锰铜压阻法测量雷管输出的压力波形分析

用锰铜压阻法对不同传感器保护介质、不同底壳形状及无底壳等条件下的雷管输出压力进行了测量研究，分析了各种因素对输出压力波形的影响。研究表明，用1mm厚有机玻璃片作保护介质优于Mylar片；平底雷管输出压力模拟信号上升前沿比凹底雷管和无底壳雷管的输出前沿要陡得多。     

高压短脉冲作用下HNS-Ⅳ型炸药的全发火冲击起爆判据

为了确定Hexanitrostilbene-Ⅳ(HNS-Ⅳ)炸药在高压短脉冲作用下的全发火冲击起爆判据参数,采用Exploding Foil Initiation system(EFIs,爆炸箔起爆系统)驱动三种厚度的聚酰亚胺飞片(12.5,40μm和50μm)撞击HNS-Ⅳ炸药柱,用升降法进行发火试验,获得了三种厚度飞片对应的最小全发火充电电压,Photon Doppler Velocimetry(PDV)方法获得最小全发火充电电压下飞片的撞击速度分别为3400,3100 m·s~(-1)和2930 m·s~(-1)。基于冲击波理论和动力学仿真,分别获得三种厚度飞片在该撞击速度下撞击HNS-Ⅳ型炸药的界面压力p、界面粒子速度u和持续时间τ,通过数据拟合确定HNS-Ⅳ型炸药在高压短脉冲作用下的全发火冲击起爆判据参数。研究结果表明,对于装药密度为1.56 g·cm~(-3)的HNS-Ⅳ装药,在撞击界面压力为10～13 GPa和持续时间为4.0～8.7 ns的范围内,全发火p~nt判据为:p~(2.88)τ≥7.21。     

2，4-二硝基苯甲醚基熔铸含铝炸药冲击起爆特性

为钝感高能炸药安全性设计和应用提供理论依据和物理基础,深入开展钝感熔铸含铝炸药冲击起爆特性实验研究。建立蓝宝石飞片平面撞击加载炸药一维拉格朗日分析组合式电磁粒子速度计实验测试系统,测量2,4-二硝基苯甲醚（DNAN）基熔铸含铝炸药冲击起爆爆轰成长过程中不同拉格朗日位置的粒子速度-时间变化曲线,获得飞片撞击速度和固相炸药颗粒度等变化对其冲击起爆爆轰成长的影响规律,并确定了该熔铸含铝炸药的冲击Hugoniot关系（D=2.439+2.137u,D为冲击波传播速度,u为粒子速度）和未反应炸药状态方程参数。结果表明：DNAN基熔铸含铝炸药冲击起爆爆轰成长过程的典型粒子速度曲线呈驼峰状,冲击波阵面波后粒子速度明显上升并加速追赶前导波阵面,冲击起爆过程整体表现为加速反应特征;在该装药颗粒度级配范围和加载压力下,加载压力越高或固相炸药颗粒度越小,炸药冲击起爆爆轰成长越快,越早转为爆轰。     

HMX基PBX粒子速度测量的铝基组合电磁粒子速度计技术

为了精确测量奥克托今(HMX)基高聚物粘结炸药(PBX)冲击起爆过程的Lagrange粒子速度随时间的变化,采用与炸药阻抗匹配的铝基组合电磁粒子速度计实验技术,测量了3.07,4.14,7.81,8.12 GPa入射压力下某HMX基PBX炸药样品中的Lagrange粒子速度随时间的变化。结果表明:铝基组合电磁粒子速度计时间响应快,感应单元冲击响应上升时间为20 ns。不同起爆压力下获得HMX基PBX炸药样品中1~8 mm深度处的Lagrange粒子速度随时间变化响应快、干扰小。     

雷管输出冲击波在有机玻璃中传播衰减的实验研究

有机玻璃因其冲击阻抗与炸药接近而被广泛用作测量冲击波参数的隔板或保护介质。本文用锰铜压阻法测量了雷管底部输出冲击波压力在有机玻璃隔板中的衰减规律,通过对实验数据(X,lnp)进行最小二乘法拟合,得出lnp-x有较好的线性关系。计算得到了雷管输出冲击波在有机玻璃中的衰减系数,并与文献中的同类数据作了对比分析,得出衰减系数与装药直径有关,并且装药直径越小,衰减系数的绝对值越大。文中得出雷管输出冲击波在有机玻璃中的衰减系数-0．3587。     

冲击片雷管双裕度系数设计方法研究

为了提高冲击片雷管的设计可靠度,依据冲击片雷管的作用原理,以某型冲击片雷管为例分别计算了以输入刺激量、飞片速度等为特征参量的冲击片雷管裕度系数。结果表明,仅以输入刺激量表征产品设计裕度不能完全反映产品的可靠性状态,而辅助以飞片速度为特征参量的输出裕度系数则能更真实地体现产品的质量特性。提出了一种在雷管设计过程中同时考虑,以输入刺激量为特征参量的输入裕度系数和以飞片速度为特征参量的输出裕度系数的双裕度系数设计方法,来提高冲击片雷管裕度系数设计的科学性。     

