The Effect of 5′-Adenylic Acid on Hepatic Proteome of Mice Radiated by 60Co γ-ray

Understanding the protection mechanism of 5′-AMP requires comprehensive knowledge of the proteins expressed during the period that the body is exposed to irradiation. Proteomics provides the tools for such analyses. Here, the experimental ICR mice were divided into three groups (normal group, model group and 5′-AMP + irradiation group). After different treatment, the hepatic total protein of each animal in three groups was separated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE). 2-DE analysis revealed fifty-eight protein spots were differentially expressed in comparison to three groups. From 58 protein spots, we selected nine spots to identify by MALDI-TOF-MS and received credible results. They were determined to be type I arginase, annexin A5, regucalcin, catalase, Tpm3 protein, Pdia4 protein, 14-3-3 protein epsilon, NAD-Malate dehydrogenase and heat shock protein 90. Considering the characteristic of these proteins, we proposed a possible protection pathway.     

Metal-Ion Type Effect on the Crystal Structure and Optical Properties of 2,2′-bipyridine Complexes of Pb(II) and Cd(II)

To investigate the effect of metal ion type on the crystal structure and optical and thermal behaviors of coordination compounds, two homometal and one heterometal 2,2′-bipyridine complexes of Pb(II) and Cd(II) have been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, PXRD, FT-IR and single crystal X-ray diffraction. Crystal structure analysis of heterometal coordination polymer, [Pb₂Cd(2,2′-bipy)₄(NO₃)₆]_n, displays the attendance of a centrosymmetric 1D coordination polymer that crystallizes in the triclinic system with the space group of \({\text{p}}_{1}^{ - }\). Thermal behavior of prepared coordination compounds was examined under air atmosphere by thermogravimetric analysis. The study of optical properties of compounds showed that metal ion type of coordination compounds is influential on their photophysical properties. Moreover, heterometal coordination polymer was doped into a PVK:PBD blend in two different concentrations as a light emitting material in the fabrication of two organic light-emitting diodes.     

Effect of Crown Ethers on Sr2+, Ba2+, and Ra2+ Uptake by Tunnel‐Structure Ion Exchangers

Abstract

The effect of 15‐crown‐5 and 18‐crown‐6 ethers on the uptake of alkaline earth cations by tunnel‐structure ion exchangers polyantimonic acid (PAA) and cryptomelane manganese dioxide (CMD) was examined. In the case of PAA, 15‐crown‐5 and especially 18‐crown‐6 strongly influence the uptake of Sr²⁺ vs Ba²⁺ and Ra²⁺. For separation of the Ra²⁺‐Ba²⁺ pair, the effect of the crown ethers is insignificant. In CMD a small difference in complex formation between crown ethers and Ba²⁺ and Ra²⁺ gives an increase of separation. This effect is observed especially in 15‐crown‐5 solutions.     

Effect of Br− on the Adsorption Rate of Palladium(II) Ions onto Condensed-Tannin Gel in Chloride Media

Abstract

In chloride media, chloropalladium(II) species are adsorbed onto tannin gel particles through an inner-sphere redox reaction mechanism containing the intermediate step, formation of a ligand-substituted Pd(II)-tannin complex. In this Pd(II) adsorption process, it was observed that the adsorption rate can be increased by introducing Br^?, a softer ligand than Cl^?, into the aqueous chloride solution. The formation of mixed-ligand palladium(II) complexes accelerates the rate of ligand-substitution reactions with the hydroxyl groups of tannin gel by the trans effect. The adsorption condition can be optimized by controlling the [Br_tot]/[Cl_tot] ratio, in which the predominant Pd(II) species are bromo-chloro palladium(II) complexes, the favorable species for the trans effect.     

Effect of the reaction conditions on the properties of poly(4,4′-diphenylether-1,3,4-oxadiazole)s

Summary Poly(4,4-diphenylether-1,3,4-oxadiazole)s have been prepared by polycondensation of 4,4-diphenylether dicarboxylic acid and hydrazine sulphate, HS, in poly(phosphoric acid), PPA, under different reaction condictions. The products were characterized by viscometry, gel permeation chromatography, ¹H-NMR spectrometry and thermogravimetric analysis. Dense membranes have been prepared and submitted to gas transport and wide angle X-ray diffraction, WAXD, experiments. The differences found in permeability and selectivity parameters, as well as in density and WAXD results, are discussed in terms of their solution viscosities and hydrazide repeat unit contents.     

