1000MW机组热力设备的热经济学分析

基于热经济学结构理论,对1 000MW机组进行了炯分析和热经济学建模.利用PowerBuilder9.0语言编制的程序计算了(火用)损、(火用)效率、炯损失系数、单位炯成本及单位热经济学成本等参数,得到了不同设计工况下各组件(火用)损、炯效率及(火用)损失系数的变化规律;计算了100％ THA设计工况下各组件的产品单位(火用)成本及有无非能量费用时组件的单位热经济学成本,并指出了对热力设备进行改造的方向,找到了机组设计环节的缺陷.结果表明,能量成本与热经济学成本比值大的设备,应侧重于技术改造,反之要适当降低非能量费用.     

冷热电联产系统两级调峰方案(火用)分析

本文针对某用户确定了冷热电联产系统两级调峰方案,并对系统及其内部进行能耗分析。将冷热电联产系统分为三个层级:系统、三大设备和可调回热燃气轮机,对该系统两级调峰方案的各个层级进行■指标计算和分析。结果表明:在两级调峰方案中,随着年均回热器关闭度的逐渐减小,系统的■损系数越来越小,同时可调回热燃气轮机■损系数逐渐增大,烟气型双效溴冷机和烟水换热器的■损系数逐渐减小。可调回热燃气轮机是■损失最大设备,其中燃烧室为■损失最大部件。故减小年均回热器关闭度能使两级调峰系统减少■损失。     

CFB锅炉采用富氧燃烧与常规燃烧方式下的热经济性分析对比

以480t/h的循环流化床锅炉为研究对象,根据热效率和?效率的定义和计算方法,结合热力学第一定律和热力学第二定律,建立了适用于循环流化床锅炉的热效率和?效率的计算模型。分别计算并比较常规空气及富氧气氛(O2/CO2=30/70)下循环流化床锅炉的各项热损失、?损失、热效率和?效率。结果表明:富氧燃烧能够提高循环流化床锅炉的热效率和?效率。但是无论在哪种燃烧方式下,?效率都远远小于热效率,对锅炉热效率的分析只考虑了能量在数量上的利用情况,却没有考虑到锅炉内部各过程的不可逆性所造成的能量品质的下降。而对锅炉?效率的分析,考虑能量的品质,能够更全面的分析锅炉的各项损失及产生部位。     

跨临界CO2内部过冷增压制冷系统高级(火用)分析

为了进一步认识系统的不可逆能量损失,采用高级(火用)分析方法应用于跨临界CO₂内部过冷增压制冷系统,以室外环境温度15.0和30.0℃为例进行计算。结果表明,可避免(火用)损失最主要的部件是高压级压缩机,其次是气体冷却器,优化的重点应放在这些可避免(火用)损失占比较大的部件上;对于整个系统而言,系统(火用)损的绝大部分是可以避免、内因性的,说明系统大部分的不可逆性可以通过优化部件本身来降低。     

小龙潭电厂300MW机组热力系统(火用)分析

应用能量平衡和(火用)分析方法,对小龙潭火力发电厂300MW机组热力系统能量转换过程进行了定量计算,分析了各个单元的能量有效利用及损失情况,指出了损失的主要部位和原因.结果表明:热量损失主要发生在凝汽器单元,凝汽器散失到周围环境中的热量为411.28 MW,占输入热量的51.57%,锅炉单元散失的热量为52.96 MW,占输入热量的6.64%,汽轮机单元散失的热量为20.40 MW,占输入热量的2.56%;(火用)损主要发生在锅炉单元,锅炉、汽轮机和凝汽器单元的(火用)损分别占输入(火用)的67.78%、18.54%和13%;锅炉中燃料燃烧及大温差传热是整个系统不可逆的主要原因;不同工况下每个单元的(火用)损和(火用)效率会随着环境温度适度改变,但同一工况下机组总的(火用)效率不随环境温度变化.     

纯低温余热发电系统中余热锅炉的热力学分析

以能量平衡模型和能量平衡方程为依据,对某水泥厂纯低温余热发电系统中的余热锅炉进行了热力学分析,同时分析了各种参数变化对余热锅炉(火用)效率的影响.结果表明:余热锅炉的主要外部损失为排烟(火用)损失,占锅炉总(火用)损失的45.72%;主要内部损失为传热(火用)损失,占锅炉总(火用)损失的11.28%.确定了余热锅炉耗能的薄弱环节,并提出了降低余热锅炉(火用)损和提高余热锅炉(火用)效率的途径和改进措施,为水泥厂进一步展开节能工作提供科学依据.     

土壤源热泵系统的[火用]分析

对组成土壤源热泵系统的3个回路以及整个系统的制冷和制热工况进行了全面的(火用)分析,分别给出了它们的(火用)损失、(火用)效率、(火用)损率、(火用)损系数以及热力学完善度的表达式.结果表明:在对系统进行(火用)分析时,必须将这几个指标结合起来使用.在整个系统中,(火用)损率最大的部件是压缩机,而(火用)效率与热力学完善度最低的却是土壤热交换器.因此,压缩机和土壤热交换器是整个系统改进的首要对象.     

