along with the affect on the through-pitch bias. The paper culminates with the showing of the lithographic results from the fully optimized system.     

Cost-effective test solutions for smart card and other integrated flash applications

From its emergence in the late 1980s as a lower cost alternative to early EEPROM technologies, flash memory has evolved to higher densities and speedsand rapidly growing acceptance in mobile applications.In the process, flash memory devices have placed increased test requirements on manufacturers. Today, as flash device test grows in importance in China, manufacturers face growing pressure for reduced cost-oftest, increased throughput and greater return on investment for test equipment. At the same time, the move to integrated flash packages for contactless smart card applications adds a significant further challenge to manufacturers seeking rapid, low-cost test.     

Theoretical analysis of the relationship between the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain in the optical-fiber sensors

The relation between the power of the Brillouin signal and the strain is one of the bases of the distributed fiber sensors of temperature and strain. The coefficient of the Bfillouin gain can be changed by the temperature and the strain that will affect the power of the Brillouin scattering. The relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is thought to be linear by many researchers. However, it is not always linear based on the theoretical analysis and numerical simulation. Therefore, errors will be caused if the relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is regarded as to be linear approximately for measuring the temperature and the strain. For this reason, the influence of the parameters on the Brillouin gain coefficient is proposed through theoretical analysis and numerical simulation.     

An improved parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations

The parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations is improved in this paper. By analyzing the notions of connected components and passes, a conclusion is drawn that the number of passes and the number of eight-connected components are equal. Then the expression of the number of eight-connected components is obtained which replaces the old one in the algorithm. And a reserving condition is proposed by experiments, which alleviates the excess deletion where a diagonal line and a beeline intersect. The experimental results demonstrate that the thinned curve is almost located in the middle of the original curve connectivelv with single pixel width and the processing speed is high.     

Novel fiber-optical interferometer with miniaturized probe for in-hole measurements

Today, micro-system technology and the development of new MEMS （Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems） are emerging rapidly. In order for this development to become a success in the long run, measurement systems have to ensure product quality. Most often, MEMS have to be tested by means of functionality or destructive tests. One reason for this is that there are no suitable systems or sensing probes available which can be used for the measurement of quasi inaccessible features like small holes or cavities. We present a measurement system that could be used for these kinds of measurements. The system combines a fiber optical, miniaturized sensing probe with low-coherence interferometry, so that absolute distance measurements with nanometer accuracy are possible.     

Study of waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers

This paper presents a new method to increase the waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers. We find that the propagation constant of the InGaAsP emitting layer can be equal to that of the Si resonant layer through improving the design size of the InP waveguide. The coupling power achieves 42% of the total power in the hybrid lasers when the thickness of the bonding layer is 100 nm. Our result is very close to 50% of the total power reported by Intel when the thickness of the thin bonding layer is less than 5 nm. Therefore, our invariable coupling power technique is simpler than Intel＇s.     

Teleportation of an arbitrary unknown N-qubit entangled state under the controlling of M controllers

A new quantum protocol to teleport an arbitrary unknown N-qubit entangled state from a sender to a fixed receiver under M controllers(M < N) is proposed. The quantum resources required are M non-maximally entangled Greenberger-Home-Zeilinger (GHZ) state and N-M non-maximally entangled Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) pairs. The sender performs N generalized Bell-state measurements on the 2N particles. Controllers take M single-particle measurement along x-axis, and the receiver needs to introduce one auxiliary two-level particle to extract quantum information probabilistically with the fidelity unit if controllers cooperate with it.     

Diode-end-pumped Nd:YVO4/LBO lasers with 4.2W continuous-wave output at 457 nm

A continuous-wave (CW) 457 nm blue laser operating at the power of 4.2 W is demonstrated by using a fiber coupled laser diode module pumped Nd: YVO4 and using LBO as the intra-cavity SHG crystal With the optimization of laser cavity and crystal parameters, the laser operates at a very high efficiency. When the pumping power is about 31 W, the output at 457nm reaches 4.2 W, and the optical to optical conversion efficiency is about 13.5% accordingly. The stability of the out putpower is better than 1.2% for 8 h continuously working.     

Call for Papers

正Wireless Body-area Networks The last decade has witnessed the convergence of three giant worlds:electronics,computer science and telecommunications.The next decade should follow this convergence in most of our activities with the generalization of sensor networks.In particular with the progress in medicine,people live longer and the aging of population will push the development of wireless personal networks     

Call for Papers—Feature Topic,Vol.12,No.7,2015

正Information Centric Networking Information-Centric Networking(ICN) is an emerging direction in Future Internet architecture research,gaining significant tractions among academia and industry.Aiming to replace the conventional host-to-host communication model by a data-centric model,ICN treats data content as the first