冲击片雷管电烤爆安全性研究

为评估冲击片雷管在意外电能刺激作用下的安全性,开展了以HNS-Ⅳ为装药的冲击片雷管电烤爆试验研究,先后完成了直流28V、交流380V两项烤爆试验。试验结果表明:两种工况下爆炸箔换能元均未气化形成等离子体,也未形成飞片;然而在交流380V通入情况下,电极两端形成的电弧导致了部分HNS-Ⅳ装药发生燃烧,但整个主装药未发生爆轰性输出。     

反射物速度干涉仪系统（VISAR）替代雷管凹痕试验

凹痕试验是用来测量雷管功率输出的标准测试方法。一雷管放置在一已知硬度的金属板上，并点火，金属板上所产生的凹痕深度被用来测量该雷管的输出强度，凹痕深度是雷管整体压力脉冲的函数。在许多应用中，雷管是用来起爆下一级爆炸装置的。下一级爆炸装置的起爆是由瞬时撞击脉冲（shock pulse)控制的，而不是由一压力脉冲的时间整体控制的。“瞬时”雷管就是例证，它能势射一飞片。因此，一个凹痕试验不能够充分说明这些类型雷管的特性。反射物干涉仪系统（Velocity Interferometer System for Any Reflector简称VISAR）是一种诊断技术，它能够测量一飞片的速度。另外，它也能测量由加接一（透明的）测试鉴证飞片的雷管所产生的瞬时压力脉冲。本文描述了通过使用凹痕试验和VISAR试验测量雷管功率输出的不同特性的情况。在许多情况下，对雷管性能测试而言，VISAR试验比凹痕试验更有意义。     

冲击片雷管的无源诊断

众所周知，雷管一般都要求在实验室中按实际环境和物理条件进行测试，以评估雷管的性能，如雷管的输入和输出能量、作用时间等等。冲击片雷管有独特的结构和作用方式，当发火装置给其桥箔提供足够高的电流时，钢桥箔爆炸汽化，推动并剪切上面的KaPton膜而形成飞片，飞片通过加速膛迅速加速至4mm／Ps左右的速度，撞击高密度猛炸药。由于冲击片雷管的几何尺寸很小，作用时间很短，作用方式独特，大多数现行的雷管诊断技术都不合适。研究者开发了用VISAR（任何反射物的速度干涉仪系统）全面表征冲击片雷管的方法，但这是一种十分复杂、技术…     

冲击片雷管四点阵列输出界面作用可靠性设计方法

针对冲击片雷管缺乏可靠性量化设计方法的问题，开展了冲击片雷管四点阵列输出界面可靠性设计方法研究。首先基于应力-强度干涉模型提出考虑双裕度系数的可靠性量化设计方法，构建输出性能参数与可靠度指标之间的量化模型；然后对不同设计参数下的输出性能进行仿真，建立输出性能参数与结构设计参数之间的量化模型；最后结合上述两类量化模型，给出了满足冲击片雷管四点阵列输出界面作用可靠度指标要求的结构设计参数。结果表明，该方法可以有效提高冲击片雷管输出界面的可靠性设计精度，实现精确设计。     

Nitrosation and Nitration of Tetraacetyldibenzylhexaazaisowurtzitane

Tetraacetyldibenzylhitane (TADBIW) was subjected to debenzylation by nitrosating with inorganic materials available commercially to synthesize tetraacetyldinitrosohexaazaisowurtzitane (TADNSIW). TADNSIW was purified, and its structure was determined by FTIR, 1H NMR, MS and element analysis. The debenzylation reaction of TADBIW gave quantitative benzaldehyde as a by-product. This indicates that the reaction produces an imine cation as an intermediate. Hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (HNIW) was prepared from unpurified TADNSIW with the yield over 96.0 % and the purity more than 98.0 %. And the mechanism of the reaction from TADNSIW to HNIW is proposed to be oxidation of nitroso and nitration of acetyl on the molecule of TADNSIW, This reaction system involved is simple, and the reaction can complete within a short time and under mild conditions. The product can be easily to separate and the waste disposed readily.     

A Robust Algorithm for Watermarking 2D Vector Maps with Low Shape-Distortions

The technique of watermarking has been introduced into 2D vector maps for many potential applications such as protecting the copyright of important GIS （geographical information system） data and tracing the data source of military maps. In most previous works, although the validity of the map data could be preserved during the embedding procedure, the shape-distortions of the map elements are usually neglected which would tend to degrade the invisibility of the watermarking schemes. A shape-preserving algorithm for watermarking 2D vector maps is presented in this paper. A 1D distance sequence extracted from the original map is adopted as the cover data instead of 2D coordinates. A watermark bit is represented by changing the distributions of the cover data. The embedding procedure induces lower shape-distortions than in former works. Experimental results indicate better invisibility of the proposed scheme, as well as its robustness to certain attacks such as map simplification, interpolation, additive noise and most geometric transforms.     

