浅谈萘法制苯酐项目中蒸汽夹套管的配管设计

在萘法制苯酐装置中,因为原料和产品的熔点较高,需要大量的蒸汽夹套管伴热。项目中选用内管焊缝外露型夹套管(半夹套)伴热,以满足被伴热介质为有毒介质的要求;选用夹套管时管道转向处改为一端盲法兰的三通型式,以满足经常性检修的要求;选用中压蒸汽替代低压蒸汽作为伴热介质,以解决内管温度远高于外管时夹套端部结构受力过大等问题。     

苯酐装置透平风机机组故障原因分析及处理

针对苯酐装置中透平 风机机组多次出现的故障采取了有效的处理办法 ,确保了装置的安全运行。     

Functionalization of the Unactivated Carbon-Hydrogen Bond Via Ozonation

Three alkanes and two ethers were oxidized with ozone in dichloromethane solution or in aqueous pH 3 suspension. Cyclodecane and cyclododecane were converted into the corresponding cycloalkanones. n-decane was converted into a mixture of isomeric n-decanones and carboxylic acids. An ester was formed from the ethers. Hence, one of the methylene groups of these substrates is generally converted into a carbonyl group. Some of these reactions have preparative value.     

苯酐氧化反应器技术

介绍了苯酐装置中固定床氧化反应器的技术。分析和探讨了苯酐装置中固定床氧化反应器的选型及技术要求。     

三氟甲烷磺酸酐的合成研究

本文对三氟甲烷磺酸酐的合成方法及其工艺流程进行了介绍。     

Synthesis of Phthalic Anhydride: Catalysts,Kinetics, and Reaction Modeling

Information concerning the oxidation of o-xylene and naphthalene, the two main processes for producing phthalic anhydride, is updated and analyzed. New techniques for the preparation of catalysts, all based in the impregnation method and involving the control of parameters such as pH and ionic strength of solutions, are described; the performance of the resulting catalysts is compared with that of catalysts prepared by other methods. Sulfur-containing substances and promoters such as Ag, P, Nb, and Sb have been shown to enhance catalyst performance; studies of their effect on the surface area, acidic properties, and stabilization of the oxidation state of vanadium in supported V₂O₅ catalysts are described.

The latest attempts to correlate the physicochemical characteristics of the catalysts with their catalytic features are analyzed. FTIR, Raman spectroscopy, adsorption of bases, ⁵¹V-NMR, XRD, XPS, SIMS, and electrical conductivity have been used in the study of V₂O₅/TiO₂ catalysts, allowing further understanding of the effects of the properties such as acidity and the state of oxidation of the surface. Particular emphasis has been given to the presence of V^IV, which is thought to cause lower selectivity to phthalic anhydride.

For o-xylene oxidation, the formation of involatile by-products has been established as a secondary reaction, accounting for the poor carbon balances obtained under some experimental conditions. Involatile by-products, whose formation has been associated with the presence of strong acid sites, can adsorb on the catalyst surface, leading to deactivation, or undergo total combustion, acting as a source of CO₂. Attempts to quantify and characterize those by-products are described.

The modeling of the reaction using both fixed- and fluidized-bed reactors, including the study of parameters such as the inlet temperature and the bath temperature, is analyzed. Models considering catalyst deactivation have been also developed; for o-xylene oxidation, deactivation has been associated with processes both reversible, such as changes in the oxidation state of vanadium, deposition of involatile compounds, and irreversible, such as structural changes, decrease in surface area, sintering, and variation of the promoter concentration at the catalyst surface.

The study of V₂O₅/TiO₂ EUROCAT catalysts, involving a number of European laboratories, is reviewed, and their performance is compared with that of other V₂O₅/TiO₂ catalysts.     