S-CO2布雷顿循环太阳能电力淡水系统火用分析

设计一种使用S-CO₂布雷顿循环的太阳能电力淡水系统,对系统的工作原理和结构组成进行介绍,并对系统开展运行性能和火用分析。结果表明,设计工况下系统的输出电功率为233.8 MW,布雷顿循环效率为37.5%,淡水日产量为3981.6 t。增大太阳辐照度有利于提高系统的电力输出和总的能量效率。定工况下的火用分析结果表明,太阳塔集热器中的火用损最大,为303.99 MW,对应的火用效率为64.45%。海水淡化换热器的火用效率最低,且其火用损值也较大。随着太阳辐照度的增加,太阳塔集热器、海水淡化系统换热器和回热器内的火用损均有不同幅度的增加。因此,对于该S-CO₂布雷顿循环太阳能电力淡水系统的后续优化而言,应重点考虑改进这些部件的性能。     

带压缩空气储能的冷热电联产系统的

对一种带压缩空气储能的冷热电联产系统进行了热力学(火用)分析,得到了各主要部件和整个系统的(火用)损失及(火用)效率的变化规律.分析结果表明空气透平绝热效率的提高对系统(火用)效率的贡献大于压缩机效率同样提高的功效;在其它参数确定时,存在最佳压比,可使系统的(火用)效率在该条件下达极值;高温换热器是新型冷热电联产系统中产生(火用)损失的主要部件,而循环水量的大小是影响高温换热器(火用)效率的主要因素.     

联合循环热电冷三联供系统的热经济性分析

燃气—蒸汽联合循环的热电冷三联供系统是一种崭新的能量供应系统,它实现了能量的梯级利用。本文在联合循环的热电冷三联供系统基础上,从总热效率、效率和经济效率三个方面并结合具体实例对系统进行了热经济性计算和分析。     

压水堆核电机组热力系统炯损分布的矩阵算法

基于火（用）分析法和矩阵算法,建立了压水堆核电机组热力系统的通用火（用）损分布矩阵方程,并以某900MW压水堆核电机组为例进行了计算分析,得到了额定工况下热力系统及设备的焖损分布规律．结果表明：反应堆的焖损失最大,占核能总火（用）的50．85％,其次为汽轮发电机、蒸汽发生器和凝汽器,分别占核能总火（用）的6．17％、3．2％和2．55％;矩阵方程较常规火（用）分析法具有构造简单、矩阵元素填写法则简便、物理意义明确和规律性强等优点;利用该方程便于开发出相应的计算程序,进而为核电机组节能潜力挖掘和故障诊断提供依据．     

SECOND LAW ANALYSIS OF A SOLAR THERMAL POWER SYSTEM

This communication presents second law analysis based on exergy concept for a solar thermal power system. Basic energy and exergy analysis for the system components (viz. parabolic trough collector/receiver and Rankine heat engine etc.) are carried out for evaluating the energy and exergy losses as well as exergetic efficiency for typical solar thermal power system under given operating conditions. Relevant energy flow and exergy flow diagrams are drawn to show the various thermodynamic and thermal losses. It is found that the main energy loss takes place at the condenser of the heat engine part whereas the exergy analysis shows that the collector-receiver assembly is the part where the losses are maximum. The analysis and results can be used for evaluating the component irreversibilities which can also explain the deviation between the actual efficiency and ideal efficiency of solar thermal power system.     

R245fa有机朗肯循环余热发电系统火用分析

以低品位热能驱动的有机朗肯循环发电系统,是实现将低品位热能转变为电能,进而提高热力系统总体热效率,降低污染排放的有效途径之一。本文建立了低品位热能发电系统火用分析模型,对以R245fa为工质的温度低于383.15 K的低品位热能有机朗肯循环余热发电系统进行了火用分析,得到了各环节的能量转换效率并确定了对系统性能影响最大的环节;通过改变蒸发器和冷凝器的压降和传热系数值,分析了主要换热设备的设计和运行性能参数对系统火用效率、热效率和发电量的影响趋势,提出了低品位热能发电系统的优化方向。     

A novel flame energy grading conversion system: Preliminary experiment and thermodynamic parametric analysis

The focus of this study is to improve the efficiency of the thermal power cycle from the perspective of photo energy and thermal energy grading conversion. A new concept of combined radiation and heat engine model was proposed to establish a novel flame energy grading conversion system based on photovoltaic conversion and the Rankine cycle. From the perspective of energy utilization, the spectral radiative energy characteristics in oxy-coal combustion were experimentally investigated, and a preliminary thermodynamic model of the new system was established based on the experimental results. Finally, energy and exergy analyses were conducted to determine the general characteristics of the proposed system and assess the improvements to the Rankine cycle. The results indicated that temperature was the main factor affecting the short-waveband energy ratio. Compared with the Rankine cycle, the new flame energy grading conversion system improved the system efficiency by about 3.5%. The exergy analysis indicated that the proposed system reduced the exergy loss factor in the heat transfer of the boiler by about 3% to 6%. This study provides references for improving the thermal power cycle efficiency.     

