浙江省海水贝类中无机砷测定和安全性分析

目的测定浙江省不同养殖区常见海水贝类中的无机砷含量,分析其安全性。方法采用液相色谱-原子荧光光谱法测定海水贝类中无机砷的含量,按单因子污染指数法评价其安全性。结果在三门湾、乐清湾、沿浦湾、南麂岛、嵊泗列岛5个养殖区采集缢蛏、贻贝、泥蚶、血蚶、牡蛎、文蛤、青蛤等7种海水贝类201个样品,测定无机砷含量范围为0.015~2.7 mg/kg,其中三门湾地区10个缢蛏样品超过安全限量0.5 mg/kg,缢蛏平均污染指数Pi为0.56,其他品种样品无机砷含量全部符合安全限量要求,平均污染指数Pi均小于0.4。结论浙江省海水贝类中无机砷污染指数总体状况属于微污染一轻污染水平,但部分地区缢蛏存在一定生物质量安全隐患,需引起重视。     

浙江省主要海产品中铬元素含量分布及风险分析

目的分析浙江省主要海产品中铬(Cr)的含量分布情况,并对其进行风险分析。方法采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法(inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, ICP-MS)测定浙江省沿岸海域21种海洋经济种中的Cr元素含量。以样品检测结果为数据基础,分析海产品中Cr元素分布特征;采用单因子污染指数法分析检测结果评价不同海产品中Cr元素的污染程度;同时结合第五次中国总膳食研究调查数据,采用非致癌风险评价方法计算Cr元素的危害商数(target hazardquotients, THQ),并进行食用健康风险评估。结果贝类污染指数(pollution index, Pi)为0.796,属于中度污染;虾类、蟹类和头足类Pi值分别为0.282、0.260和0.352,处于轻度污染水平;鱼类Pi值为0.148,为未受污染水平。5类海产品的危害商数THQ为0.046～0.208,均小于安全基准值1。结论浙江省主要海产品对人体不具有潜在的健康风险。     

无锡市谷物重金属污染状况及健康风险评估

目的 了解无锡市市售谷物重金属污染状况以及对人体的潜在健康风险。方法 采集无锡市市售大米、面粉、杂粮等谷物,根据国家标准方法对谷物中的铅、镉、总汞、总砷进行检测。运用单因子污染指数和尼梅罗综合污染指数评价谷物中重金属污染状况,采用美国国家环境保护局（US EPA）推荐的环境健康风险评价模型对重金属通过膳食途径所引起的健康风险做出评估。结果 大米、面粉、杂粮的单因子污染指数均小于0.6,在安全范围内。谷物总致癌风险值为1.71×10^-4,大米的致癌风险值最高,为3.29×10^-4。4种重金属的非致癌危险商（HQ）均小于1,由高到低依次为总砷、镉、总汞和铅,不同种类谷物的重金属非致癌危险指数（HI）均小于1,由高到低依次为大米类、面粉类、杂粮类。结论 无锡市谷物重金属污染在安全范围内,对健康风险进行评估显示,谷物中重金属对人体健康的整体风险在可接受范围内,致癌风险在EPA推荐的可接受范围内,其中大米的致癌风险最高,主要贡献为总砷;非致癌风险也在可接受范围内,其中大米的非致癌风险最高,主要贡献仍为总砷。     

我国稻米镉污染调查及健康风险评估

目的 基于我国主产区稻米镉污染现状的调查结果，对不同人群稻米镉暴露的健康风险进行评估，为我国稻米合理膳食消费与政府安全监管提供参考依据。方法 采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定我国主产区6 249份稻米中的镉含量，分析稻米镉污染水平及分布特征；基于蒙特卡洛模拟，估算稻米镉暴露的风险熵（HQ）及癌症风险指数（CR）的累积概率分布，评估食用稻米的潜在健康风险。结果 采用区域产量加权计算四个主产区稻米镉平均含量为0.166 1 mg/kg，超标率为25.99%，其中华中地区稻米样品镉超标率最高为56.64%；分析表明，东北地区稻米镉暴露水平较低，不存在致癌和非致癌健康风险，其他地区处于HQ>1非致癌危害风险水平的人群概率范围分别为成人0.06%~7.12%、儿童0.15%~11.44%，处于CR>10^-4致癌危害风险水平的人群概率范围分别为成人0.16%~72.55%、儿童0.26%~77.93%，其中华中地区稻米镉暴露导致的健康风险最高。结论 我国居民存在一定的稻米镉暴露健康风险，华中地区稻米镉暴露的致癌和非致癌健康风险水平较高，儿童较成人受到的稻米镉暴露风险更高，提示重点区域和儿童的稻米镉暴露情况应予以重视。     

