开-孔河流域水资源利用存在的问题及对策研究

开-孔河流域包括开都河、孔雀河、博斯腾湖和诸小河流,国民生产总值占巴音郭楞蒙古自制州的80%以上,是该自治州国民经济发展、生态环境保护的重要区域。近十年来,由于受自然环境的演变和人类活动综合影响,流域内的天然调节水库-博斯腾湖水位持续下降,孔雀河下游生态环境不断恶化等问题日益凸显,流域水资源和经济社会可持续发展面临严峻挑战。本文从开-孔河流域水资源利用中的问题入手,分析了原因,对加强流域水资源管理、保护博斯腾湖和生态环境提出了几点对策。     

淮河水利委员会水文局（信息中心）

淮河水利委员会水文局（信息中心）是淮河水利委员会直属副局级事业单位,负责组织协调淮河流域水文工作,指导流域内地方水文工作,负责为流域防汛抗旱工作提供所需的水文气象信息,参与流域水资源管理、水资源调查评价、洪水影响评价、水资源规划与开发利用等工作,负责淮委水文自动测报系统和计算机网络系统建设和管理工作,是淮河水利委员会水文专业信息服务和科研机构。     

甘肃疏勒河灌区信息化管理系统研究及应用

甘肃省疏勒河灌区信息化系统是针对内陆河流域水资源开发利用与环境保护的现实,充分利用信息化技术手段,在总结传统水资源管理经验并准确掌握流域相关信息基础上,开发完成的包括流域三大水库联合调度、地下水三维仿真、洪水预报调度、灌区闸门监控、灌区水量数据采集、办公管理信息等综合内容的信息化管理系统。该系统涵盖了流域水资源供需平衡与优化调度、生态环境保护、防汛抗旱、远程监控、自动计量等管理内容,实现了灌区水资源一体化集成管理,全面提升了流域水资源现代化管理水平。     

长江流域生态流量管理实践及建议

随着经济社会的发展、水资源局部无序开发及其他人类活动的影响,长江流域水生态环境问题日益突出。为满足河湖生态流量,水利部长江水利委员会在流域综合规划、河流水量分配、生态流量调查、取水许可管理等项工作中确定生态流量指标,落实生态流量泄放措施,并开展了生态调度试验,为流域水资源开发、利用和保护提供了有力支撑。针对目前生态流量存在的主要问题,提出了有关工作建议。     

闽江流域水库洪水预报调度对策

本文论述闽江流域天然水源分布、流域水库洪水预报模型、河道相应水位(流量)预报技术、流域水库防洪错峰调度、流域天然动态蓄水量与水库防洪兴利的重要关系和发展水文预报调度的自动化系统等方面,目的在于进一步加强防汛决策和水资源开发利用与管理保护的科学化。     

生态流量五个关键问题辨析

在深入推进生态流量管理的新阶段,涉及生态流量的关键问题迫切需要进一步明晰,如生态流量及其表达方式、自然水流范式与非自然河流的基本生态水文需求、生态流量生态保护对象与生态流量保证率、生态流量与水资源开发利用程度的关系、"三生"用水协调等。通过对这些问题的讨论和辨析,提出一些思考与认识,以期为系统推进生态流量管理工作提供参考。     

基于SWAT模型的流域水环境管理及预报系统

基于SWAT模型的流域水环境管理及预报系统是一个以地理信息系统(GIS)和数据库管理系统为开发平台,通过与SWAT分布式水文模型的集成,面向管理和决策层的可视化动态信息系统。本系统利用SWAT分布式水文模型对水资源水环境进行综合评价和预报,并结合GIS技术实现了流域管理的可视化和辅助决策功能,实现流域水环境的信息管理与查询,来为管理部门提供有效、直观的决策信息。     