Effect of Anions on the Extraction of Lanthanides (III) by N,N′‐Dimethyl‐N,N′‐Diphenyl‐3‐Oxapentanediamide

Abstract

The extraction of microquantities of La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu, and Y by N,N′‐dimethyl‐N,N′‐diphenyl‐3‐oxapentanediamide (DMDPhOPDA) in 1,2‐dichloroethane from aqueous media containing ClO₄ ^?, PF₆ ^?, (CF₃SO₂)₂N^? anions or by DMDPhOPDA in 1,2‐dichloroethane in the presence of 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium bis[(trifluoremethyl)sulfonyl]imide ([C₄mim][Tf₂N]) and 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([C₄mim][PF₆]) from HNO₃ solutions has been studied. The effect of HNO₃ concentration in the aqueous phase and that of the extractant concentration in the organic phase on the extraction of metal ions is considered. The stoichiometry of the extracted complexes has been determined. The addition of HPF₆ and (CF₃SO₂)₂NH or their salts to the aqueous HNO₃ or HCl solutions leads to an enchancement of lanthanides (III) extraction by DMDPhOPDA. A considerable synergistic effect was observed in the presence of ionic liquids (IL) in the organic phase containing DMDPhOPDA. This effect is connected with the hydrophobic nature of the IL anion. The distribution of ILs between the equilibrium organic and aqueous phases can govern the extractability of lanthanides (III) in DMDPhOPDA‐IL systems.     

Effect of Blend Ratio and Testing Rate on the Adhesion Properties of Epoxidized Natural Rubber (ENR 25)/Styrene–Butadiene Rubber (SBR) Blend Adhesive

The effect of rubber blend ratio and testing rate on the adhesion properties of epoxidized natural rubber (ENR 25)/styrene–butadiene rubber (SBR) blend adhesive were studied using 40 parts per hundred parts of rubber (phr) of coumarone-indene resin as the tackifying resin. Toluene and poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) film were used as the solvent and substrate, respectively. A SHEEN hand coater was used to coat the adhesive on the PET substrate at 30, 60, 90, and 120 µm coating thickness. Viscosity was determined by a Brookfield viscometer whereas loop tack, peel strength, and shear strength were measured by a Llyod Adhesion Tester at various testing rates from 10 to 60 cm/min. Results show that viscosity increases gradually with % ENR 25. However, loop tack, peel strength, and shear strength of adhesives indicate a maximum value at 40% ENR 25, after which the adhesion properties decreases with further increase in % ENR 25. This observation is attributed to the varying degree of wettability which culminates at an optimum value of 40% ENR 25 blend ratio. In all cases, the adhesion properties increase with increasing coating thickness and rate of testing.     

Effect of Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) Powder on Compressibility and Microstructural Properties of Sintered α-Alumina

This study examines the effect of various contents of polyethylene glycol (PEG) powders on density, compressibility, and microstructural properties of sintered α-alumina samples. Moreover, the effect of compaction pressure on the green density of the compacts is studied by applying different pressures ranging from 400 to 550 MPa. Samples were prepared by mechanical blending of alumina and various amounts of PEG powders in a Turbula mixer. The binder contents vary from 1 wt.% to 4 wt.%. The as-prepared mixture was compacted in a universal machine at room temperature under the pressure of 6 MPa to produce disk-shaped samples in a pre-compaction step. Experimental results revealed that adding various amounts of PEG powders has a detrimental effect on the green density of alumina pellets and decreases the green density from 1.95 to 1.87 g/cm³. The results also show that sintered density of samples increased by increasing the compaction pressure to pressures higher than 400 MPa. It is observed that a sudden increase in green density has been observed between 450 and 550 MPa.     

