我国母乳中持久性有机污染暴露水平及主要来源研究

本文介绍了我国母乳中有机氯农药(OCPs)、二噁英(PCDD/Fs)、多氯联苯(PCBs)、多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)、全氟代烃类化合物(PFCs)等持久性有机污染物(POPs)的污染状况及可能的暴露来源。持久性有机污染物在我国母乳中存在一定的身体负荷,可能对婴儿的健康产生不利影响。     

蔬菜中多氯代有机污染物的含量特征研究

采用野外样品采集与调查、室内培养与分析的方法,对蔬菜中多氯代有机污染物的含量特征进行探讨。研究结果表明:野外旱地耕种的蔬菜中均有不同程度多氯代有机污染物检出,其中氯苯类化合物、六六六和滴滴涕的含量分别为14.039±9.176、7.412±6.096、5.553±6.772ng/g;不同蔬菜种类中以大蒜、包菜体内多氯代有机污染物含量较高。室内盆栽蔬菜中多氯代有机污染物的含量与土壤受污染程度有关,随着土壤污染物浓度升高,蔬菜体内污染物含量升高。     

背景资料：关于持久性有机污染物（POPs）的斯德哥尔摩公约

为了推动POPs的淘汰和削减、保护人类健康和环境免受POPs的危害,在联合国环境规划署（UNEP）主持下,2001年5月23日包括我国政府在内的92个国家和区域经济一体化组织签署了《关于持久性有机污染物的斯德哥尔摩公约》。2004年11月11日,公约正式对我国生效。2007年4月14日,国务院批准了中国履行斯德哥尔摩公约的《国家实施计划》,标志着我国的履约工作全面进入实施阶段,在这一计划的指导下中国将分阶段、分区域、分行业开展履约活动,在2015年前投入340亿元,以削减、淘汰和控制列入公约受控清单的12种持久性有机污染物。     

持久性有机污染物在中国的环境监测现状

持久性有机污染物对自然环境和人们的生命健康危害是巨大的,与其他种类的污染物质相比,持久性有机污染物具有一定的特性.当前中国对持久性有机物的监测工作包含大气、水源和土壤环境监测,为了打造更好的自然环境,要求增强对持久性有机物的治理工作.     

持久性有机污染物和《斯德哥尔摩公约》履约

2001年5月,中国率先签署了《斯德哥尔摩公约》,这一公约是国际社会为保护人类免受持久性有机污染物危害而采取的共同行动,是继《蒙特利尔议定书》后第二个对发展中国家具有明确强制减排义务的环境公约,落实这一公约对人类社会的可持续发展具有重要意义。本文介绍了持久性有机污染物和《斯德哥尔摩公约》的履约历程。     

我国造纸工业二恶英类持久性有机污染物的研究进展

2004年11月11日,《关于持久性有机污染物(POPs)的斯德哥尔摩公约》正式在我国生效。我国造纸工业在快速发展的同时,二恶英类持久性有机污染物作为制浆造纸时无意生产的副产物,对生态环境有一定影响,其向环境中释放的途径包括大气、水体、产品和污泥废渣。初步估算,2009年我国造纸工业二恶英总量约为378 g TEQ(毒性当量)。"十二五"期间,将是我国造纸工业推行履约计划的重要时期,采用氯气漂白纸浆的二恶英发生量约为85 gTEQ,占总量的比例为22.49%,应当重点予以控制和削减。     

持久性有机污染物膳食摄入的研究进展

持久性有机污染物(POPs)在环境中能够普遍存在并且通过食物链能够富集,已经影响到了食品的安全。由于人们通过膳食摄入持久性有机污染物是一个主要的因素,所以人们在日常膳食的过程中持久性有机污染物在一定程度上对人们的健康存在着潜在健康风险。本文综述了近年来国内外有关人们通过膳食摄入不同POPs的膳食暴露情况,包括持久性有机氯农药、二噁英及其类似物、多溴联苯醚、全氟有机化合物等,并且将不同国家和地区的人们对这些化合物膳食摄入量的不同进行了比较和分析。在此基础上,评估了人们对不同POPs膳食摄入的健康风险,希望为进一步开展和健康风险评估相关的研究提供依据。     