2020—2021年山东省小麦中镉污染状况及健康风险评估

目的 了解山东省16个地市小麦中镉的污染状况，并对其膳食暴露量及健康风险进行评估。方法 采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法检测2020—2021年山东省16个地市小麦中镉含量，结合山东省居民小麦消费量计算镉膳食暴露量，采用安全限值法（MOS）和美国环境保护局推荐的健康风险评价模型评价镉引起的健康风险。结果 山东省小麦中镉含量的中位数为0.020 2 mg/kg，检出率为97.5%；小麦中镉的污染呈现山东省南部及胶东半岛较高，西北部较低的分布；山东省居民每月经小麦摄入镉的平均暴露量为1.80 μg/kg·BW，低于每月可耐受摄入量参考值（25 μg/kg·BW）；通过小麦的镉暴露量的MOS为13.9，风险可以接受；个人致癌平均年风险为0.46×10^-5/年，低于国际放射防护委员会推荐的最大可接受年风险水平。结论 山东省居民通过小麦摄入镉的健康风险处于可接受水平，但不同地区的小麦污染存在区域差异。     

浙江温州地区海产品中石油烃的含量分析及膳食风险评估

目的 掌握浙江温州地区海产品中石油烃的污染状况及其对人群膳食暴露影响。方法 采集2022年浙江温州地区30个品种217批次海产品, 取各样品可食部分, 经组织匀质后, 经6 mol/L氢氧化钠溶液40℃恒温振荡皂化6 h、二氯甲烷萃取、旋转蒸发浓缩至干、脱芳石油醚复溶, 取上清液采用分子荧光仪测定其石油烃含量。采用单因子指数法和商值法分别评价其污染程度和膳食暴露健康风险。结果 所有海产品均存在不同程度的石油烃检出(范围1.06~26.6 mg/kg, 均值9.70 mg/kg), 其中13.4%的样品中石油烃含量超出NY 5073—2006《无公害食品水产品中有毒有害物质限量》中规定的限值, 分别为缢蛏、泥蚶、馒头蟹。总体上检出浓度依次排序, 养殖贝类>海捕头足类>海捕蟹>海捕虾>海捕鱼>养殖藻类。所测海产品石油烃危害商在0.01226~0.3076之间, 均小于1, 致癌风险指数范围为4.9×10-7~7.6×10-5, 小于1×10-4, 其中养殖贝类中缢蛏、泥蚶、贻贝的危害商和致癌风险指数相对较高。结论 浙江温州地区海产品中石油烃的健康风险较低, 但应密切关注长期或大量食用缢蛏、泥蚶、贻贝带来的不利影响。     

市售水产品中镉污染状况评价及健康风险评估

目的了解某市市售水产品鱼类、贝类、虾类、蟹类中重金属镉的污染状况,分析其镉含量的季节性差异,对水产品的镉污染程度进行等级划分,并评估其健康风险。方法采集市售水产品样品1 554份,采用石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定各类水产品中的镉含量;通过描述性分析比较镉含量在季节之间的变化;采用单因子污染指数(Pi)法划分水产品的污染等级;以镉暂定每月可耐受摄入量(PTMI)为参考值,评估水产品的健康风险。结果水产品样品中重金属镉的平均水平为0.116 4 mg/kg;总检出率为45.56%(708/1 554),其中贝类、蟹类、虾类和鱼类的检出率依次为86.26%(496/575)、66.43%(93/140)、32.48%(102/314)和3.24%(17/525);总超标率为1.74%(27/1 554),其中蟹类、虾类、贝类和鱼类的超标率依次为7.86%(11/140)、2.87%(9/314)、1.22%(7/575)和0.00%(0/525);污染等级评价结果显示,蟹类在秋季为轻度污染水平(Pi值为0.36),在春冬两季为中度污染水平(Pi值分别为0.70和0.89),其余种类水产品在各季节中均呈清洁水平;健康风险评估结果表明,在一般消费水平下,不同季节四类水产品的每月评估摄入量(EMI)占PTMI的比值最大为0.35%,而在高消费水平下,EMI占PRMI的比值最大为49.33%。结论水产品中镉超标率在季节之间表现出一定的变化,夏季镉污染最轻;除蟹类存在有轻度或中度污染水平外,鱼类、贝类、虾类均为清洁水平;一般消费人群和高消费人群因摄入水产品而产生镉暴露健康风险的可能性均较低。     

