空气侧换热器结霜时传热与阻力特性研究

在质量、动量和能量守恒的基础上,采用分布参数法建立了空气侧换热器结霜时的动态数学模型,该模型耦合了结霜子模型和热交换子模型。利用该模型分析了不同温度和相对湿度下霜的厚度随时间的变化及结霜对空气侧换热器传热与阻力的影响。结果表明：在不同的工况下,空气侧换热器结霜情况不同;空气温度一定时,相对湿度越大,结霜越严重,融霜的时间间隔越短;随着结霜量的增加,换热器的换热量减小,风量也就逐渐减少,阻力却迅速增加。计算出了不同工况下融霜的时间间隔。     

土壤空气换热器换热特性的模拟研究

文章针对日光温室环境下土壤空气换热器的换热特性进行了研究。首先通过监测土壤空气换热器沿程空气温度的全天变化,分析了试验工况下土壤空气换热器的动态换热过程及系统性能变化规律。研究结果表明,在试验工况下,土壤空气换热器系统的性能系数(COP)可高达24.1。在此基础上,通过建立土壤空气换热器的非稳态换热模型,模拟研究不同的入口风速对土壤空气换热器换热性能的影响。研究结果表明,当换热管入口空气温度相同时,随着入口风速的增加,土壤空气换热器进出口空气温度差逐渐减小,出口处空气温度与土壤温度差值逐渐增大,这意味着土壤空气换热器有效换热长度逐渐变长。在此过程中,土壤空气换热器系统的换热量和COP随着入口空气风速的增加呈现出先增后减的规律。通过模拟结果可知,当入口风速达到5.5 m/s时,土壤空气换热器系统的换热量与COP均达到最大值。     

直接空冷凝汽器翅片管积灰流动换热的数值研究

为了深入研究空冷凝汽器散热管束积灰时的流动换热特性,利用FLUENT软件数值模拟了翅片管外不同积灰厚度的流动换热情况,得到了夏季工况翅片管4种积灰厚度的对流换热系数、传热系数及流动阻力随迎面风速的变化曲线,非线性拟合得到了摩擦系数、努赛尔数与雷诺数之间的关联式。利用性能评价指标PEC,对翅片管束积灰前后的流动换热性能进行了比较。结果表明:随着迎面风速的增加,积灰前后的管外对流换热系数,传热系数以及流动阻力逐渐增加;随着翅片管外积灰厚度的增加,对流换热系数、流动阻力以及摩擦系数变大,传热系数变小。     

气候环境实验室换热器除霜技术的研究

气候环境实验室在进行低温、高湿工况试验时,换热器表面会结霜。换热器结霜将增加换热空气的流动阻力、导致换热效率下降。为保证空气处理系统正常运行需要对换热器进行除霜。文中通过建立换热器模型对换热器结霜和除霜过程进行仿真分析,计算了结霜和除霜过程中霜层厚度、滞留水量的变化过程,提出了除霜开始判据和结束判据。以此为理论依据对实验室换热器除霜方案和除霜流程进行了优化,并在实验室调试过程中得到应用,取得了良好效果。     

风冷冷水机组V型冷凝器空气流动的模拟

建立了风冷热泵翅片管换热器空气侧流动与传热的数学模型,模拟了V型风冷翅片管换热器在不同翅片管间夹角与底部距离下的空气流场,分析了不同翅片管间夹角与底部距离对空气流动的影响。模拟结果表明,两换热面的夹角增大时,换热面的迎面风速和平均风速也随之增大,且增长相当明显,但最大风速相差不大。当底部间距增大时,换热面的迎面风速和平均风速亦随之增大,但变化的幅度比较小。     

湿工况下平直翅片管换热器空气侧传热传质特性研究

建立了湿工况下2排叉排平直翅片管换热器空气侧对流传热传质模型,利用Fluent软件进行了模拟,通过编写UDF(User-Defined Function)添加潜热换热质量源项、能量源项。模拟结果表明空气迎面风速、相对湿度以及壁面过冷度对显热换热系数的影响不大,但会对冷凝对流换热系数产生重要影响。     