邻苯二甲酸酐、顺丁烯二酸酐的溶解度分析

本文主要针对萘气相催化氧化制备1,4-萘醌的工业副产物邻苯二甲酸酐、顺丁烯二酸酐分别在水中的溶解度进行固一液相平衡的基础研究。     

4-溴邻苯二甲酸酐中杂质的高效液相色谱分析

利用高效液相色谱,外标法定量测定4-溴邻苯二甲酸酐中苯酐、4-溴邻苯二甲酸、4-溴邻苯二甲酸酐等的含量。采用AgillentTC-C18柱,25℃,以甲醇、乙酸水溶液为流动相(体积比60∶40),检测波长为236nm。可通过一次进样在30分钟内完成对样品中主要物质的全面分析。     

萘法固定床苯酐生产技术

对萘法固定床苯酐反应原理、工艺流程及技术改进方面进行了详细阐述。重点讲述了供风系统、萘汽化系统、反应系统、凝华系统和精馏系统的工艺流程及工艺操作要点,并详细介绍了相关技术改进内容。     

浅谈大型苯酐顺酐装置反应器包国产化

介绍引进大型苯酐顺酐装置固定床反应器包的两种结构；简述该反应器包在设计、材料、制造方面的关键问题；分析反复引进技术的利弊；通过论证认为，该大型反应器包国产化是完全可行的，并指出尚需解决的技术问题。     

水解聚马来酸酐（HPMA）阻垢剂的合成及性能评价

以马来酸酐为主要单体采用常压聚合法制备聚水解马来酸酐阻垢剂,该过程采用的是水溶性引发剂、催化剂和其它水溶性成分。与传统的使用有机溶剂和有机引发剂的合成方法相比,该工艺无安全隐患、无污染,符合环保要求;所用的引发剂易得,用量少,价格低;聚合工艺简单,操作方便,易于掌握和推广;产品生产周期短,能耗小,便于工业化生产;合成出的水解聚马来酸酐性能稳定、可控,阻垢效果好。     

四溴苯酐的合成研究

四溴苯酐(C8Q3Br4)白色粉末,溴含量68-69%,溶于热水,易溶于有机溶剂,高沸点溴系阻燃剂,广泛应用于聚乙烯、聚丙烯、树脂、聚脂等塑料中。目前国内曾有几个生产厂家,但因产品质量较差,基本处于停产状态,国内需求全部依赖进口。四溴苯酐以苯酐和溴素为原料,催化合成。溶剂低温法是目前各国广泛采用的方法,但该法存在设备腐蚀性严重、废酸多、产品质量不高,本文采用多温溴化法制备,可方便地制得高纯度产品,且生产过程简单,易行,该法尚未见文献报导。1合成原理苯酐、溴素在溶剂及催化剂条件下反应,生成四溴苯酐。2工艺在四颈瓶中加入高沸点溶…     

苯乙炔苯酐型热固性聚酰亚胺的合成与表征

以4-溴代苯酐为原料,二(三苯基膦)二氯化钯为催化剂,三苯基膦为配体,三乙胺为反应副产物吸收剂,在非质子性溶剂N,N-二甲基乙酰胺中与苯乙炔进行交叉偶联反应,制得4-苯乙炔苯酐,然后以其为封端剂制备了聚酰亚胺;对苯乙炔苯酐及其封端的聚酰亚胺进行了结构及性能的表征.结果表明,用苯乙炔苯酐封端的聚酰亚胺,交联后薄膜的最高拉伸强度和最大断裂伸长率分别为112.9 MPa和20.7%,聚酰亚胺薄膜的玻璃化转变温度和5%的热分解温度分别为313.1℃和550.0℃.     

Aqueous Ozonation of Pesticides: A Review

The ozonation reactions of pesticides in aqueous solution have been reviewed. Degree of reaction and reaction product identity are included. Compounds are classified into five groups: chlorinated hydrocarbons, organophosphorus compounds, phenoxyalkyl acid derivatives, organonitrogen compounds, and phenolic compounds. Experimental conditions for each study are summarized. Much work has been carried out under conditions atypical of those encountered at drinking water treatment plants. Thus, the findings of the papers reviewed cannot be applied directly to potable water treatment.     