深圳市某区市售水产品中镉污染特征及健康风险评价

目的：分析深圳市某区市售水产品中镉的污染特征,评价水产品镉污染对辖区居民的健康风险。方法：收集2017—2022年深圳市某区水产品中镉含量的监测数据,分析镉的污染特征,采用靶器官危害系数法(Target Hazard Quotients,THQ)评价市售水产品镉暴露的人体健康风险。结果：295份市售水产品中,镉的含量为0.001～46.900 mg·kg^-1,超标率为26.44%。水产品镉THQ的P50值均小于1,其他类(头足类、腹足类)水产品THQ的P90值为3.503。结论：深圳市某区市售水产品受到一定污染,水产品镉平均暴露对居民健康风险较低,但应警惕其他类(头足类、腹足类)水产品的镉污染。     

婴幼儿配方乳粉和发酵乳中沙门氏菌检验方法的比对研究

目的 对比美国FDA/BAM、ISO 6579-2017和GB4789.4-2016沙门氏菌检验方法的检出限、灵敏度,筛选出针对婴幼儿配方乳粉、发酵乳产品以及环境样品中沙门氏菌污染最灵敏的检测方法。方法 对20种血清型沙门氏菌进行平行检测,对比美国FDA/BAM、ISO 6579-2017和GB4789.4-2016沙门氏菌检验方法的检出限、灵敏度。使用不同基质(婴幼儿配方奶粉、酸奶样品和环境样品)人工染菌样品,对三个方法的样品适用性进行比较与评价。结果 三个标准方法的检出限为10_^-1-10_⁰CFU/样品。FDA/BAM方法、ISO 6579-2017方法、GB 4789.4-2016方法在10_¹CFU/样品染菌水平灵敏度均为100%;10_⁰CFU/样品染菌水平,灵敏度为95%、90%、90%;10_^-1CFU/样品染菌水平,灵敏度为65%、50%、45%。对三类人工污染沙门菌的样品,FDA/BAM方法的检出率显著高于ISO和GB4789方法(P＜0.05),ISO和GB4789方法检出率无显著性差异(P>0.05)。结论 三种方法检出限一致 ,均可以有效检测食品中沙门氏菌。染菌浓度低于10_⁰CFU/样品时, FDA/BAM方法的灵敏度显著高于ISO和GB4789方法。不同基质人工污染沙门氏菌样品对比,FDA/BAM方法的检出率显著高于ISO6579-2017方法和GB4789.4-2016方法。     

我国海洋食用贝类重金属污染特征及其健康风险

目的探讨我国海洋食用贝类重金属累积水平及人体健康风险。方法基于已报道的数据,分析我国海洋食用贝类中Cu、Pb、Cd、Cr、As和Hg污染统计特征,采用美国国家环境保护局(US EPA)提出的靶器官危害系数(THQs)方法评估贝类重金属污染的人体健康风险。结果我国海洋食用贝类中各重金属含量呈非正态分布。Pb、Cd、Cr、As和Hg的平均含量均未超过食品中污染物限量。牡蛎、菲律宾蛤仔、缢蛏及贻贝4类典型食用贝类中,As、Cu和Cd的含量均差异有统计学意义(P0.05),牡蛎中Cu和Cd含量最高,缢蛏中As含量最高;4类贝类中其他重金属含量均差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。珠江口、福建沿海、长江口-浙江沿海、山东沿海、渤海湾海域食用贝类中Cu、Pb、Cr、Hg的人体健康风险较低,但山东沿海、渤海湾和福建沿海部分贝类中Cd以及福建海域部分贝类中As的风险超出了可接受水平;除山东沿海、渤海湾和福建沿海贝类重金属污染对儿童的风险值大于1.0外,其他海域贝类6种金属的总风险均可接受;Cd和As是我国贝类重金属污染健康风险的主要贡献者。结论我国海洋食用贝类中Cu、Cd和Cr含量存在超标现象,部分海域一些贝类Cd和As污染的健康风险超出了可接受水平。总体上,海洋贝类重金属污染不严重,但重金属复合污染的健康风险需引起重视。     

Ovarian structures and circulating steroids in heifers and lactating cows in summer and lactating and dry cows in winter