湿工况下低气压对翅片管换热器换热特性的影响

在高空低气压环境下模拟舱内对开缝翅片管换热器在湿工况下的换热特性进行了实验研究,分析了不同环境压力对空气侧换热特性的影响,包括显热换热、潜热换热和努赛尔数的变化规律。实验结果表明,当干球温度和相对湿度不变时,湿工况下空气侧显热换热量、潜热换热量和空气侧传热系数均随着环境压力的降低而减小;而单位质量潜热换热量几乎不变,潜热换热所占比例略微增大。同一个环境压力下,入口空气的相对湿度对换热器的显热换热量影响不大,而对潜热换热量影响显著。当相对湿度分别为40%、60%和80%时,显热换热量差异小于5%;而潜热换热量当相对湿度为80%时,是相对湿度为40%时的5.9~6.8倍。     

汽车空调暖风系统平行流换热器换热性能研究

平行流换热器以其结构紧凑、换热效率高的特点已广泛应用于汽车空调中.简要介绍了汽车空调暖风系统平行流换热器结构,采用计算流体力学(CFD)数值模拟方法对平行流换热器的换热性能进行了分析,比较了空气侧风速和水流量对其换热量和流动阻力的影响.模拟结果表明:在增加相同百分比的情况下,增加空气侧风速比增加水流量对换热器换热量的影响大16%左右,但增加空气侧风速和水流量对换热器换热能力的影响均有限;随着风速的提高,换热量增加率逐渐减小,而空气侧阻力增加率越来越大;随着水流量增加,水侧压降增大非常明显;但两者增加对空气侧出口温度影响均不明显.     

换热器内弹性管束固有阵型对换热性能的影响

弹性管束换热器管束的振动可实现强化换热,为了使弹性管束换热器更好的强化换热,本文研究了弹性管束的固有阵型对管束换热特性的影响。采用work bench数值分析方法对弹性管束进行模态分析,得到管束的前十阶固有频率及阵型。采用脉动流激励弹性管束振动,得到弹性管束的类似固有振型,分析管束固有振型变化对弹性管束换热特性的影响。结果表明,对于管束的面外振型,管束固有振型的振幅出现的位置不同,对管束的换热系数影响很大;对于管束的面内振型,随着管束面内振型阶数增大,弹性管束的换热系数增大。     

紧凑满液型叉排管束蒸发换热器内水的沸腾强化换热特性

采用紧凑满液型蒸发换热器,利用水平传热管叉排管束狭窄空间内早期沸腾强化换热机理将中小热负 荷条件下的自然对流换热转化为旺盛核沸腾换热,换热性能大大优于传统的降膜式蒸发换热器。对水平传热管 管束在受限空间内沸腾强化换热进行实验研究,确认了紧凑满液式水平管蒸发换热器具有良好的换热性能,传 热管在管束中的位置对换热特性已经没有明显影响,随着压力增加,受限空间内沸腾强化换热强化效果显著增 加。     

Performance of finned tube heat exchangers operating under frosting conditions

In this paper, the performance of flat plate finned tube heat exchangers operating under frosting conditions was investigated experimentally. Heat exchangers of single and multiple tube row(s) were tested to show the effects of various parameters on heat transfer performance. The parameters include temperature and relative humidity of air, flow rate of air, refrigerant temperature, fin pitch, and row number. The time variations of heat transfer rate, overall heat transfer coefficient, and pressure drop of heat exchangers presented.     

