输入受限的非仿射无人帆船航向系统自适应动态面控制

针对输入受限和控制方向未知的无人帆船航向控制问题,考虑系统模型存在动态不确定和未知外界扰动的情况,本文提出一种基于非仿射航向运动数学模型的最小参数自适应递归滑模动态面控制策略.该策略通过Taylor展开方法将非仿射模型转化为具有线性结构的仿射时变系统,采用最小参数学习(minimal learning parameter,MLP)神经网络逼近无人帆船模型不确定部分,并利用双曲正切函数处理控制输入饱和现象,引入Nussbaum函数处理系统中未知控制方向问题,同时综合考虑帆船艏摇角速度误差和航向误差之间关系设计递归滑模动态面舵角控制律,并设计参数自适应律对神经网络逼近误差与复合干扰总和的界进行估计.选取李雅普诺夫函数证明了所设计控制器能够保证航向闭环系统内所有信号的一致最终有界性.最后,基于一艘12 m无人帆船进行仿真验证,结果表明无人帆船航向控制响应速度快,所设计的控制器能有效地处理模型不确定项和风浪等外界扰动,具有较强的鲁棒性.     

自主水下航行器的鲁棒自适应姿态控制算法

针对自主水下航行器（Autonomous Underwater Vehicle，AUV）在自动巡航任务中的姿态控制问题，提出了一种神经网络与滑模控制相结合的鲁棒自适应姿态控制算法。采用了RBF神经网络对AUV数学模型中的不确定项进行逼近，抑制了未建模动态和参数摄动的影响，进而基于反步法和滑模控制设计了姿态控制律，其中引入鲁棒项以克服外界干扰和神经网络逼近误差，并通过Lyapunov定理证明了控制系统的稳定性。将所设计的控制算法应用在AUV的姿态控制系统中进行数值仿真，验证了该控制算法的有效性和鲁棒性。     

具有速度调节机制的船舶事件触发编队控制

针对实际海洋环境下, 欠驱动水面船舶(USV)编队控制任务中存在控制输入频繁抖振、模型结构未知和航行速度难以控制等问题, 本文提出一种具有速度调节性能的事件触发编队控制算法. 首先, 该算法采用径向基神经网络(RBF–NN)对模型结构不确定进行逼近. 同时, 为了减少控制输入频繁抖振和通信信道占用次数, 设计了一种满足控制器与神经网络权重估计器同步触发的事件触发机制. 其次, 针对现有领导–跟随方法中存在的领导船速度信息不可知、跟随船速度不可控的问题, 设计了一种自适应速度调节器, 使跟随船在不需要领导船速度信息的情况下实时地调节航行速度. 利用李雅普诺夫稳定性理论证明了所提控制算法满足半全局一致最终有界收敛. 最后, 通过仿真实验验证了所提出算法的有效性.     

船舶航向控制的多滑模鲁棒自适应设计

针对带有未知虚拟控制增益和常参数不确定的非匹配不确定船舶航向非线性控制问题,设计了一种新的多滑模鲁棒自适应控制算法.该算法利用神经网络来逼近系统模型的不确定性;应用逐步递推的多滑模控制算法降低了控制器的复杂性;尤其是采用Nussbaum函数处理系统中符号未知的问题,避免了可能存在的控制器奇异值问题;然后借助Lyapunov稳定性分析方法,理论分析证明了所得闭环系统全局一致最终有界,且跟踪误差收敛到零.仿真试验结果表明,该方法具有较好的控制效果.     

基于自适应滑模的欠驱动无人艇轨迹跟踪控制算法

针对欠驱动水面无人艇在航行过程中存在的海洋环境干扰、数学模型参数不确定、执行器故障等问题,提出了一种基于扰动观测器与神经网络技术的自适应滑模轨迹跟踪策略。在无人艇三自由度模型的基础上,结合视线制导率,提出了一种新的轨迹跟踪制导策略。采用自适应滑模控制技术设计了欠驱动无人艇轨迹跟踪控制器,有效地抑制了执行器衰减故障对无人艇控制系统的影响;同时运用了非线性扰动观测器和自适应径向基函数神经网络分别对无人艇受到的外界干扰和模型参数不确定性进行补偿和拟合,提高了控制系统的抗干扰能力。基于Lyapunov定理证明了所设计的控制系统的稳定性,并在MATLAB中进行了仿真测试。仿真结果表明,所提出的轨迹跟踪控制算法可以在较为复杂的环境下实现对欠驱动无人艇的精准控制;相较于对比算法,位置的平均跟踪误差减小了80%以上,具备较高的稳定性和鲁棒性。     