Two experiments compared follicular and luteal development and circulating steroid concentrations from induced luteolysis to ovulation in lactating Holstein cows (n = 27; 40.0 +/- 1.5 kg milk/day) vs. nulliparous heifers (n = 28; 11 to 17 mo-old) during summer (Experiment 1), and in lactating (n = 27; 45.9 +/- 1.4 kg milk/d) vs. dry cows (n = 26) during winter (experiment 2). All females received PGF2,, 6 d after ovulation and were monitored until next ovulation by daily ultrasound and assay of serum progesterone (P4) and estradiol (E2). Every female was used two or three times. In Experiment 1, lactating cows had high incidence of multiple ovulation (63.5%) compared with heifers (1.3%). Among single ovulators, there was no difference in maximal size of ovulatory follicles between lactating cows and heifers (15.8 vs. 16.5 mm, respectively). However, lactating cows had lower peak serum E2 (8.6 vs. 12.1 pg/ml), took longer to ovulate after luteolysis (4.6 vs. 3.8 d), developed more luteal tissue volume (7,293.6 vs. 5,515.2 mm3), and had lower serum P4 on d 6 after ovulation (2.0 vs. 3.0 ng/ml) than heifers (data included multiple ovulators). In experiment 2, multiple ovulations were similar between lactating and dry cows (17.9 vs. 17.2%, respectively). Peak serum E2 was also similar between lactating and dry cows (7.6 vs. 8.5 pg/ml) although lactating cows had larger ovulatory follicles (18.6 vs. 16.2 +/- 0.4 mm). Lactating cows took longer to ovulate (4.8 vs. 4.2 d), developed more luteal tissue (7,599 vs. 5,139 +/- 468 mm3), but had similar serum P4 (2.2 vs. 1.9 ng/ ml) compared with dry cows. Therefore, lactating cows had similar or lower circulating steroid concentrations than dry cows or heifers, respectively, despite having larger ovarian structures.     

Fertilization and early embryonic development in heifers and lactating cows in summer and lactating and dry cows in winter

Two experiments in two seasons evaluated fertilization rate and embryonic development in dairy cattle. Experiment 1 (summer) compared lactating Holstein cows (n = 27; 97.3 +/- 4.1 d postpartum [dppl; 40.0 +/- 1.5 kg milk/d) to nulliparous heifers (n = 28; 11 to 17 mo old). Experiment 2 (winter) compared lactating cows (n = 27; 46.4 +/- 1.6 dpp; 45.9 +/- 1.4 kg milk/d) to dry cows (n = 26). Inseminations based on estrus included combined semen from four high-fertility bulls. Embryos and oocytes recovered 5 d after ovulation were evaluated for fertilization, embryo quality (1 = excellent to 5 = degenerate), nuclei/embryo, and accessory sperm. In experiment 1, 21 embryos and 17 unfertilized oocytes (UFO) were recovered from lactating cows versus 32 embryos and no UFO from heifers (55% vs. 100% fertilization). Embryos from lactating cows had inferior quality scores (3.8 +/- 0.4 vs. 2.2 +/- 0.3), fewer nuclei/embryo (19.3 +/- 3.7 vs. 36.8 +/- 3.0) but more accessory sperm (37.3 +/- 5.8 vs. 22.4 +/- 5.5/embryo) than embryos from heifers. Sperm were attached to 80% of UFO (17.8 +/- 12.1 sperm/UFO). In experiment 2, lactating cows yielded 36 embryos and 5 UFO versus 34 embryos and 4 UFO from dry cows (87.8 vs. 89.5% fertilization). Embryo quality from lactating cows was inferior to dry cows (3.1 +/- 0.3 vs. 2.2 +/- 0.3), but embryos had similar numbers of nuclei (27.2 +/- 2.7 vs. 30.6 +/- 2.1) and accessory sperm (42.0 +/- 9.4 vs. 36.5 +/- 6.3). From 53% of the flushings from lactating cows and 28% from dry cows, only nonviable embryos were collected. Thus, embryos of lactating dairy cows were detectably inferior to embryos from nonlactating females as early as 5 d after ovulation, with a surprisingly high percentage of nonviable embryos. In addition, fertilization rate was reduced only in summer, apparently due to an effect of heat stress on the oocyte.     