Frosting of heat pump with heat recovery facility

This paper aims to prolong the heat pump frost time and reduce its growth with heat recovery facility, which should mix the exhausted indoor and outdoor air before entering the evaporator. An ideal mathematic model is developed for heat transfer, frost generation and airside pressure drop. The properties of the mixture would be obtained by solving the mass and energy conservation equations. A parametric analysis is performed to investigate the effects of air inlet temperature, relative humidity and air mass flow rate on total heat transfer coefficient, frost thickness and airside pressure drop, respectively. The results show that rationalizing the ratio of indoor and outdoor air could prolong frosting time and reduce the frost thickness greatly. The total heat transfer coefficient, frost thickness and airside pressure drop increase monotonically with time going, but are not proportional. Decreasing the mixture inlet air temperature and relative humidity could essentially reduce frost growth on the tube surfaces. This can also be observed when increasing the air mass flow rate.     

湿热地区波纹翅片管式表冷器的运行性能和调节能力研究

表冷器作为空调系统中空气的热湿处理设备在湿热地区应用广泛。然而,随着户式中央空调的发展,它与中小型冷水机的匹配及运行优化仍缺少指南。建立了某9排管空气-水逆流式波纹翅片管式表冷器的传热除湿数学模型。模拟结果分析表明:室外气象参数的影响显著,气温越高且露点温度越高,则其供冷和除湿能力显著提高;在广州和杭州六月份平均气象条件下,调节表冷器的供水温度、供水流速或管外风速,其供冷能力可分别在名义供冷能力的32%~95%以及45%~120%内调节,除湿能力也可相应随之得到调节;入口水温愈低,则变水量或变风量对表冷器供冷及除湿能力的调节作用范围越广;风速愈大且水流速度愈高,则变水温的调节作用范围越广;入口水温越低、风速越大或水流速度越大,则联合调节风量水量、水温水量或水温风量对其供冷和除湿能力的调节作用范围也越广。     

Effects of air flow maldistribution on refrigeration system dynamics of air source heat pump chiller under frosting conditions

The effects of air flow maldistribution on the performance of an air source heat pump chiller under frosting conditions were investigated experimentally. The results indicated that air flow maldistribution was the dominant factor leading to hunting of the thermostatic expansion valve for medium and/or large size finned tube evaporators. With air flow maldistribution degree (AMD) increasing, frost occurred earlier, and the frost layer grew faster. The operating characteristics became lower when AMD was increased. We found such phenomenon seemed to be related to both the difference of refrigerant outlet superheat and the frosting velocity. In the hunting stage, the frost block effect became the main factor degrading the refrigeration system performance. With AMD increasing, the heat pump system pertinent performance data (suction pressure, evaporation temperature, discharge pressure, refrigerant outlet temperature, etc.) were degraded more dramatically.     

Frost distribution characteristics of laminar airflow on cold surface of mini-channels

This study was performed for simulating frosting characteristics that occurred on the surface of plate fins of the outside heat exchanger. Test section with local cooling modules at the central part was made as the rectangular cross sectional passage to imitate the outside heat exchanger. Local frost thickness distributions for test conditions having three experimental parameters (plate wall temperature, air humidity and velocity) were presented. Leading edge effect of the plate was clearly confirmed from the measured frost thickness distributions. The central part of the plate had the highest frost thickness because cooling devices were installed at the center of the plate. Due to different heat and mass transfer characteristics of upstream flow and downstream flow, the frost thickness of upstream area was much higher than that of downstream. The effects of plate surface temperature, humidity and velocity of inlet flow on frost thickness, and sensible and latent heat fluxes were analyzed.     

Experimental study of free convection heat transfer and condensation of vapor of humid air over an inclined cold tube

In this study condensation heat transfer on a cold inclined circular cylinder due to natural convection for various conditions is investigated experimentally. The cylinder is placed in an isolated test room to permit pure natural circulation of ambient air. Ambient temperature and humidity of the test room are controlled by a refrigeration cycle and humidifying. The ambient relative air humidity changed in the range of 30 to 50% and temperature from 25 to 35 °C. The ethylene‐glycol/water solution is used as a refrigerant to control and keep the temperature of the test section at a constant value. The cold surface temperature is varied from 2 to 6 °C. The condensation rate and heat flux are found to depend mainly on time, temperature difference between ambient air and cold surface, ambient relative humidity, and tube inclination. Results are plotted for various conditions with respect to time. The experimental results are used to propose a correlation to predict the condensate mass flow rate for free convection heat transfer. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res; Published online in Wiley Online Library ( wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/htj ). DOI 10.1002/htj.21015     