Synthesis of maleic and pHthalic anhydrides from the mixture of cyclopentene and 1-pentene

The selective oxidations of cyclopentene, 1-pentene, and their mixture to maleic and phthalic anhydrides have been studied to gain information on the total utilization of olefins of C₅-fraction. The highest selectivities for maleic anhydride, a single major organic product, in individual oxidations of cyclopentene and 1-pentene were obtained at complete or almost complete conversion, and then the main byproduct was phthalic anhydride. The cooxidation of the mixture of cyclopentene and 1-pentene at ca. 100% conversion, which was selected as optimized condition, gave no interaction between cyclopentene and 1-pentene. This result indicates that two reactants can be simultaneously utilized at one oxidation unit process. In contrast, the cooxidation at low degrees of conversion gave some interaction. It was only related to the slightly stronger adsorption of cyclopentene as compared to 1-pentene.     

Kinetic Regime Changes in the Ozonation of 1,3-Cyclohexanedione in Aqueous Solutions

The reaction between ozone and 1,3-cyclohexanedione in aqueous solutions at different pH was investigated from the point of view of the film theory. The rate of ozone absorption is accompanied by a second order irreversible reaction with 1,3-cyclohexanedione. The kinetic regime of absorption was found to change from fast (the reaction being of pseudo first order) to instantaneous, according to the ozone partial pressure applied. The former kinetic regime allows the determination of the reaction rate constant, while the latter leads to the volumetric mass transfer coefficient of the system.     

Oxidation of Benzene to Maleic Anhydride in a Fluidized Bed Reactor

In this project, the selective oxidation of benzene to maleic anhydride (MAN) was studied. Gas phase catalytic oxidation of benzene was carried out in a laboratory scale fluidized bed reactor on six different types of catalysts, which have different compositions. Effects of temperature, flow rates of benzene and air and catalyst type on the reaction selectivity were investigated at atmospheric pressure. The experiments were performed over a temperature range of 325 to 400 °C, a space‐time (W/F_A0) range from 11.28 × 10⁵ to 31.9 × 10⁵ g s mol^–1, and benzene/air mole ratio changes between 0.0109 and 0.0477. It was seen that conversion of benzene to MAN increased with increasing temperature for the catalysts supported by silica gel, aluminum oxide and titanium oxide. From the results it was found that conversion increased with increasing flow rate of air. When the comparison of the catalysts were made, it could be said that catalysts supported by silica gel showed higher MAN conversions. So it can be concluded that catalysts supported by silica gel were more suitable catalysts for benzene oxidation to MAN in a fluidized bed reactor.     

Sequential Ozonation and Biological Oxidation of Wastewaters: A Model Including Biomass Inhibition by Residual Oxidant

We modeled the potential impact of a residual oxidant (ozone in the present case, known to be a strong bactericide) on the performance of a combined chemical and biological water treatment. This model is fashioned by adapting a recent model for the kinetics of ozone disinfection to an activated sludge system performing in the presence of ozone residuals. Our new model allows prediction of the bioreactor performance under different substrate loadings and residual oxidant concentrations, helping to identify regimes where air stripping would be necessary before the second step.     

Cure Kinetics and Thermal Property of Bisphenol-S Epoxy Resin and Phthalic Anhydride

Abstract

The cure kinetics of bisphenol-S epoxy resin (BPSER) and curing agent phthalic anhydride, with N,N-dimethyl phenzylamine as an accelerator, were studied by means of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Analysis of DSC data indicated that an autocatalytic behavior showed in the first stages of the cure. The autocatalytic behavior was well described by the model proposed by Kamal including two rate constants, k1 and k2, and two reaction orders, m and n. The overall reaction order, m + n, is in the range 2～3. The activation energies for k1 and k2 were 111.69 and 80.47 KJ/mol, respectively. Diffusion control was incorporated to describe the cure in the latter stages. The glass transition temperatures (T_gS) of the BPSER/anhydride samples isothermally cured partially were determined by means of torsional braid analysis (TBA). and the results showed that the reaction rate increased with increasing T_g in terms of the rate constant, but decreased with increasing conversion. The T_g of completely cured BPSER/anhydride system is about 40 K higher than that of BPAER. The thermal degradation kinetics of this system was investigated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). It illustrated that the thermal degradation of the BPSER/phthalic anhydride has n-order reaction kinetics.