Open Rule-setting System Applied to Conceptual Design of Engines

Open rule-setting method advanced in this paper concentrates on providing designers of engines with a convenient way to express their design innovations and develop the expected prototypes in the early CAD stage, and constitute effective models for the following analysis process of CAE and CAPP. The problems arisen in the process of conceptual design with the traditional experience-based development method are analyzed. Based on those analyses, open rule-setting method is presented and some associated technical problems are discussed. The functional framework of open rule-setting system was built as software engineering methods. The speciality of the engine product as a kind of complex product and the requirement of the engine product based on its structural particularity to rule-setting system are considered carefully. A demonstration is supplied to illustrate how the open rule-setting method enhances the efficiency and quality of the engine conceptual design.     

Research on Linux Network Device Driver

By analyzing the working principle of Linux network device driver, discussing the Linux network driver structure and its key technologies, the general network driver structure and its design methodologies in Linux system are summarized. Through modifying the network device driver of Linux device driver 3rd version snull, c and improving the COW technology, the Zero-Copy technology in Linux （kernel version 2.6.11 ） is implemented. In the end, the success test tells us that the thorough analysis of network device driver is the foundation of many applications, and it also provides a certain improvement to a lot of real applications, even to military application development.     

Improvement and Experiment of the Reamer in Vibra Cutter Against Wave Edge of Titanium Sheet Alloy Parts

By analyzing the influencing factors of part quality making of sheet alloy of titanium by vibra cutter, the shape of upper reamer is set as cylinder and wedge-shaped form, and the lower reamer as plain and hemicycle form, and its main structural parameters are defined as well. Then it is validated further that such improved vibra cutter reamer can be used to process curve-edged parts of titanium alloy sheet. The experimental result shows that the titanium alloy sheet parts processed by above equipment have no sharpen angles for convex parts and evident crevasse of concave-edged part. In summary, such improvement can eliminate the free-waved edge and improve the manufacture quality of titanium alloy sheet parts greatly.     

Experimental Study on the Small Flyer Initiating Behavior of Fine-grained Explosives

The initiating behavior of fine-grained explosives by small flyer is studied. The diameter of small flyer in this device is 1 ram. The test results indicate that the granularity of explosives has great effect on its flyer initiating sensitivity.The flyer initiating sensitivity of the fine-grained explosives is higher and the critical initiating energy is lower than that of common explosives. For common explosive, the flyer initiating sensitivity increases as the density is reduced. But for the fine-grained explosive, the test results are exactly opposite.     

Algorithm for Multi-laser-target Tracking Based on Clustering Fusion

Multi-laser-target tracking is an important subject in the field of signal processing of laser warners. A clustering method is applied to the measurement of laser warner, and the space-time fusion for measurements in the same cluster is accomplished. Real-time tracking of multi-laser-target and real-time picking of multi-laser-signal are introduced using data fusion of the measurements. A prototype device of the algorithm is built up. The results of experiments show that the algorithm is very effective.     

Influence of Installing Error on the Surface Shape Precision of the Axial Symmetry Aspheric Workpiece in Lapping

A method to calculate the surface shape error, which is caused by the installing error between the workpiece and the lapping tool in the process of form lapping, is proposed. The mathematical model which the installing translation error influences on the workpiece surface shape error is established. The changing rule of the error is simulated through the calculating example of the paraboloid workpiece. The results indicate that the surface shape error of the workpiece is increasing with the increase of the installing translation error, it is also increasing gradually along the center point of the curve surface to the edge, and the influence is severer to the curve surface with great curvature than that of the small curvature when the translation error is the same.     

Experimental Research on Output Performances of Giant Magnetostrictive Actuator

The paper introduces the performances of magnetostrictive actuators and its applications, discusses the design methods for the structure and internal magnetic circuit of a giant magnetostrictive actuator, and makes tests on the output displacement and force characteristics for an actuator using homemade magnetostrictive material. The experimental result shows that the actuator has satisfactory output precisions and ranges in transient and stable states, and can be used in lowfrequency vibration control system of precise equipment.     

Robust Graded Sliding Mode Tracking Control for Low Speed Spinning Ballistic Missiles

The nonlinear dynamic model of spinning ballistic missiles is established during the first boosting phase of the missile. Based on the conventional backstepping sliding mode control and the assumption of a two time-scale separation of missile dynamics, a graded sliding mode controller is designed with two sub-sliding surfaces which have invariability to external disturbances and parameter perturbations, and a matrix which comprises three first order low pass filters is introduced to prevent ＂explosion of terms＂. Owing to the upper bounds of the uncertainties are difficult to obtain in advance, adaptive laws are introduced to estimate the values of the uncertainties in real-time. Eventually, the numerical simulation results given to show the proposed controller can ensure the steady flight of missiles.