2018年深圳市售蔬菜和鸡蛋中氟虫腈及其代谢物的检测分析

目的 建立超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法同时测定蔬菜和鸡蛋中氟虫腈及其代谢物(氟甲腈、氟虫腈砜和氟虫腈亚砜), 并对深圳市售的蔬菜和鸡蛋中氟虫腈及其代谢物残留状况进行抽样检测。方法 采用QuEChERS前处理方法, 以C18色谱柱为分离柱, 以乙腈和10 mmol甲酸+6 mmol甲酸铵水溶液为流动相进行梯度洗脱, 用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱(ultra performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry, UPLC-MS/MS), 电喷雾电离(electrospray ionization, ESI), 多反应监测(multiple reaction monitoring, MRM)模式检测, 外标法同时定量测定氟虫腈及其代谢物。结果 方法的线性范围为0.1~2.0 μg/L, 线性相关系数均大于0.9994, 检出限0.0005 mg/kg, 定量限0.001 mg/kg; 蔬菜中3个水平的平均加标回收率88.0%~101.2%, 相对标准偏差(relative standard deviation, RSD)均小于8.5%; 鸡蛋中3个水平的平均加标回收率86.1%~104.8%, 相对标准偏差(RSD)均小于9.2%。结论 该方法具有操作简单、干扰少、快速、准确可靠等特点, 可适用于蔬菜鸡蛋中氟虫腈及其代谢物的检测。     

Zinc and iron contents and their bioaccessibility in cereals and pulses consumed in India

Several cereals and pulses commonly consumed in India were screened for zinc and iron contents and their bioaccessibility in the same was determined by equilibrium dialysis employing an in vitro simulated digestion procedure. Zinc content of cereals ranged from 1.08 mg/100 g in rice to 2.24 mg/100 g in sorghum. Zinc content of pulses was between 2.03 mg/100 g (whole chickpea) and 2.68 mg/ 100 g (decorticated chickpea). Iron content of cereals ranged from 1.32 mg% in rice to 6.51 mg% in sorghum, while that of pulses ranged from 3.85 mg% in decorticated green gram to 6.46 mg% in black gram. Dialyzability of zinc from pulses (27–56%) was generally higher than that from cereals (5.5–21.4%). Dialyzabilities of iron were almost similar from both cereals and pulses examined and were 4.13–8.05% in cereals and 1.77–10.2 % in pulses. A significant negative correlation between inherent phytate content and zinc dialyzability value was inferred in the case of pulses. Phytic acid content of the cereals had a significant negative influence on iron dialyzability. Inherent calcium had a negative influence on zinc dialyzability in cereals. Tannin did not have any significant influence on zinc or iron dialyzabilities from cereals and pulses. While both insoluble and soluble fractions of the dietary fibre generally interfered with zinc dialyzability, the insoluble fraction alone had this effect on iron dialyzability. The lower collective negative influence of the inherent factors on zinc dialyzability from pulses is consistent with their higher concentrations in these grains, relative to cereals. The negative correlation of inherent phytic acid with zinc and iron dialyzabilities was supported by enhanced dialyzabilities of these minerals upon partial removal of phytate from the grains by treatment with fungal phytase.     

Fenvalerate residue level and dissipation in tea and in its infusion

Fenvalerate is a non-systemic insecticide/acaricide used in controlling a wide range of pests, including those resistant to organochlorine, organophosphorus and carbamate insecticides. The study investigated the dissipation behaviour (residue level) of fenvalerate in tea and its transfer during infusion. Fenvalerate was applied on tea crop at two dosages, 100 and 200?g a.i.?ha^?1 (recommended and double the recommended) in the dry and wet seasons under field conditions. Samples (green tea shoots, made tea, its infusion and spent leaves) were analysed for fenvalerate by high-performance liquid chromatography using diode array detection. The residue dissipated faster in the wet season than in the dry season. Seven days after the treatment (normal round of plucking) the residues observed in the green shoots at the two dosages were 0.5?±?0.01, 1.1?±?0.01 and 0.4?±?0.02, 0.9?±?0.01?mg?kg^?1 in the dry and wet seasons, respectively. During processing of green tea shoots to made tea a 30–40% loss of residue was observed. The transfer of residue from made tea to infusion was in the range 10–30% for both seasons, whereas 50–70% of the residues remained in the spent leaves. However, the degradation rate in both seasons followed first-order kinetics. The half-lives were in the range of 2–3 days for green shoots and made tea in both seasons.     

