食品接触材料中全氟化合物检测方法的研究进展

全氟化合物主要包括全氟辛酸(PFOA)、全氟辛烷磺酸(PFOS) 及其盐类物质, 是目前最难降解的持久性有机污染物之一。全氟化合物具有高效的疏水和疏油特性, 因此被广泛地应用于纺织、造纸、皮革等行业。然而其具有生殖毒性、遗传毒性和发育毒性等多种毒性, 可以通过食品接触材料进入人们的食品中, 威胁着人们的身体健康。本文简述了全氟化合物的概况及其在食品接触材料中分析检测技术的研究进展。     

全氟辛烷磺酸、全氟辛酸及其盐类检验技术的研究进展

全氟辛烷磺酸(PFOS)、全氟辛酸(PFOA)及其盐类物质具有生殖毒性、诱变毒性和发育毒性等多种毒性,也是目前最难降解的持久性有机污染物.全氟化合物独特的拒水拒油性,使其被广泛地应用于纺织、皮革、造纸等行业.PFOS和PFOA及其盐类物质通过食品包装材料,已经不知不觉进入我们的食品中,影响了食品安全,威胁着人们的身体健...     

食品接触纸质包装材料中有害物质的迁移及潜在危害的研究进展

食品接触用纸是指在正常或可预见的使用条件下,预期与食品接触的各种纸及制品,包括涂蜡纸、纸浆模塑制品及食品加工烹饪用纸等。由于在加工处理过程中需要加入各种添加剂,其本身所含的助剂、单体、低聚体、降解物等化学残留物就可能通过吸收、溶解、扩散等途径迁移到食品中,污染食品,造成一定的食品安全隐患。本文通过对比国内外相关法规与标准对纸质食品接触材料检测项目、限量指标和检测标准等方面的规定,对食品接触纸质包装材料中有害物质的迁移及其潜在危害进行总结,并对食品接触纸质包装材料中有害物质全氟辛烷磺酸(perfluorooctane sulfonates,PFOS)、全氟辛酸(perfluorooctanoic acid,PFOA)、荧光增白剂、特定芳香胺(specific aromatic amines,PAAs)、甲醛、五氯苯酚、丙烯酰胺、重金属、光引发剂的迁移及其潜在危害进行综述。     

食品中全氟辛酸、全氟辛基磺酸的检测技术研究进展

全氟化合物(Perfluorinated compounds,PFCs)是一类含碳-氟键的高度稳定的极性有机化合物,全氟辛酸(Pentadecafluorooctanoic acid,PFOA)和全氟辛烷磺酸(Sperfluorooctanesulphonate,PFOS)是环境中广泛存在得两种典型全氟化合污染物,这两种典型的全氟化合物广泛应用于化工领域。此类全氟化合物因为具有持久的稳定性、生物积累性和多种毒性等,严重危害到了人类健康和其生存环境,多国政府纷纷颁布法令法规限制PFOA、PFOS的使用。因此食品基体中PFOA、PFOS的检测分析成为了当下分析科学研究的热点。本文首先对全氟化合物的结构、类型、极性等理化性质和全氟污染物的危害毒性进行概述,其次根据其化学性质以及参考国标等方法,梳理了国内外各种前处理方法,如：液液萃取、液固萃取、固相萃取、超声辅助萃取、QuEChERs等。其中QuEChERs方法结合多步净化方法能够最大程度降低食品中的基质效应。此外比较了气相色谱、液相色谱等方法在分离检测方面的优缺点,比较了已有文献中不同前处理方法和检测方法下的检出限、回收率、RSD等数据,结果发现UPLC-MS/MS法由于低检出限,方法稳定,检测快速,结果准确确等优点,仍为当下主流的检测手段。本文对于制定相应食品中全氟化合物质量安全标准,确保消费者食用安全具有重要意义,并总结了当下全氟化合物所遇检测的瓶颈,期望能为当下国内外全氟化合物污染防治和制定标准提供参考依据。     