滦河流域水生态承载力评估研究

滦河流域是我国重要生态保障地区,亟需开展水生态承载力评估,识别承载力限制因素,以指导流域生态文明建设。针对滦河流域水资源矛盾突出、水生态系统服务功能退化等问题,采用WaREES框架从"水资源-水环境-水生态-水安全"4个维度构建承载力评估和指标贡献量化方法,对滦河流域进行水生态承载力评估研究。结果表明:滦河流域水生态承载力指数(HECCI)介于43. 8～53. 8之间,总体呈临界超载状态;水环境呈安全承载状态(均分为61. 3),水安全和水生态均为临界超载状态,而水资源呈超载状态(均分为22. 9);水资源禀赋弱和开发强度大是限制流域承载力的关键短板,水资源禀赋和水资源利用指数对流域HECCI的贡献率分别为6. 4%和5. 5%;水生生境质量、生物完整性和水文调节功能是水生态和水安全临界承载的主要控制因素。提出的水生态承载力评估技术方法具有科学性和实用性,对流域/区域水生态环境管理具有参考价值。     

基于水循环的分布式水资源调配模型开发与应用

自以水循环为基础的水资源动态配置模式提出以来,一批基于耦合分布式水文模型的水资源配置模型被先后提出,但其采用的耦合方法往往忽视了经济社会用水过程与天然水文过程之间的动态反馈作用。本文通过改进SWAT模型,并嵌合水资源配置模块,开发了基于水循环的分布式水资源调配模型（Water resources allocation and regulation model based on the SWAT,SWAT-WARM）,从模型结构、耦合方法、配置规则等方面系统描述了模型的双向耦合原理。以唐河流域为例开展模型的构建与应用研究,采用包含河道流量过程、特征频率径流总量、国民经济用水量和水资源开发利用量的多指标校验方法验证模型的性能,在此基础上,分析了不同时空尺度的水资源配置结果以及全流域年度水循环转化情况。分析结果表明,该模型通过分布式水文模拟和水资源配置模拟的动态结合,能够描述“自然-社会”水资源复杂系统的实时互馈过程,可为流域水资源精细化管理提供技术支撑。     

GIS在大凌河流域水资源管理中的应用

文章介绍了GIS技术在大凌河流域水资源综合管理系统的建设过程中,作为基础的数据平台,对数字化地图等空间数据和水文信息等属性数据进行统一的管理,并进一步介绍了GIS技术在该流域水资源综合管理系统中的应用。     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.     

浙江省水域调查录入系统的设计和应用

浙江省水域调查录入系统将调查数据与电子地图相整合,对分类水域数据进行统计计算,并对输入数据进行合理性和完整性检查,得到调查范围内现有水域的详细数据,实现了水域调查数据输入、计算、统计和查询的数字化管理,提高了工作效率和工作质量,为各地下阶段水域保护规划编制和水域管理工作提供了数据支持。对该系统的设计原则、功能和技术设计等作了介绍。     

基于CT-连续加荷水泥乳化沥青混凝土细观损伤规律研究

利用CT技术对水泥乳化沥青混凝土的细观损伤过程进行实时扫描观测,获得了混凝土试件在连续加荷下的CT图像。通过采用直观分析法、CT数分析法、CT数与损伤变量关系3种方法分析表明,水泥乳化沥青混凝土的破坏过程可分为压密、扩容、裂纹扩展、破坏4个阶段,同时混凝土在受压过程中具有韧性,在极限荷载之前各断面处于压密和微扩容的强化阶段,极限荷载之后混凝土从损伤到破坏发展比较平稳。     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).     

The flood pulse advantage and the restoration of river-floodplain systems

The ‘flood pulse advantage’ is the amount by which fish yield per unit mean water area is increased by a natural, predictable flood pulse. Evidence for this increase is presented from tropical and temperate fisheries. It is argued that increasing multispecies fish yield by restoring the natural hydrological regime is consistent with increasing production of other trophic levels and with restoration from ecological and aesthetic viewpoints. When applied to a river-floodplain system, this restoration would provide a large, self-sustaining potential for recreation, commercial exploitation, and flood control. An interim ‘natural flood pulse’ restoration approach is proposed for systems modified for navigation. This approach approximates the natural hydrological regime in a river reach and is intended as a first step in the long process of restoring the watershed.     

浅谈天湖水电站水轮机运行故障及处理措施

简述天湖水电站投运以来各种故障的表现形式，分析其原因，提出了相应的处理方法及措施，并对合理利用国内外设备提出建议。