果蔬及其制品中真菌毒素的污染与检测研究进展

果蔬在生长、贮存、运输及加工等一系列过程中,极易受到各种病原菌的侵染而发生腐烂,腐烂果蔬不仅造成巨大的经济损失,而且导致果蔬积累大量的真菌毒素。真菌毒素可通过食物链的传递对人或动物的健康带来巨大威胁。本文就果蔬中常见真菌毒素的种类、产毒菌株、侵染途径、产毒条件、毒性作用、检测方法和限量标准等方面进行详细的总结,旨在为果蔬中真菌毒素的控制提供参考。     

我国熟制坚果与籽类食品中霉菌及其毒素污染状况研究

目的 调查我国熟制坚果与籽类食品中霉菌及其毒素污染状况，掌握该类食品中霉菌及真菌毒素污染风险的关联性。方法 通过采集市售商品，检测霉菌及其毒素，采用内转录间区（ITS）测序法对样品中污染的霉菌进行属鉴定。结果 19.32%（560/2 912）的熟制坚果与籽类食品霉菌计数>25 CFU/g。单一、混合坚果超过该限值的比例分别为14.78%（322/2 178）和32.56%（239/734），差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。单一坚果中核桃超过该限值的比例最高，为24.10%（47/195），杏仁、巴达木和花生分别为17.44%（15/86）、16.81%（20/119）和16.22%（73/450），其余种类均在15%以下。对26份霉菌计数>25 CFU/g的样品进行真菌毒素检测，1份采自云南的花生检出白僵菌素污染量为16.37 μg/kg。ITS扩增子测序发现熟制坚果与籽类食品中主要污染曲霉属、交链孢霉属、念珠菌属等，和真菌毒素检出有相关性。结论 熟制坚果与籽类食品中霉菌污染较高，检出的霉菌属有产真菌毒素的风险，提示应加强该类食品中污染霉菌的监测、种属鉴定及产毒情况研究，掌握其污染途径和产毒规律，为开展风险评估，采取有效防控措施提供科学依据。     

蛋白质组学技术及其在乳及乳制品中的应用研究进展

蛋白质组学技术是近年来生命科学研究的重要工具,在食品、医学及动植物研究领域具有独特优势。利用蛋白质组学技术研究乳及乳制品,深入阐明其中蛋白质的表达及动态变化已成为当前的研究热点。该文主要综述了蛋白质组学的概念、常用技术及应用领域,重点介绍蛋白质组学在乳及乳制品领域,特别是在乳脂肪球膜蛋白、乳清蛋白、乳及乳制品加工过程以及干酪制品中的研究应用,探讨了目前乳及乳制品蛋白质组学研究中存在的问题与局限,并对蛋白质组学及其在乳及乳制品中的应用前景进行了总结与展望,为应用蛋白质组学技术深入研究乳及乳制品提供了理论依据。     

Sweetness and aroma perceptions in dairy desserts varying in sucrose and aroma levels and in textural agent

Sweetness–aroma interactions were investigated in model dairy desserts varying in sucrose concentration, aroma concentration and in textural characteristics using different textural agents (κ-, ι-, λ-carrageenans and an equal-mix of the three). Overall intensities of sweetness and aroma perceptions were evaluated by sensory analysis and apparent partition coefficients of aroma compounds were measured by static headspace—GC.Sweetness–aroma interaction was characterised by a non-reciprocal relationship. Concentration of aroma had no impact on sweetness intensity, whatever be the sucrose concentration or textural characteristics of desserts, whereas varying texture or sucrose concentration modified aroma intensity. However, effects on aroma assessment were effective only when aroma concentration was the highest. In this condition, use of λ-carrageenan or increasing sucrose concentration from 25 to 50 g kg⁻¹ enhanced aroma intensity, but no extra enhancement was observed when sucrose concentration was 100 g kg⁻¹. As the air–dessert partition coefficient remained constant, impact of textural characteristics and sweetness variation on aroma perception did not result from physico-chemical interaction.     

冰酒中的毕赤属和汉逊属酵母菌的筛选及其在葡萄酒酿造中的应用

从冰葡萄酒自然发酵过程中分离、鉴定出10株毕赤属(Pichia)和汉逊属(Hanseniaspora)酵母,对其耐受性(酒精、糖、酸、SO2)进行研究,筛选得到4株耐受性能优良的酵母菌株,编号为"HO"和"HU"(Hanseniaspora属)、"PO"和"PK"(Pichia属).再将此4个酵母菌株与商业酿酒酵母(S...