Aermet100钢高温变形行为及热加工图研究

通过热模拟压缩试验研究了Aermet100钢在应变速率为0.01~50 s-1,变形温度为1073~1473 K和变形程度为0.05~0.9条件下的热变形行为,并采用正交分析方法研究了工艺参数(应变、应变速率、变形温度)对Aermet100钢热变形流动应力的影响规律,建立了基于正交分析的回归型Aermet100钢的热变形本构方程。综合考虑应变速率和变形温度对材料微观结构及性能的影响,依据动态材料模型(DMM)建立了基于本构方程的Aermet100钢的热加工图,并利用热加工图确定了Aermet100钢热变形时的流变失稳区,分析讨论了不同区域的Aermet100钢的高温变形特征。     

铸态GH2132合金热变形行为和热加工图EI北大核心CSCD

利用Gleeble−3500热模拟机的热压缩实验,研究了铸态GH2132合金在变形温度为1173~1423 K和应变速率为0.001~10 s^(−1)条件下的热压缩变形行为和微观组织演化规律,分析该合金在不同变形条件下的热变形激活能Q值、应变速率敏感指数m值、温度敏感指数s值的变化规律,基于动态材料模型(DMM)建立热加工图,结合微观组织确定出最佳热加工参数。结果表明:随着变形温度的升高、应变速率的降低,流变应力减小,GH2132合金为应变速率和温度敏感型材料。提高变形温度、降低应变速率有利于获得均匀分布的等轴晶粒。结合热加工图和高温变形微观组织确定,铸态GH2132合金合理的热变形参数所对应的变形温度和应变速率区间分别为1295~1418 K和3.07~10 s^(−1)。     

应用人工神经网络模型构造TC21合金加工图

采用Gleeble-3500热压缩模拟试验机对TC21合金进行了不同温度、不同应变速率、不同变形量下的单道次热压缩模拟实验。以实验数据为基础,建立了以热变形温度、应变速率、变形量为输入变量,流变应力为输出变量的3层BP人工神经网络模型,较为准确的预测了该合金不同热成形工艺区间内流变应力与热变形工艺参数之间的定量关系,平均预测误差为0. 264%。应用动态DMM热加工图理论,绘制了该合金基于Prasad失稳判据下热加工图。结合TC21合金热变形过程中的微观组织演变,对其热成形性能及变形机理进行了分析,结果表明:在温度为820～890℃,应变速率为5×10-4～4×10-3s-1范围内该合金功率耗散率为62%,此时该合金在变形过程中发生了动态再结晶及α→β相转变现象,具有良好的热加工成形性能。     

Cu-Ni-Si-P合金热变形行为及热加工图

采用高温等温压缩试验,对Cu?Ni?Si?P合金在应变速率0.01~5?1、变形温度600~800°C条件下的高温变形行为进行了研究,得出了该合金热压缩变形时的热变形激活能Q和本构方程。根据实验数据与热加工工艺参数构建了该合金的热加工图,利用热加工图对该合金在热变形过程中的热变形工艺参数进行了优化,并利用热加工图分析了该合金的高温组织变化。热变形过程中Cu?Ni?Si?P合金的流变应力随着变形温度的升高而降低,随着应变速率的提高而增大,该合金的动态再结晶温度为700°C。该合金热变形过程中的热变形激活能Q为485.6 kJ/mol。通过分析合金在应变为0.3和0.5时的热加工图得出该合金的安全加工区域的温度为750~800°C,应变速率为0.01~0.1 s?1。通过合金热变形过程中高温显微组织的观察,其组织规律很好地符合热加工图所预测的组织规律。     

AerMet100钢的热变形显微组织演变及动态再结晶行为

采用Gleeble-3500热模拟试验机对超高强度钢AerMet100进行热压缩试验,研究其在变形温度为850~1 150℃和应变速率为0.01~10s~(-1)条件下的动态再结晶行为。结果表明,通过分析应力-应变曲线的特征及金相观察,可知AerMet100钢在不同变形条件下呈现出加工硬化、动态回复及动态再结晶特征,且变形温度的升高与应变速率的降低均有利于发生动态再结晶。通过对热变形试验数据的分析计算,建立了高温变形本构关系,动态再结晶临界应变模型和动态再结晶体积分数模型。利用所建立模型对动态再结晶行为进行预测,得到变形温度的下降及应变速率的增加会推迟动态再结晶发生。     