食品污染物监测及其健康影响评价的研究简介

为保障食品安全，“食品污染物监测及其健康影响评价的研究”被列入国家科技部“十五”攻关课题。主要研究内容为食品污染物分析质量控制研究；污染物(包括金属污染物，农药残留)监测技术研究；建立有害物质暴露危险性评估技术；生物学标志物研究。研究完成后，建立了我国与国际接轨的污染物监测网框架，提出了我国食品污染物监测分析质量控制评价原则，提高了我国污染物监测水平。绘制了我国食品污染物基本状况表。我国食品中重金属污染主要是铅污染，各年龄段铅的摄入量偏高，特别是儿童已经达到PTWI的105．6％～109．7％。说明我国食品中铅的含量偏高，应该修订国家标准。镉污染主要在鱼类，全国平均值超过国家标准，其中河南省淡水鱼的镉平均值是国家标准的近3倍，其他食品镉的污染不严重。砷、汞在食品中的污染不严重。成功地以总膳食研究为手段进行膳食暴露评估。在国际上首先建立了反映人体微量氯丙醇暴露的8—氯乳酸的痕量检测技术，并作为理想的接触标志物用于人体氯丙醇的暴露评价；初步建立了以监测母乳中二噁英负荷水平作为接触标志物和生殖内分泌指标作为效应标志物的体系；应用人胚肾LH／CG受体重组细胞株生物发光法测定血清中的BCG。研制出监测网研制数据上报系统计算机软件。该研究对保障食品安全提供了方法和科学依据。     

纺织品及皮革中短链氯化石蜡检测方法的研究进展

短链氯化石蜡(SCCPs)是一类含碳原子数10-13的正构烷烃氯化衍生而成的复杂混合物。SCCPs毒性大,且能在生物体中累积,因此被联合国环保署列入《关于持久性有机污染物(POPs)的斯德哥尔摩公约》禁止使用的持久性有机污染物清单之中。本文针对纺织品及皮革中短链氯化石蜡检测方法的研究现状、进展及存在的问题进行了总结,以便为我国在此方面的开展研究提供参考。     

某多氯联苯污染地块土壤修复技术筛选与工程应用研究

多氯联苯(PCBs)是首批被列入《关于持久性有机物的斯德哥尔摩公约》控制的12种持久性有机污染物之一。其具有难降解性、生物毒性等危害,目前国内对PCB污染土壤修复技术报道较少。本文通过开展细致、全面的土壤环境调查评估工作,查明某PCBs污染地块的污染范围和程度,明确了修复目标和工程量,最终通过科学的修复技术比选论证确定了修复技术筛选工作方法。本文的工作可为其他PCBs污染地块土壤修复提供借鉴和参考。     

Toward a consistent evaluative framework for POP risk characterization

The purpose of Annex E in the Stockholm Convention (SC) on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) is to assess whether a chemical is likely, as a result of its long-range environmental transport, to lead to significant adverse human health or environmental effects, such that global action is warranted. To date, risk profiles for nominated POPs have not consistently selected assessment endpoints or completed mandated risk characterizations. An assessment endpoint hierarchy is proposed to facilitate risk characterization for the implementation of the SC. The framework is illustrated for a nominated POP, hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), using three risk estimation methods. Based on current monitoring and toxicity data, the screening-level results indicate that humans and ecological receptors in remote regions such as the Arctic are unlikely to experience significant adverse effects (i.e., low risk) due to long-range environmental transport of HBCD. The results for birds are more uncertain than the results for fish and mammals due to the paucity of avian toxicity data. Risk characterization results for HBCD and for some listed POPs are compared to illustrate how the proposed methods can further assist decision-making and chemical management.     

Dietary exposure to dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs of Hong Kong adults: results of the first Hong Kong Total Diet Study

Dioxins and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are persistent organic pollutants (POPs) covered by the Stockholm Convention on POPs. To assess the associated health risk of the Hong Kong population, the dietary exposure of the Hong Kong population and various age–gender subgroups to dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs was estimated in the first Hong Kong Total Diet Study (TDS), where food samples were collected and prepared “as consumed”. A total of 142 composite food samples, mainly foods of animal origin and their products and oily food, were analysed for polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and dioxin-like PCBs by the high-resolution gas chromatograph/high-resolution mass spectrometer (HRGC/HRMS) system. Dietary exposures were estimated by combining the analytical results with the food consumption data of Hong Kong adults. The mean and 95th percentile exposures to dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs of the Hong Kong population were 21.9 and 59.7 pg toxic equivalent (TEQ) kg^?1 body weight (bw) month^?1 respectively, which amounted to 31.3% and 85.2% of the provisional tolerable monthly intake (PTMI). The main dietary source of dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs was “Fish and seafood and their products” (61.9% of the total exposure), followed by “Meat, poultry and game and their products” (20.0%) and “Mixed dishes” (6.95%). The study findings suggest that the Hong Kong population is unlikely to experience the major undesirable health effects of dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs.     