Effect of nano- and micro-sized Si3N4 powder on phase formation,microstructure and properties of β′-SiAlON prepared by spark plasma sintering

The phase formation behavior of β′-SiAlON with the general formula Si_6-zAl_zO_zN_8-z was studied comprehensively for z values from 1 to 3 using spark plasma sintering (SPS) as the consolidation technique at synthesis temperatures from 1400 to 1700 °C. The samples were prepared close to the β′-SiAlON composition line: Si₃N₄ ? 4/3(AlN·Al₂O₃) in the phase diagram using (A) nano-sized amorphous Si₃N₄ and (B) micro-sized β-Si₃N₄ precursors. Field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) was used for microstructural analysis.Most compositions reached almost full density at all SPS temperatures. Compared with the micro-sized β-Si₃N₄ precursor, the nano-sized amorphous Si₃N₄ precursor accelerated the reaction kinetics, promoting the formation of dense β′-SiAlON + O′-SiAlON composites after SPS at synthesis temperatures of 1400–1500 °C. This resulted in very high values of Vickers hardness (Hv₁₀) = 18.2–19.2 GPa for the z = 1 composition related to the hardness of the O′-SiAlON component phase.In general, for samples synthesized from nano-sized amorphous Si₃N₄, which were almost fully dense, containing >95% β′-SiAlON, the hardness values were 13.4–13.8 GPa with a fracture toughness of 3.5–4.6 MPa m^1/2. For equivalent samples synthesized from micro-sized β-Si₃N₄, hardness was in the range 13.9–14.4 GPa with a fracture toughness of 4.3–4.5 MPa.m^1/2. These values are comparable with fully dense β′-SiAlONs, usually containing intergranular glass phase which has been sintered by HIP and other processes at much higher temperatures for longer times.     

Solid Phase Extraction and Determination of Ultra Trace Amounts of Copper using Activated Carbon Modified by N,N′‐Bis(Salicylidene)‐1,2‐Phenylenediamine

Abstract

N,N′‐bis(salicylidene)‐1,2‐phenylenediamine(salophen) modified activated carbon was prepared and used as an effective sorbent for solid phase extraction of Cu(II) ions from aqueous solutions. The salophen modified activated carbon showed a high sorption affinity for Cu(II). In this method a column mode was used for preconcentration of copper(II) in the pH range 3.5–6.5. The retained copper was eluted with 0.1 mol l^?1 EDTA and determined by atomic absorption spectrometry. The calibration graph was linear over the copper concentration in the range 0.05–1.5 µg ml ^?1. Five replicate determination of 0.4 µg ml^?1 of copper(II) gave a mean absorbance of 0.385 with a relative standard deviation of 1.35%. The detection limit was 0.0133 µg ml^?1. The interference of a large number of anions and cations has been studied and the optimized conditions developed were utilized for determination of copper in various real samples.     

Synthesis and Polymerization of Bismaleimide Derived from 5(6)-amino-1(4′-aminophenyl)-1,3,3′-trimethyl indane

The acid-catalyzed dimerization of α-methyl styrene led to the formation of trimethyl phenyl indane, which on nitration followed by reduction using hydrazine hydrate gave 5(6)-amino-1(4′-aminophenyl)-1,3,3′-trimethyl indane. This aromatic diamine was used to synthesize bismaleamic acid and imidized to yield bismaleimide. The bismaleamic acid was converted to prepolymer directly by imidizing it in refluxing toluene. All the materials synthesized were characterized using FTIR, ¹H and ¹³C NMR. The direct inlet mass spectral characterizations were carried out for bismaleamic acid, bismaleimide and bismaleimide prepolymer. The fragmentation pattern was discussed in detail and the structure proposed was confirmed. The thermogravimetric studies were done for all the materials and kinetic parameters (energy of activation and frequency factor) were calculated using Dharwadkar and Kharkhanavala method. The structural changes occurring in the thermally polymerized bismaleimide and bismaleimide prepolymer were discussed.     

Effect of Alkanediyl-α,ω-Type Cationic Dimeric (Gemini) Surfactants on the Reaction Rate of Ninhydrin with [Cu(II)-Gly-Tyr]+ Complex

The effect of gemini (16‐s‐16, s = 4, 5, 6) surfactants on the reaction rate of ninhydrin with [Cu(II)‐Gly‐Tyr]⁺ complex was determined using a spectrophotometric technique. The ninhydrin concentration was kept in excess in order to maintain pseudo‐first‐order conditions. The reaction followed irreversible first‐ and fractional‐order kinetics with respect to [Cu(II)‐Gly‐Tyr]⁺ and [ninhydrin], respectively. It is found that gemini surfactants effectively catalyze the reaction. The rate constants (k_ψ) first increase and then become relatively constant with increasing gemini surfactant concentration similar to conventional cetyltrimethylammonium bromide. At higher gemini surfactant concentration a third region of increasing k_ψ is observed. The unusual third region is ascribed to changes in micellar morphology. The kinetic data has been analyzed using a micellar pseudo‐phase model.     