食品接触材料中全氟化合物的迁移规律研究

目的研究全氟化合物从食品接触材料到食品模拟物中的迁移规律。方法根据全氟化合物制品在日常生活中的使用情况,选择4个品牌的纸杯和3个品牌的包装袋进行了试验,以全氟辛酸、全氟辛烷磺酸等为研究对象,参考食品接触材料及制品迁移试验通则的具体要求,采用不同食品模拟物、不同操作方式、不同保存时间和温度等因素考察对全氟新烷磺酸、全氟辛酸的迁移量和迁移规律的影响。目标化合物通过C_(18)色谱柱进行分离,以乙腈-5 mmol/L的乙酸铵为流动相进行梯度洗脱;流速0.2 mL/min;柱温为30℃;进样量1μL,由三重四级杆质谱进行定性和定量分析。结果数据显示在模拟物为食用油时PFOA的迁移量是最大的,超过0.01 ng/cm~2;其他情况PFOA的溶出量都低于0.002 ng/cm~2; PFOS的溶出量均较少,低于0.002 ng/cm~2。结论初步得到食品接触材料中典型全氟化合物的迁移规律基础数据,说明无论是何种品牌的纸杯或是包装袋,接触食物均会产生PFOA和PFOS的微量溶出,经过膳食暴露可能会引起健康危害。     

水产品中全氟辛酸和全氟辛烷磺酸检测技术 及污染现状

全氟辛酸(PFOA)和全氟辛烷磺酸(PFOS)是环境中广泛存在、较为典型的两种全氟化合物。针对水产品中PFOA和PFOS的检测技术和污染现状进行研究,进而研究其暴露途径、生物富集规律等内容,并基于此预测污染物环境分布、环境行为,以及相应地制定环境水和水产品质量安全标准,对于确保消费者食用安全具有重要意义。本文总结、分析了水产品中PFOA和PFOS的检测技术研究进展,及水环境和水产品中污染情况,对目前存在的问题及今后的研究方向进行了讨论和展望,以期为中国水产品中全氟化合物的监控和质量安全风险评估提供参考。     

全氟和多氟烷基化合物的危害及在食品中的污染研究进展

全氟和多氟烷基化合物(Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances,PFASs)作为一类人工合成的化学物质,在食品接触材料中被广泛使用。越来越多的研究表明,食物可以作为PFASs的载体,使PFASs进入人体,在血液和器官中积聚分布,从而导致各类健康问题。本文对PFASs的危害及在食品中的污染研究进行了概述,综述了PFASs在饮用水、乳及乳制品、肉类、蛋类、水产品及果蔬等食品中的污染情况,分析了PFASs通过大气、水源、土壤等进入食物的途径,总结了PFASs对人体的危害:导致心肌发育毒性、使细胞膜病变和改变人体胆固醇水平。在此基础上,提出了减少食品中PFASs的应对措施。减少食品包装中PFASs的过度使用,寻找新的PFASs替代物,减少PFASs经食品摄入,正成为我国食品行业亟待解决的问题。     

PFOS类持久性有机污染物检测的样品预处理技术

全氟辛烷磺酰基化合物(PFOS)具有很高的生物蓄积性和多种毒性,是目前最难降解的持久性有机污染物之一.全氟化合(PFCs)物独特的拒水拒油性使其被广泛地应用于纺织、皮革、造纸等行业.由此造成的污染已经逐渐成为全球性的环境问题,其分析检测技术和方法的相关研究得到日益广泛的关注和重视,尤其是样品预处理技术对测试结果的准确性和精确度起着至关重要的作用.综述了PFOS及相关全氟化合物的概况,讨论了样品预处理的方法.     

全氟辛烷磺酸荧光快速检测方法研究进展

全氟辛烷磺酸(perfluorooctane sulfonic acid, PFOS)是全氟烷酸的典型代表, 因其难以降解且具有较强的生物毒性和蓄积性而逐渐成为一种有机类食品安全风险因子。传统的检测方法存在设备价格高昂, 测试周期长, 样品前处理耗时费力等问题, 无法满足大规模样品筛查和现场检测的需求。因此, 发展快速、便捷、低成本的检测技术成为迫切需要。近年来, 相关领域开展了很多食品及环境中PFOS的荧光快速检测方法研究, 开发了多种类型的荧光探针材料, 大大提升了PFOS快速检测的技术水平。本文立足于荧光快速检测的材料设计与方法构建, 对用于PFOS检测的荧光探针组成材料进行分类, 总结了基于有机小分子、有机聚合物、无机纳米材料、微生物等不同类型探针的PFOS快速检测研究进展, 以期为有机类食品安全风险因子的快速检测方法建立与产品开发提供参考。     

纺织品中全氟辛烷磺酸及全氟辛酸的测定及其研究进展

全氟辛烷磺酸(PFOS)和全氟辛酸(PFOA)等化合物是应用广泛但对环境有持久污染的有机物.开展纺织品中PFOS和PFOA检测方法的研究是保护环境和人类健康,提升纺织产品质量的迫切要求.简述了PFOS和PFOA的各种检测方法和复杂样品的前处理技术,指出应研究有关纺织品中PFOS和PFOA快速、精确的测定方法,并尽快建立...     