铸态T/P91耐热合金钢热加工图与热挤压工艺

利用热力模拟实验研究铸态耐热合金钢T/P91材料在热加工温度范围900~1200℃、应变速率范围0.01~5 s-1、变形量60%、70%下的真应力-应变曲线,并建立铸态T/P91合金钢的热变形本构方程;利用DMM动态材料模型计算出铸态T/P91合金钢在热变形中的耗散因子和流变失稳判据,绘制出热加工图。结果表明,热加工图预测的安全区晶粒组织均匀、组织易出现失稳开裂和组织粗大的缺陷,T/P91合金钢的热加工要避免高温低应变;利用DEFROM-3D软件通过数值模拟研究挤压工艺参数对挤压过程动态再结晶的影响,制定工艺参数为:挤压温度1500~1200℃,挤压比9,挤压速度26~36 mm/s。     

铸态C-276镍基高温合金的热变形行为及加工图

采用热压缩试验研究了铸态C-276镍基高温合金在950~1250℃和0.01~10 s~(-1)条件下的热变形行为。结果表明:该合金的热变形流变应力随着变形温度的增加及应变速率的降低而减小;当变形条件为1250℃、0.1 s~(-1)时,合金在热压缩过程中发生了动态应变时效。基于流变应力数据建立了合金的热变形本构方程;基于动态材料模型建立了合金在不同应变下的热加工图。通过加工图和微观组织观察优化了合金的热变形参数。合金的表观激活能为497k J/mol铸态C-276合金适宜的热加工区域为1050~1250℃和应变速率0.1~1.0 s~(-1)。     

新型中合金超高强度钢的热变形行为北大核心CSCD

采用Gleeble-3800热模拟试验机研究了含有W、Mo等多种碳化物形成元素的新型中合金超高强度钢的热变形行为,变形温度为800~1200℃,应变速率为0.01~10 s^(-1),最大应变量为0.7。热模拟试验得到了试验钢的高温流变应力曲线,其变形抗力随变形温度的降低和应变速率的提高而增加。在变形温度1000℃以上进行热压缩时,试验钢可发生动态再结晶;变形温度的升高会促进晶粒粗化及二次再结晶的发生,而应变速率的提升有利于促进再结晶晶粒的细化和均匀化。根据试验钢的高温流变应力曲线,计算出试验钢的热加工本构方程,并建立了真应变为0.4的热加工图。结合微观组织演变的分析结果,得出试验钢的最佳热加工区域应为:变形温度为1000~1100℃、应变速率为1~10 s^(-1)。     

Cu-0.8Cr-0.3Zr合金热变形行为及热加工图

采用Gleeble-1500D热模拟试验机,研究了Cu-0.8Cr-0.3Zr合金在变形温度为650~950℃、应变速率为0.001~10 s-1、总压缩应变量60%条件下的流变行为,对热变形过程中的组织演变和动态再结晶机制进行了分析,同时分析了该合金的热加工图。结果表明,变形温度越高,应变速率越小,合金越容易发生动态再结晶,且对应的峰值应力也越小。利用逐步回归的方法建立该合金的流变应力方程。绘制了Cu-Cr-Zr合金的热加工图,确定了其热加工时的安全区与失稳区,得出了该合金在实验参数范围内热变形过程的最佳工艺参数:温度范围为850~900℃,应变速率范围为0.1~1 s-1。     

基于本构方程和热加工图的喷射成形LSHR合金的热变形行为（英文）

采用Gleeble-3500热模拟试验机在温度为1020~1150℃、应变速率为0.0003~1.0 s~(-1)条件下,对喷射成形低固溶高熔点(LSHR)合金进行热压缩实验,研究其流变行为。建立其本构方程,绘制能量耗散图以及热加工图,观察基于不同能量耗散因子的微观演变和位错分布特征。结果表明,流变应力随温度的降低、应变速率增加而增大。经计算,喷射成形LSHR合金的变形激活能为1243.83 kJ/mol。当应变为0.5时,在加工图能量耗散因子η=0.36区域中微观组织呈典型的动态再结晶和低位错密度特征。基于微观组织演变和热加工图,喷射成形LSHR合金的最佳热加工参数范围为热加工温度1110~1150℃、应变速率0.01~0.3 s~(-1)。     

35CrMo钢动态再结晶过程数值模拟与试验研究

以热物理模拟试验研究为基础,得出35CrMo钢发生动态再结晶时的数学模型。采用热一力耦合的弹塑性有限元法对35CrMo结构钢在热变形过程进行了数值模拟。变形的不均匀性导致动态再结晶进行的不等时性,动态再结晶的发生初始于大变形区,随着应变的增加,逐渐向粘着区和自由变形区延伸。同时预测热变形过程的形变量、形变速率和形变温度对再结晶微观组织演变的影响。在一定温度下,再结晶晶粒尺寸的大小与应变速率呈反方向变化,随着变形的进行,试样内的晶粒尺寸趋于细化和均匀化。在一定应变速率下,随着形变温度的降低,再结晶晶粒尺寸趋于细化,导致了锻件的综合性能提高。为了观察显微组织演化过程,对模拟结果进行了金相法验证,模拟结果与实验结果比较吻合,模拟的结果是合理的。     