Effect of plastics substrate on phase separation behavior and adhesion for RSi(OC2H5)3–Si(OC2H5)4 coatings prepared by sol–gel process

Three functional siliconalkoxides (RSi(OC₂H₅)₃, RTES), phenyltriethoxysilane (PhTES), methyltriethoxysilane (MeTES), and 1,4-bis(triethoxysilyl)benzene (BTEB)–tetraethoxysilane (Si(OC₂H₅)₄, TEOS) coatings [xA?(100?x)TEOS (x=0–80, mol%), A=PhTES, MeTES, BTEB] were prepared by sol–gel process, and the effects of plastics substrates on both the distribution of organic component in the coatings and its adhesion on plastics substrates were discussed. Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polycarbonate (PC) with phenyl group and polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP) and polyvinylchloride (PVC) without phenyl group were employed as plastics substrates. The distribution of organic component was monitored by total reflection (ATR) fourier transform infrared (FTIR) measurements. Before the solidification of the coating sol, the organic component for good adhesion migrated on coatings/substrate interface side by the interaction between organic component and substrate. This interaction may be caused by π/π electron interaction, CH₃/π electron interaction and CH₃/CH₃ van der Waals interaction. The migration of phenyl group on plastics substrate with phenyl group was larger than that on plastics substrate without phenyl group, while the migration of methyl group on plastics substrate without phenyl group was larger than that on plastics' substrates with phenyl group. Thus, the chemical structure of substrate affected phase separation behavior in the coatings. Adhesion of PhTES–TEOS and BTEB–TEOS coatings on PET and PC increased drastically at larger than x=60. On the other hand, no adhesion was observed for all the MeTES–TEOS coatings.     

CO(2) Adsorption on Activated Carbon Honeycomb-Monoliths: A Comparison of Langmuir and Tóth Models

Activated carbon honeycomb-monoliths with different textural properties were prepared by chemical activation of African palm shells with H(3)PO(4), ZnCl(2) and CaCl(2) aqueous solutions of various concentrations. The adsorbents obtained were characterized by N(2) adsorption at 77 K, and their carbon dioxide adsorption capacities were measured at 273 K and 1 Bar in volumetric adsorption equipment. The experimental adsorption isotherms were fitted to Langmuir and Tóth models, and a better fit was observed to Tóth equation with a correlation coefficient of 0.999. The maximum experimental values for adsorption capacity at the highest pressure (2.627-5.756 mmol·g(-1)) are between the calculated data in the two models.     

Oxidation of Benzene Catalyzed by 2,2′-Bipyridine and 1,10-Phenantroline Cu(II) Complexes

The use of mononuclear Cu(II) 2,2′-bipyridine and 1,10-phenantroline complexes as catalysts in the oxidation of benzene, using hydrogen peroxide and tert-butyl hydroperoxide as oxidant in CH₃CN/H₂O solution is presented. The reactions were carried out at 25 and at 50 °C. The complexes [Cu(bipy)₃]Cl₂ · 6H₂O (1), [Cu(bipy)₂Cl]Cl · 5H₂O (2), [Cu(bipy)Cl₂] (3), [Cu(phen)₃]Cl₂ · 7H₂O (4), [Cu(phen)₂Cl]Cl · 5H₂O (5), [Cu(phen)Cl₂] (6) were able to oxidize benzene into phenol, hydroquinone and p-benzoquinone. Highest conversion (22%) was obtained using [Cu(Phen)Cl₂] (6) as catalyst.     