纸质食品包装材料的矿物油迁移研究进展

食品中的矿物油污染物是指石油来源的C10~C50烃类化合物, 包括烷烃矿物油(mineral oil saturated hydrocarbons, MOSH)和芳烃矿物油(mineral oil aromatic hydrocarbons, MOAH)2大类。近年来的研究表明, 食品中的矿物油污染物主要来源于食品的回收纸包装材料迁移。本文综述了国外近十年来纸质包装材料的矿物油迁移研究情况, 包括纸质包装材料迁移的矿物油分析方法——液相色谱-气相色谱联用法; 矿物油迁移至食品的2种方式: 气态扩散迁移和包装材料接触迁移; 降低矿物油迁移的技术方法, 即食品包装纸质材料的回收工艺, 向包装纸质中添加活性炭等吸附剂以及增加阻隔层以阻挡矿物油的迁移。旨在为相关企业和机构提供数据与技术参考。     

Occurrence of selected perfluorinated alkyl acids in lunch meals served at school canteens in Italy and their relevance for children’s intake

Ready-to-eat servings may be more contaminated with perfluorinated alkyl acids (PFAAs) than the corresponding unprocessed foods due to the presence of PFAAs in and transfer from food contact materials (FCM) and cookware. Therefore, the presence of selected PFAAs in meals served weekly at lunch time in six Italian school canteens was assessed. Five towns were selected representing different areas with local water and food supply. Daily lunch menus were sampled and pooled to form a composite. Analyses were carried out on the weekly composite from each canteen. UPLC-MS/MS quantification limits were in the 6.0–12 pg g^–1 range for the selected PFAAs (PFHxA, PFOA, PFNA, PFDA, PFUnDA, PFHxS, branched and non-branched PFOS). Non-branched PFOS was quantified in four out of six composites, with levels ranging from 14 to 25 pg g^–1, while PFOA and PFDA were determined in two out of six in the range 6.5–8.2 pg g^–1. Theoretical estimates and analytical results in the same order of magnitude indicate a negligible contribution from food processing and serving to meal contamination. When composite analytical data are transposed into dietary estimates, it is shown that Italian school-age children have intakes in the range of 0.3–1.1 and 0.5–1.4 ng kg^–1 bw day^–1 for PFOA and PFOS respectively, well below the corresponding tolerable daily intakes (TDIs).     

Contamination of packaged food by substances migrating from a direct-contact plastic layer: Assessment using a generic quantitative household scale methodology

The contamination risk in 12 packaged foods by substances released from the plastic contact layer has been evaluated using a novel modeling technique, which predicts the migration that accounts for (i) possible variations in the time of contact between foodstuffs and packaging and (ii) uncertainty in physico-chemical parameters used to predict migration. Contamination data, which are subject to variability and uncertainty, are derived through a stochastic resolution of transport equations, which control the migration into food. Distributions of contact times between packaging materials and foodstuffs were reconstructed from the volumes and frequencies of purchases of a given panel of 6422 households, making assumptions about household storage behaviour. The risk of contamination of the packaged foods was estimated for styrene (a monomer found in polystyrene yogurt pots) and 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxytoluene (a representative of the widely used phenolic antioxidants). The results are analysed and discussed regarding sensitivity of the model to the set parameters and chosen assumptions.     

Transfer of perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) from contaminated feed to dairy milk

Dietary intake is the predominant route for human exposure to perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS). Single pollution events may thus affect human exposure if polluted ground and water is used to produce animal feed or food. In this study, a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK-) model is derived that describes the uptake of PFOS from contaminated feed by cows and its subsequent elimination through the cows’ milk. Parameter values of the model were estimated by fitting to experimental data of a cow feeding trial. Model calculations showed that almost all PFOS ingested is excreted through the cows’ milk. The elimination rate, however, was low as the estimated half-life in the cow was 56 days and it may, thus, take a long time after an initial pollution event to produce PFOS-free milk. The derived model can be used to estimate the transfer of PFOS through the dairy food chain and can be used for comparison of various contamination routes.     