挤压态AZ80镁合金的热变形行为

通过热压缩实验,研究挤压态AZ80镁合金在变形温度为250-450℃,应变速率为0.001-10 s-1条件下的热变形行为。采用经过温升修正的流变应力计算该合金的Zener-Hollomon参数（Z参数）。结果表明,挤压态AZ80镁合金适宜的变形条件为应变速率0.1 s-1、变形温度350-400℃。另外,讨论了显微组织演化与Z参数之间的关系。在高温及低应变速率（低Z参数）时,合金发生了完全再结晶并产生了大的再结晶晶粒。综合考虑加工图和显微组织,变形温度400℃、应变速率0.1 s-1是合金适宜的热变形条件。     

Numerical simulation and experimental verification of microstructure evolution in a three-dimensional hot upsetting process

The hot compression tests of 42CrMo steel were performed in the temperature range of 850–1150 °C at strain rates of 0.01–10 s^?1 and deformation degrees of 10–60% on Gleeble-1500 thermo-simulation machine. The optical microstructures in the center region of the section plane were examined. Based on the results from thermo-simulation experiments and metallographic analysis, the dynamic recrystallization mathematical models of 42CrMo steel were derived. The effects of processing parameters, including the strain rate and deformation temperature, on the microstructure evolution of 42CrMo steel hot upsetting process were discussed by integrating the thermo-mechanical coupled finite element method with the derived microstructure evolution models. The fraction of dynamic recrystallization and dynamic recrystallization grain sizes during the hot upsetting process of 42CrMo steel were predicted. The results show that the effects of strain rates and deformation temperatures on the microstructure evolution of 42CrMo steel hot upsetting process are significant, and a good agreement between the predicted and experimental results was obtained, which confirmed that the derived dynamic recrystallization mathematical models can be successfully incorporated into the finite element model to predict the microstructure evolution of hot upsetting process for 42CrMo steel.     

Deformation Mechanism and Hot Workability of Extruded Magnesium Alloy AZ31

Using the flow stress curves obtained by Gleeble thermo-mechanical testing, the processing map of extruded magnesium alloy AZ31 was established to analyze the hot workability. Stress exponent and activation energy were calculated to characterize the deformation mechanism. Then, the effects of hot deformation parameters on deformation mechanism,microstructure evolution and hot workability of AZ31 alloy were discussed. With increasing deformation temperature, the operation of non-basal slip systems and full development of dynamic recrystallization(DRX) contribute to effective improvement in hot workability of AZ31 alloy. The influences of strain rate and strain are complex. When temperature exceeds 350 °C, the deformation mechanism is slightly dependent of the strain rate or strain. The dominant mechanism is dislocation cross-slip, which favors DRX nucleation and grain growth and thus leads to good plasticity. At low temperature(below 350 °C), the deformation mechanism is sensitive to strain and strain rate. Both the dominant deformation mechanism and inadequate development of DRX deteriorate the ductility of AZ31 alloy. The flow instability mainly occurs in the vicinity of 250 °C and 1 s-1.     

Optimization of deformation parameters of dynamic recrystallization for 7055 aluminum alloy by cellular automaton

In order to simulate the microstructure evolution during hot compressive deformation, models of dynamic recrystallization (DRX) by cellular automaton (CA) method for 7055 aluminum alloy were established. The hot compression tests were conducted to obtain material constants, and models of dislocation density, nucleation rate and recrystallized grain growth were fitted by least square method. The effects of strain, strain rate, deformation temperature and initial grain size on microstructure variation were studied. The results show that the DRX plays a vital role in grain refinement in hot deformation. Large strain, high temperature and small strain rate are beneficial to grain refinement. The stable size of recrystallized grain is not concerned with initial grain size, but depends on strain rate and temperature. Kinetic characteristic of DRX process was analyzed. By comparison of simulated and experimental flow stress–strain curves and metallographs, it is found that the established CA models can accurately predict the microstructure evolution of 7055 aluminum alloy during hot compressive deformation.     