食品中PCDD/Fs和dlPCBs的检测方法研究进展

二恶英化合物是典型的高毒性持久性有机污染物,可在食物链中不断累积,最终引发食品安全问题,严重威胁人类健康。近年来,食品中二恶英类化合物的分析筛选和监测控制等问题一直是人们研究的重点。本文综述了二恶英类化合物的致毒机制和几种用于分析检测二恶英类化合物方法的基本原理和优缺点,以及国内外分析检测的最新研究进展,并对我国开展二恶英分析监测提出了建议和展望。     

婴幼儿乳粉中新兴持久性有机污染物的来源、检测技术及污染水平研究进展

综述了关于婴幼儿乳粉中氯丙醇酯和缩水甘油酯(GEs)、氯酸盐、高氯酸盐、多氯联苯(PCBs)、丙烯酰胺、矿物油、全氟及多氟烷基化合物(PFASs)的污染来源、分析方法、污染水平等方面的研究进展,指出现阶段婴幼儿乳粉新兴持久性有机污染物(POPs)国内外污染现状以及检测技术的优缺点,并对婴幼儿乳粉的新兴POPs检测技术发展与种类进行了展望。     

Application of sorbent impregnated polyurethane foam (SIP) disk passive air samplers for investigating organochlorine pesticides and polybrominated diphenyl ethers at the global scale

As part of continued efforts under the Global Atmospheric Passive Sampling (GAPS) Network to develop passive air samplers applicable to a wide-range of compounds, sorbent-impregnated polyurethane foam (SIP) disk samplers were codeployed and tested against conventional polyurethane foam (PUF) disk samplers. The SIP disk sampler has a higher sorptive capacity compared to the PUF disk sampler, due to its impregnation with ground XAD resin. The two sampler types were codeployed at 20 sites during the 2009, 3-month long spring sampling period of the GAPS Network. Air concentrations for chlordanes (trans-chlordane, cis-chlordane, and trans-nonachlor) and endosulfans (endosulfan I, endosulfan II, and endosulfan sulfate) derived from PUF disk and SIP disk samplers showed near 1:1 agreement and confirmed previous results for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Discrepancies observed for α-HCH and γ-HCH in PUF disk versus SIP disk are attributed to lack of "comparability" of the PUF and SIP data sets, due to differences in effective air sampled by the two devices caused by saturation of these higher volatility compounds in the lower capacity PUF disk samplers. Analysis of PBDEs in PUF and SIP disks showed relatively good agreement but highlighted challenges associated with high blanks levels for PBDEs. The higher capacity SIP disk samplers allowed for the analysis of pentachlorobenzene (PeCBz) and hexachlorobenzene (HCBz) and revealed a relatively uniform global distribution of these compounds. The results of this study further validate the SIP disk sampler as a complement to the PUF disk sampler, with capabilities for a broad range of POPs targeted under international POPs treaties such as the Stockholm Convention on POPs and its Global Monitoring Plan.     

Analytical methods for the determination of polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans in human milk

A method is described for the determination of polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans in breast milk. After addition of potassium oxalate, the compounds are extracted, along with fat and other lipophilic compounds, using ethanol, ethyl ether and pentane. An aliquot of the fat is fortified with seven 13C-labelled dioxins and furans. Gel permeation chromatography on Bio-Beads S-X3 is used for removal of fat followed by column chromatography on florisil, charcoal and acid alumina. Except for 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzodioxin (2,3,7,8-TCDD), all other congeners are determined by combined capillary gas chromatography/mass spectrometry by use of negative chemical ionization employing methane as reagent gas. MS analysis is performed in the SIM mode (selected ion monitoring). For each isomer group two ions are monitored. Octachloronaphthalene is used as a syringe spike for the quantification based on a calibration run of standards. The calibration mixture, which contains the spike as well as all 2,3,7,8-chlorine substituted dioxins and furans and the 13C-labelled surrogates at a concentration level of 3-5 pg/microliters, is injected twice every day. For the determination of 2,3,7,8-TCDD a mass selective detector is used operating in electron impact mode. The MS analysis is also performed in SIM mode monitoring two ions for TCDDs and one ion for 13C-2,3,7,8-TCDD. Dependent on the level of each congener in breast milk, the coefficient of variation of the method varies between 3% for 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran and 40.9% for octachlorodibenzofuran. More than 200 human milk samples, mostly from nursing mothers living in North Rhine-Westphalia, have been analysed for residues of polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and polychlorodibenzofurans.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Evaluation of short chain chlorinated paraffins in human milk and their intake by infants in Hebei Province,China