Exergetic analysis of a solar thermal power system

This communication presents a second law analysis based on an exergy concept for a solar thermal power system. Basic energy and exergy analysis for the system components (viz. parabolic trough collector/receiver and Rankine heat engine, etc.) are carried out for evaluating the respective losses as well as exergetic efficiency for typical solar thermal power systems under given operating conditions. It is found that the main energy loss takes place at the condenser of the heat engine part, whereas the exergy analysis shows that the collector–receiver assembly is the part where the losses are maximum. The analysis and results can be used for evaluating the component irreversibilities which can also explain the deviation between the actual efficiency and ideal efficiency of a solar thermal power system.     

Energy,exergy and economic analyses and multiobjective optimization of a novel solar multi-generation system for production of green hydrogen and other utilities

Renewable energy based multi-generation systems can help solving energy-related environmental problems. For this purpose, a novel solar tower-based multi-generation system is proposed for the green hydrogen production as the main product. A solar-driven open Brayton cycle with intercooling, regeneration and reheat is coupled with a regenerative Rankine cycle and a Kalina cycle-11 as a unique series of power cycles. Significant portion of the produced electricity is utilized to produce green hydrogen in an electrolyzer. A thermal energy storage, a single-effect absorption refrigeration cycle and two domestic hot water heaters are also integrated. Energy, exergy and economic analyses are performed to examine the performance of the proposed system, and a detailed parametric analysis is conducted. Multiobjective optimization is carried out to determine the optimum performance. Optimum energy and exergy efficiencies, unit exergy product cost and total cost rate are calculated as 39.81%, 34.44%, 0.0798 $/kWh and 182.16 $/h, respectively. Products are 22.48 kg/h hydrogen, 1478 kW power, 225.5 kW cooling and 7.63 kg/s domestic hot water. Electrolyzer power size is found as one of the most critical decision variables. Solar subsystem has the largest exergy destruction. Regenerative Rankine cycle operates at the highest energy and exergy efficiencies among power cycles.     

Energy–exergy analysis and modernization suggestions for a combined‐cycle power plant

Energy and exergy analysis were carried out for a combined‐cycle power plant by using the data taken from its units in operation to analyse a complex energy system more thoroughly and to identify the potential for improving efficiency of the system. In this context, energy and exergy fluxes at the inlet and the exit of the devices in one of the power plant main units as well as the energy and exergy losses were determined. The results show that combustion chambers, gas turbines and heat recovery steam generators (HRSG) are the main sources of irreversibilities representing more than 85% of the overall exergy losses. Some constructive and thermal suggestions for these devices have been made to improve the efficiency of the system. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Exergy Analysis of Electric Vehicle Heat Pump Air Conditioning System with Battery Thermal Management System

The exergy analysis of an electric vehicle heat pump air conditioning system(HPACS) with battery thermal management system was carried out by studying the exergy loss of each component. The results indicate that the compressor is the main source of system exergy loss in all operation conditions. The exergy loss distribution of HPACS is almost the same when the battery thermal management system integrated into the HPACS in cabin and battery mixed cooling mode and the system exergy loss was linearly related to the compressor speed in cooling modes. The performance of the HPACS is better than that of the positive temperature coefficient(PTC) heater in cabin heating mode. The degree of exergy efficiency improvement of the alternative mode was discussed at all operation conditions in cabin heating mode. The results indicate that the optimization effect using the electric vehicle HPACS to replace the PTC heater is obvious at lower compressor speed, surrounding temperature and internal condenser air flow rate.     

Exergy analysis of a 1.2 MW waste heat power generation project

According to systematic features, analysis method based on exergy balance is established. Basic indicators in the system, the subsystem, and facilities are put forward in this paper. By using this method to analyze the generation system of megawatt‐scale in one chemical enterprise, it is found that the objective exergy efficiency of the system is 35.67%, and exergy loss of organic Rankine cycle (ORC) is the highest. The thermal efficiency of the total system is 9.61%. For the condenser, the thermal efficiency is 91.18%, and the exergy efficiency is only 23.44%. The objective exergy efficiency of the evaporator is 74.04%. The influence coefficient of exergy loss of condenser is higher than that of pump and expander, but input exergy of the condenser is lower than that of the expander. It is revealed that ORC subsystem is the part which needs to be focused on, and the condenser is the most important component of ORC subsystem which should be optimized firstly.