膜加湿器热质交换过程的理论分析

膜加湿器是保证质子交换膜燃料电池(PEMFC)正常高效运行的重要组成部分.以燃料电池的板式膜加湿器为研究对象,根据热质交换原理对膜加湿器的传热传质过程进行了理论计算,分析了空气质量流量、膜内加湿侧进口温度和膜内加湿侧进口湿度对传热传质过程的影响.在传热方面:当空气质量流量不同时,随着膜内加湿侧进口温度的变化,膜内的热流量变化趋势不一致;当膜内加湿侧进口相对湿度为95%时,随着空气质量流量的变化,膜内热流量变化不大.在传质方面:当加湿侧进口相对湿度不变时,膜中水传输速率随着空气质量流量的增大而减小;当空气质量流量不变时,膜中水传输速率随着加湿侧进口相对湿度的增大而增大.     

Effect of Cooling Water Flow Path on the Flow and Heat Transfer in a 660 MW Power Plant Condenser

The effect of the cooling water flow path on the flow and heat transfer in a double tube-pass condenser for a 660 MW power plant unit was numerically investigated based on a porous medium model. The results were used to analyze the streamline, velocity, air mass fraction and heat transfer coefficient distributions. The simulations indicate that the cooling water flow path is important in large condensers. For the original tube arrangement, the heat transfer with the lower-upper cooling water flow path is better than that with the upper-lower cooling water flow path. The reason is that the steam cannot flow into the internal of upper tube bundle and the air fractions are higher in the upper tube bundle with the upper-lower cooling water flow path. An improvement tube arrangement was developed for the upper-lower cooling water flow path which reduced the back pressure by 0.47 kPa compared to the original scheme. Thus, the results show that the tube arrangements should differ for different cooling water flow paths and the condenser heat transfer can be improved for the upper-lower cooling water flow path by modifying the tube arrangement.     

N7600凝汽器壳侧汽相流动与传热性能数值计算

采用自行编制的程序对N7600凝汽器壳侧蒸汽的流动与传热特性进行了数值计算,得到了壳侧蒸汽的速度与流线、压力、传热系数以及空气浓度等分布图。结果表明：N7600凝汽车器壳侧整体上呈现“汽流向两侧”的流动特点,与设计的初衰基本相符合,在凝汽器的底部流场中存在小的涡流区．说明管束布置还有不合理的地方;凝汽器汽阻为109．5Pa：平均传热系数为3237,15W／m2·K;随着蒸汽的不断凝结,从冷却管束外围到内部的空气浓度逐渐增大。     

Analysis of heat transfer and frost layer formation on a cryogenic tank wall exposed to the humid atmospheric air

In this paper heat transfer characteristics and frost layer formation are investigated numerically on the surface of a cryogenic oxidizer tank for a liquid propulsion rocket, where a frost layer could be a significant factor in maintaining oxidizer temperature within a required range. Frost formation is modeled by considering mass diffusion of water vapor in the air into the frost layer and various heat transfer modes such as natural and forced convection, latent heat, solar radiation of short wavelength, and ambient radiation of long wavelength. Computational results are first compared with the available measurements and show favorable agreement on thickness and effective thermal conductivity of the frost layer. In the case of the cryogenic tank, a series of parametric studies is presented in order to examine the effects of important parameters such as temperature and wind speed of ambient air, air humidity, and tank wall temperature on the frost layer formation and the amount of heat transfer into the tank. It is found that the heat transfer by solar radiation is significant and also that heat transfer strongly depends on air humidity, ambient air temperature, and wind speed but not tank wall temperature.