ABSTRACT

Short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) have drawn increasing interest worldwide since they were included in the list of controlled persistent organic pollutants in Annex A of the Stockholm Convention in 2017, and the potential health risk they pose to humans must be evaluated. In this study, 86 human milk samples were collected from 55 healthy Chinese mothers living in the Shijiazhuang region of Northern China in 2014–2015. Advanced online gel permeation chromatography–gas-chromatography-coupled mass spectrometry with negative-ion chemical ionisation was used to quantify the SCCPs in the samples. The estimated mean level of SCCPs was 2.51 μg g^?1 lipid weight (range 0.21–16.12). The SCCP concentration correlated positively with the mother’s bodyweight at the end of pregnancy (P < 0.05). The mean SCCP intake by infants via breast milk was 13.0 μg kg^?1 day^?1 at 1 month, 7.1 μg kg^?1 day^?1 at 3 months, and 2.5 μg kg^?1 day^?1 at 6 months after birth. This study provides initial data on the levels of SCCPs in human milk in a chlorinated-paraffin-manufacturing area in China, and indicates a high health risk for infants.     

Atmospheric deposition and fluxes of organochlorine pesticides and coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls in aquatic environments of Hong Kong, China

Concentrations of organochlorine (OC) pesticides and coplanar (dioxin-like) polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in bulk deposition were measured at the Mai Po Marshes Nature Reserve (MPMNR) and A Chau, which are both important habitats for waterbirds in Hong Kong. OC pesticides exempted from the Stockholm Convention were present in greater concentrations than those that have been restricted for use in the region. Among the OC pesticides, HCB, sigmaDDTs, and sigmaHCHs were detected. Concentrations of HCB were greater at MPMNR than at A Chau, and this finding suggests short-range transport of this compound, which is different from the other OC pesticides. Several environmental factors including seasonal variations in temperature, particulate matter, and rainfall may influence the flux of OC pesticides. Since sources of HCB often coexist with sources of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (dioxins and furans), the presence of HCB may be a useful surrogate for monitoring airborne dioxins and for understanding their deposition potential. The contribution of atmospheric deposition to the OC pesticide input to the two study sites was small. Concentrations of most OC pesticides in surface waters were greater than would be predicted based on the inputs from atmospheric deposition and sedimentation. The mass balance calculation suggests a net flux of OC pesticides from bottom sediments to the overlying water column.     

Synthetic musk fragrances in human milk from the United States

Synthetic musk compounds are used as additives in many consumer products, including perfumes, deodorants, and detergents. Earlier studies have reported the occurrence of synthetic musks in environmental and wildlife samples collected in the United States. In this study, human breast milk samples collected from Massachusetts, were analyzed for the determination of concentrations of synthetic musks such as musk xylene (1-tert-butyl-3,5-dimethyl-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene), musk ketone (4-tert-butyl-2,6-dimethyl-3,5-dinitroacetophenone), HHCB (1,3,4,6,7,8-hexahydro-4,6,6,7,8,8-hexamethylcyclopenta[gamma]-2-benzopyran), AHTN (7-acetyl-1,1,3,4,4,6-hexamethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene), and HHCB-lactone, the oxidation product of HHCB. In addition, we estimated the daily intake of synthetic musks by infants based on the ingestion rate of breast milk. Synthetic musks were found in most of the samples analyzed, and the concentrations ranged from < 2 to 150 ng musk xylene/g, < 2 to 238 ng musk ketone/ g, < 5 to 917 ng HHCB/g, < 5 to 144 ng AHTN/g, and < 10 to 88.0 ng HHCB-lactone/g, on a lipid weight basis. The concentrations of HHCB were higher than the concentrations of other synthetic musks in breast milk samples. The mean concentration of HHCB (220 ng/g, lipid weight) was 5 times greater than the concentrations reported 10 years ago for breast milk samples collected in Germany and Denmark. Maternal age was not correlated with the concentrations of musk xylene, musk ketone, HHCB, or AHTN. There was a trend of decreasing concentrations of musk xylene, musk ketone, HHCB, and AHTN, with the number of children previously breast-fed, although the correlation was not significant. Based on average daily ingestion rate of breast milk, an infant is estimated to ingest 297 +/- 229 ng musk xylene, 780 +/- 805 ng musk ketone, 1830 +/- 1170 ng HHCB, 565 +/- 614 ng AHTN, and 649 +/- 598 ng HHCB-lactone per day. The ingestion rate of synthetic musks by infants in the United States is lower than that estimated for persistent organic pollutants (POPs) such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Based on the residue patterns and accumulation features, it can be concluded that the exposure characteristics for synthetic musks are different from those of POPs, and that the major source of exposure to synthetic musks is probably via dermal absorption or inhalation.