塑料食品包装材料中有毒有害化学残留物及分析方法

食品包装材料中有毒有害化学物质的迁移是引起食品污染的重要途径之一。本文主要根据近年来发表的有关食品包装材料、卫生检测领域的相关文献为基础,针对塑料食品包装材料中的单体、低聚体、添加剂和污染物等几类有毒有害化学物质的组成、毒性、卫生限量标准及主要检测方法进行了分析,为相关食品包装企业的质量控制技术人员和科研工作者提供参考。     

A study on the migration of organic pollutants from recycled paperboard packaging materials to solid food matrices

Paper and board are widely used as food packaging materials, mainly for disposable products. As public interest in conservation of natural resources has accelerated in the past several years, the use of recycled paper and board has increased. Recycled fiber materials can be used in certain limits as food contact materials. The safety of recycled fiber-based materials for food contact applications is largely dictated by the ability of post-consumer contaminants to be absorbed into recycled materials and later released by the packaging material and trapped on the food. The present work was undertaken with the aim of investigating the physicochemical behavior of selected model contaminants on paper and board, in contact with foodstuffs thus producing a fundamental set of data about their mobility from recycled paper and board into foods. More specifically, the kinetics of migration of selected model contaminants (surrogates) from contaminated recycled paper packaging samples into dry foodstuffs with different fat content was studied using a method based on solvent extraction and GC-FID quantification. Results showed the ability of selected contaminants of various types and various volatilities to potentially transfer to dry foods. The proportion of substances migrated to food was strongly dependent on the nature of the paper samples, fat content of the food, chemical nature and volatility of the migrant. The highest level of migration of organic pollutants was observed for the substrate with the highest fat content. Furthermore, it is shown that contact time and temperature have a significant effect on migration of model contaminants into foods.     

Analysis of diglycolic acid in food packaging,over the counter products,direct additive carboxymethyl cellulose,and retail foods

ABSTRACT

Carboxymethyl cellulose (i.e. CMC or cellulose gum) is used as a direct additive for foods and drugs to change texture and act as a binder. CMC can also be a fluid absorbent used in food packaging and food contact materials. CMC and other carboxymethyl starches are synthesised by condensing glycolic acid with monochloroacetic acid. Diglycolic acid (DGA) is a byproduct produced by this condensation which cannot be completely removed. Currently, there are no analytical methods to accurately detect and quantify DGA in foods and food packaging materials. A method using a methanol/water extraction coupled with weak anion exchange solid phase extraction cleanup for more complex matrices was developed. A novel LC-MS/MS method was used to determine the DGA concentration in food contact materials, food grade direct additive CMC, and foods containing CMC. This paper will discuss the development of a new method for the preparation and cleanup of various food matrices and LC-MS/MS analysis for the presence of DGA.     

我国主要食品中全氟烷基化合物的污染现状及膳食暴露评估研究进展

全氟化烷基化合物（Perfluorinated alkyl substances, PFASs）是一类新型持久性有机污染物（persistent organic pollutants, POPs）,对人体健康危害极大。近年来,随着PFASs被广泛应用于各个领域,全球范围内的多种介质中都普遍检出该物质。食物中PFASs污染水平的研究,已经成为国家和民众关注的重要课题。本文通过论述近年来国内有关食物中PFASs污染水平研究的进展情况,对国内主要动物源食品（蛋、水产、肉、乳制品等四类）和生活饮用水中PFASs的污染水平进行了分析,比较了不同食品中的PFASs污染特征,采用危害指数评估我国人群通过主要食品带来的PFASs暴露健康风险。     

食品及其原料中的黑色素研究进展

食品及其原料中的黑色素近年来得到了广泛研究.每一类黑色素的品种繁多、形成机制多样化、结构复杂.黑色的动物类、菌类、植物类食品或原料中一般都含有一定量的黑色素;人造黑色素-焦糖色素广泛地应用于各种加工饮料和食品中.研究表明,可食用黑色素具有抗氧化性、抗癌性、抗菌和抗炎性、降血压或血脂、螯合金属离子和有益于肠胃健康等功能特...