基于机器视觉的非特定物体的智能抓取系统的研究

针对传统机械臂局限于按既定流程对固定位姿的特定物体进行机械化抓取,设计了一种基于机器视觉的非特定物体的智能抓取系统;系统通过特定的卷积神经网络对深度相机采集到的图像进行目标定位,并在图像上预测出一个该目标的可靠抓取位置,系统进一步将抓取位置信息反馈给机械臂,机械臂根据该信息完成对目标物体的抓取操作;系统基于机器人操作系统,硬件之间通过机器人操作系统的话题机制传递必要信息;最终经多次实验结果表明,通过改进的快速搜索随机树运动规划算法,桌面型机械臂能够根据神经网络模型反馈的的标记位置对不同位姿的非特定物体进行实时有效的抓取,在一定程度上提高了机械臂的自主能力,弥补了传统机械臂的不足.     

基于多重几何约束的未知物体抓取位姿估计

针对机器人在非结构化环境下面临的未知物体难以快速稳定抓取的问题,提出一种基于多重几何约束的未知物体抓取位姿估计方法.通过深度相机获取场景的几何点云信息,对点云进行预处理得到目标物体,利用简化的夹持器几何形状约束生成抓取位姿样本.然后,利用简化的力封闭约束对样本进行快速粗筛选.对抓取位姿的抓取几何轮廓进行力平衡约束分析,将稳定的位姿传送至机器人执行抓取.采用深度相机与6自由度机械臂组成实验平台,对不同姿态形状的物体进行抓取实验.实验结果表明,本文方法能够有效应对物体种类繁多、缺乏3维模型的情况,在单目标和多目标场景均具有良好的适用性.     

基于点云采样权重估计的未知物体抓取位姿生成方法

针对机械臂在非结构环境中对未知物体抓取位姿生成困难及抓取稳定性差的问题,提出一种基于点云采样权重估计的抓取位姿生成方法.首先通过移动深度相机的方式拼接得到较完整的物体点云信息,并对物体的几何特性进行分析,有效避开物体不宜抓取的位置进行抓取位姿样本生成;然后结合几何约束条件实现抓取位姿搜索,并利用力封闭条件对样本稳定性进行评估;最后为了对实际的抓取位姿进行评价,根据其稳定性、夹取深度、夹取角度等设定抓取可行性指标,据此在工作空间输出最佳抓取位姿并完成指定的抓取任务.实验结果表明,采用所提方法能够高效生成大量且稳定的抓取位姿,并在仿真环境中有效实现机械臂对单个或多个随机摆放的未知物体的抓取任务.     

一种基于高斯过程混合模型的机械臂抓取方法

为了避免现有的基于视觉的机械臂抓取方法中存在的标定繁琐和求逆困难的不足,提出一种基于高斯过程混合模型的机械臂抓取方法.在学习阶段,利用高斯过程混合模型直接构建目标物体的位姿到机械臂关节角度的映射.在抓取阶段,通过相机获取目标物体的位姿,分别计算各个高斯分量下该位姿的生成概率,选取后验概率最大的高斯分量对应的高斯过程回归计算相应的机械臂关节角度.定位容差为20 mm时,仿真抓取成功率达到93.3%,实际抓取成功率达到了88.3%,对于精度要求不高的抓取作业,该方法可以实现机械臂的快速部署和使用.     

基于机器视觉的机器人自动上料系统设计

本文提出一种基于机器视觉的机器人自动上料系统的设计方案。系统利用相机对工件形状、大小和位姿信息进行采集,上位机的图像软件进行处理并与设定好的标准模板进行特征匹配,最后通过PLC控制的工业机器人利用获得的位姿信息进行快速抓取,触摸屏能够作为操作平台和监控设备来保障系统稳定运行。实验结果显示,自动上料系统能够精确抓取物体,减少了上料时间,提高了生产效率。     

视觉伺服机械臂手机抓取最佳位姿检测

针对下水道、勾缝等狭窄位置的手机拾取的问题, 本文提出一种基于机器视觉的伺服机械臂抓取方法. 首先对机械臂eye-in-hand上的相机进行标定, 图像预处理及目标检测等, 在位姿检测中提出一种基于二维坐标系下手机位姿解算算法, 得出解算的最佳位姿角只与夹持点的像素坐标的差值有关, 其位姿角的大小决定了手抓旋转的角度. 实验用Matlab软件对位姿检测进行仿真分析, 其包括SURF不变特征点的目标检测实验和位姿解算实验, 最后用Rethink双臂机器人的右臂对手机进行抓取验证. 实验表明, 在误差允许范围内, 提出的算法具有一定的有效性, 其结果为伺服机械臂抓取手机提供良好的准确性.     