Syntheses and structures of cadmium(II) and cobalt(II) coordination polymers based on 1,1′-(2,2′-oxybis(ethane-2,1-diyl))bis(1H-imidazole) and carboxylate ligands

Two novel coordination polymers containing Cd(II) and Co(II) metals, connected via 1,1′-(2,2′-oxybis(ethane-2,1-diyl))bis(1H-imidazole) (L) ligand, have been synthesized. Compound [Cd(L)₂(p-BDC)] · 2H₂O (1) (p-BDC = 1,4-benzenedicarboxylate anion) is a three-dimensional interdigitated supramolecular architecture. Compound [Co(L)(BTCA)_0.5] (2) (BTCA = 1,2,3,4-butanetetracarboxylate anion) possesses a unique (3,4)-connected 3D framework with (8³)₂(8⁵ · 10) topology.     

The Influence of the Alkyl Chain Length and Steric Effect on Stability Constants and Extractability of Co(II) Complexes with 1‐Alkyl‐4(5)‐methylimidazoles

Abstract

Extraction of Co(II) complexes has been studied with nine derivatives of 1‐alkyl‐4(5)‐methylimidazoles (with R=C₂H₃ to C₁₀H₂₁) from aqueous solution [I=0.5(KNO₃) at 25°C] with toluene, trichloromethane, and 2‐ethyl‐1‐hexanol. Stability constants of the complexes formed in the aqueous phase (β _c ) as well as partition constants (P _c ) of the extracted species were determined. It was demonstrated that both the stability constants and partition constants of the complexes increase with an increasing of the 1‐alkyl chain length. The tetrahedral together with octahedral complexes were formed beginning from the second step of complexation. Furthermore, the influence of the bulkiness of the 1‐alkyl group on separation process of Co(II) from Zn(II) for extractions with toluene and 2‐ethyl‐1‐hexanol were determined.     

Analysis of the 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR spectra of poly(5-vinyl-2,2′-bithiophene)

Summary The title polymer was synthesized by free radical initiation in bulk and its ¹H-NMR and ¹³C-NMR spectra were recorded and analyzed in terms of polymer stereochemistry. The aliphatic region of the proton spectrum shows an unusual multiplicity due to stereochemical sensitivity and the resonances of several of the ring carbons displayed a sensitivity to higher order stereosequences. The analysis of these spectra showed that poly(5-vinyl-2,2-thiophene) is an atactic polymer.     

Effect of pH on separation of Pb (II) and NO3− from aqueous solutions using electrodialysis

Pb²⁺ and NO₃^? are major water pollutants with severe environmental effects. Several methods were used for treating them, but most of the intended solutions failed to treat these ions simultaneously. Electrodialysis (ED) may be able to treat them, particularly after the recent progress in membrane manufacture that has led to significant improvements in the performance. In this paper, we investigated the effect of pH on ED separation of Pb²⁺ and NO₃^? in terms of concentration ratio (CR), concentration polarization (i_lim), current efficiency (η), and energy consumption (EC). The results showed that, pH between 3 and 5 was the most effective for removal of these ions. Additionally, the distribution of ions among the charged sites on the membrane surfaces was governed by pH. At low electric potentials (< 10 V), ion exchange/adsorption was the prevalent phenomenon occurring on the membrane surfaces, while at voltages over 25 V the membranes were regenerated. Consequently, cation and anion exchange membranes could be used for water treatment at low voltages, then regenerated at higher voltages.     

Effect of cobalt-60 γ radiation on the physical and chemical properties of poly(ethylene terephthalate) polymer

The structural, optical, and morphological properties of Co⁶⁰ γ irradiation on poly(ethylene terephthalate) polymer samples were studied with X-ray diffraction (XRD), ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Raman spectroscopy. The diffraction pattern of virgin sample showed that the polymer was semicrystalline in nature. However, because of irradiation, the crystallinity decreased up to a dose level of 110 kGy and increased up to 300 kGy. The crystallite size, strain, and dislocation were calculated from the XRD data, and the crystallite size decreased from 291.07 to 346.90 Å. The absorption edge shifted from 315 to 330 nm, and the band gap of the samples decreased from 3.79 to 3.66 eV. The SEM micrographs showed radial bulging along with inhomogeneous liner exfoliation, and also, a rocky shape pattern with different sizes was observed. A significant change was found in the Raman spectra of the γ-irradiated polymer at the highest dose. The results of the structural, optical, and morphological studies show recovery characteristics at the highest dose level of 300 kGy. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012