Hot Deformation Behavior and Processing Maps of a Medium Manganese TRIP Steel

The hot deformation behavior of a medium-Mn steel was studied in terms of hot compression flow curves in the temperature range of 850–1050 ℃ and strain rates of 0.05–10 s~(-1).The thermo-mechanical analysis was carried out and suggested that the microstructure during deformation was completely austenite which had high tendency for dynamic recrystallization(DRX).The flow behavior was characterized by significant flow softening at deformation temperatures of 950–1050 ℃ and lower strain rates of 0.05–5 s~(-1), which was attributed to heating during deformation, DRX and flow instability.A step-by-step calculating procedure for constitutive equations is proposed.The verification of the modified equations indicated that the developed constitutive models could accurately describe the flow softening behavior of studied steel.Additionally, according to the processing maps and microstructure analysis, it suggested that hot working of medium Mn steel should be carried out at 1050 ℃, and the strain rate of 0.05–10 s~(-1) resulted in significantly recrystallized microstructures in the in steel.The flow localization is mainly flow instability mechanism for experimental steel.     

AZ31B镁合金热压缩变形的组织变化与变形机制

对铸态AZ31B镁合金在温度280℃～440℃、应变速率0.001s-1～0.1s-1条件下进行热压缩实验,分析变形程度、应变速率和加热温度对其微观组织变化的影响,探讨合金的热压变形机制。实验结果表明,该合金热变形时发生了动态再结晶。变形温度越高、变形速率越小和变形量越大时,动态再结晶进行的越充分;变形温度越低、变形速率越大和变形量越大时,动态再结晶晶粒越细小。该合金的热变形机制是滑移孪晶联合机制。     

Constitutive Flow Behavior and Hot Workability of AerMet100 at Elevated Temperatures

Based on the hot compression tests, the current investigation focuses on understanding, evaluating, and predicting the true stress-strain curves, the microstructural evolution of AerMet100 steel in a wide range of temperatures (1073-1473 K) and strain rates (0.01-50 s^?1). By using double-multivariate nonlinear regression, the constitutive equation was constructed at elevated temperatures, which, not only considers the influence of each independent factor on the flow stress but also the interaction among these independent factors. According to the Malas stability criterion, the processing maps were established based on the developed constitutive equation. Combined with the instability criterion m′ > 0 with s′ > 0, the optimum deformation conditions of AerMet100 were determined as temperature greater than 1330 K, and strain rate greater than 5.6 s^?1. From the observations of the microstructure after deformation, a lot of shear bands were found in the unstable domain of the processing maps, while the dynamic recovery and recrystallization can be observed in the stable domain. The formation of the adiabatic shear band from the synergy of temperature, strain rate, and deformation degree was the main reason for the deformation instability of AerMet100.     

AM355不锈钢的热变形行为

使用Gleeble-3800热模拟试验机对锻造态AM355不锈钢进行等温热压缩试验,应变速率选择0.01~10 s^-1,变形温度选择1173~1423 K。热变形后的组织通过光学显微镜、电子背散射衍射、透射电镜进行观察。基于Arrhenius模型采用峰值应力构建了本构方程,并对其改进得到了准确度更高的本构方程。采用动态材料模型构建了热加工图。由热加工图与变形后的组织得到了真应变为0.9时的热加工窗口。结果表明,适用于AM355钢的最优热加工区域为变形温度1250~1300 K、应变速率0.01~0.03 s^-1与变形温度1300~1400 K、应变速率0.01~10 s^-1及变形温度1400~1423 K、应变速率0.5~10 s^-1,该区域下能量耗散率均小于0.36,且发生了完全的动态再结晶。此外,还确立了完全动态再结晶时奥氏体晶粒尺寸d_drx与Z参数的关系。     

THE HOT DEFORMATION BEHAVIOR AND DYNAMIC RECRYSTALLIZATION MODEL OF 35CrMo STEEL

The isothermal single-stage compression of 35CrMo structural steel has been carried out by using Gleeble 1500 simulator at the temperature range of 950℃ to 1150℃ and strain rate range of 0.01s-1 to 10s-1. The effect of hot deformation parameters, such as strain rate, deformed temperature and initial grain size on the flow stress behavior was investigated. The activation energy of tested alloy was calculated, which is 378.16kJ/mol; The relationships between the peak stress (σp), the peak stain (εp), the critical strain (εc) and Z parameter were established. The micro structure evolution shows the pre-existing austenite grain boundaries constitute the principal nucleation sites for dynamic recrystallization (DRX), and the initial austenite grain size affects the grain size of DRX slightly. The kinetic mathematical model of DRX of 35CrMo is: XDRX=1-exp(-3.23-2.28) and Ddyn = 2.252× 10Z-0.22.