面向机器人抓取过程中目标位姿估计方法

针对机械臂抓取过程中场景的复杂性和存在遮挡问题,提出了一种基于深度相机的物体位姿估计方法。采用Kinect相机获取点云图像,提取点云的FPFH特征。采用奇异值分解算法和随机一致算法来进行位姿估计。将得到的位姿经过手眼转换转换为抓取位姿。通过与ICP算法和NDT算法进行对比实验,结果验证了该方法的稳定性和精确性。     

机器人视觉智能识别与无序抓取实验系统设计

本文针对复杂汽车生产制造环境中,多种类、多目标散乱堆叠场景下的机器人抓取问题,建立对油气分离器等四种不同配件的智能识别无序抓取系统;利用Photoneo公司的3D Scanner-M面结构光传感器采集目标的三维点云数据、大族机器人Elfin-E10为机械操作手臂,设计了6D位姿估计深度学习网络模型,并利用实例分割网络将点云的前景点和背景点解耦,进而将实例聚类,生成统一的点云切片,送入后续网络进行位姿估计。实验是通过在实际精确抓装项目任务中的应用,分别在MFC和ROS-QT软件架构中搭建了基于传统点云位姿估计方法和深度网络位姿估计方法的软件平台,并在实际场景中完成了对油气分离器等工件的全过程抓取,对6D位姿估计的深度网络的有效性进行了对比实验与验证。结果表明,本文提出的位姿估计识别方法在完成对目标工件的抓取上拥有较高的成功率。     

基于未知物体三维点云特征的机器人六自由度抓取

针对非结构化环境中任意位姿的未知物体,提出了一种基于点云特征的机器人六自由度抓取位姿检测方法,以解决直接从点云中获取目标抓取位姿的难题.首先,根据点云的基本几何信息生成抓取候选,并通过力平衡等方法优化这些候选;然后,利用可直接处理点云的卷积神经网络ConvPoint评估样本,得分最高的抓取将被执行,其中抓取位姿采样和评估网络都是以原始点云作为输入;最后,利用仿真和实际抓取实验进行测试.结果表明,该方法在常用对象上实现了88.33%的抓取成功率,并可以有效地拓展到抓取其他形状的未知物体.     

面向机械臂的抓取位姿检测

针对结构化环境和单一已知目标的抓取方面,搭载末端夹持器机械臂抓取技术取得了显著进展。但当工作场景环境不明、工作目标形状各异时,机械臂容易受环境光照变化、物体遮挡的影响,为此,本文深入研究了机械臂抓取系统流程和抓取方法,设计了基于卷积神经网络自主检测机械臂抓取位姿的方法。     

Only connect: teaching, technology and telesis

Abstract This paper describes an approach to the design of interactive multimedia materials being developed in a European Community project. The developmental process is seen as a dialogue between technologists and teachers. This dialogue is often problematic because of the differences in training, experience and culture between them. Conditions needed for fruitful dialogue are described and the generic model for learning design used in the project is explained.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Avoiding semantic and temporal gaps in developing software intensive systems

Development of software intensive systems (systems) in practice involves a series of self-contained phases for the lifecycle of a system. Semantic and temporal gaps, which occur among phases and among developer disciplines within and across phases, hinder the ongoing development of a system because of the interdependencies among phases and among disciplines. Such gaps are magnified among systems that are developed at different times by different development teams, which may limit reuse of artifacts of systems development and interoperability among the systems. This article discusses such gaps and a systems development process for avoiding them.     

Designing economic np control charts: A programmed simulation approach

This paper presents control charts models and the necessary simulation software for the location of economic values of the control parameters. The simulation program is written in FORTRAN, requires only 10K of main storage, and can run on most mini and micro computers. Two models are presented - one describes the process when it is operating at full capacity and the other when the process is operating under capacity. The models allow the product quality to deteriorate to a further level before an existing out-of-control state is detected, and they can also be used in situations where no prior knowledge exists of the out-of-control causes and the resulting proportion defectives.     

The development of robot art

Going through a few examples of robot artists who are recognized worldwide, we try to analyze the deepest meaning of what is called “robot art” and the related art field definition. We also try to highlight its well-marked borders, such as kinetic sculptures, kinetic art, cyber art, and cyberpunk. A brief excursion into the importance of the context, the message, and its semiotics is also provided, case by case, together with a few hints on the history of this discipline in the light of an artistic perspective. Therefore, the aim of this article is to try to summarize the main characteristics that might classify robot art as a unique and innovative discipline, and to track down some of the principles by which a robotic artifact can or cannot be considered an art piece in terms of social, cultural, and strictly artistic interest. This work was presented in part at the 13th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, January 31–February 2, 2008     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

基于QTE的蒙古文显示机制研究与实现

蒙古语言是中国蒙古族使用的通用语言,由于蒙古文区别于其他文字的书写方式和其自身变形机制等特点,在很多通用的文字处理引擎中都不被支持。在嵌入式产品开发与应用领域中Linux加QTE已经成为流行方式。该文给出了一种在QTE环境上实现基于标准Unicode的蒙古文点阵显示和变形算法, 并自定义了支持蒙古文的QTE组件,扩展了QTE功能,为在Linux加QTE方式的嵌入式体系结构中处理蒙古文提供了一种解决方法。