基于ESO的船舶航向鲁棒自适应控制

针对具有内部未建模动态和外部不确定扰动的水面船舶设计一种鲁棒自适应航向控制器,并同时解决转向过程中的漂角补偿问题.基于二阶非线性Nomoto模型和一阶漂角模型,建立非积分链结构的漂角-航向非线性状态空间模型,将航向控制系统未建模动态与外部不确定扰动合并为复合扰动,应用扩张状态观测器估计模型中的未测量状态和系统复合扰动.基于Lyapunov稳定性理论和自适应反步法设计航向状态反馈控制规律,为避免反步法控制过程中的微分爆炸问题,采用动态面控制技术获取虚拟控制信号的近似导数.所提出的扩张状态观测器和航向控制算法能够保证闭环系统内所有误差信号一致最终有界,提高航向保持和转向过程中的航向跟踪精度.仿真结果验证了所提出的航向控制规律的有效性.     

考虑事件触发输入的船舶自适应动力定位控制

为解决实际海况下全驱动船舶的动力定位控制任务存在参数不确定、模型结构不确定和通信资源限制等问题,本文提出一种具有事件触发输入的鲁棒自适应动力定位控制算法.该算法采用径向基函数神经网络对系统模型不确定进行逼近,同时针对通信带宽受限问题,设计了一种具有事件触发机制的执行器输入,降低了控制器和执行器之间的信道占用.此外,该算法还解决了状态变量与执行器增益不确定性之间的强耦合问题,并且设计了在线更新的自适应参数去补偿执行器增益不确定,以确保船舶能够稳定执行动力定位任务.利用Lyapunov稳定性理论证明了闭环控制系统中所有误差变量都满足半全局一致最终有界收敛.通过对比仿真实验验证了所提出算法的有效性.     

移动卫星天线的自适应鲁棒控制系统

为了改善移动卫星天线的控制性能和稳定性,本文进行移动卫星天线的自适应鲁棒控制系统的研究．首先针对移动卫星天线数学模型,设计自适应鲁棒控制器和控制系统,所提出的自适应鲁棒控制律和控制系统不仅保证了闭环系统的稳定性,而且实现了所期望的性能,最后通过试验结果证明该控制算法的有效性,尽管外界环境道路条件的变化不同,移动卫星天线控制系统表现了满意的控制性能．     

基于自组织模糊CMAC神经网络的不确定系统的H∞鲁棒自适应控制

针对一类不确定系统，提出一种基于自组织模糊小脑模型（SOFCMAC）神经网络的H∞鲁棒自适应控制方法，通过设计标称系统的H∞控制器，并采用SOFCMAC神经网络在线对消系统的建模不确定性产生的误差，可保证不确定闭环稳定并具有H∞性能，证明了SOFCMAC神经网络H∞鲁棒自适应控制系统的稳定性，仿真算例表明了该方法的有效性。     

基于H∞性能的不确定多速率系统鲁棒预测控制

研究含有不确定性的输入多采样率控制系统的鲁棒预测控制问题,提出了基于Hoo性能的鲁棒预测控制算法.该算法采用线性矩阵不等式(LMI)的方法,得出闭环多采样率系统具有H∞性能指标的上界γ,并给出保证闭环系统鲁棒稳定的判据.仿真结果表明了该算法的有效性.     

Only connect: teaching, technology and telesis

Abstract This paper describes an approach to the design of interactive multimedia materials being developed in a European Community project. The developmental process is seen as a dialogue between technologists and teachers. This dialogue is often problematic because of the differences in training, experience and culture between them. Conditions needed for fruitful dialogue are described and the generic model for learning design used in the project is explained.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Avoiding semantic and temporal gaps in developing software intensive systems

Development of software intensive systems (systems) in practice involves a series of self-contained phases for the lifecycle of a system. Semantic and temporal gaps, which occur among phases and among developer disciplines within and across phases, hinder the ongoing development of a system because of the interdependencies among phases and among disciplines. Such gaps are magnified among systems that are developed at different times by different development teams, which may limit reuse of artifacts of systems development and interoperability among the systems. This article discusses such gaps and a systems development process for avoiding them.     

Designing economic np control charts: A programmed simulation approach

This paper presents control charts models and the necessary simulation software for the location of economic values of the control parameters. The simulation program is written in FORTRAN, requires only 10K of main storage, and can run on most mini and micro computers. Two models are presented - one describes the process when it is operating at full capacity and the other when the process is operating under capacity. The models allow the product quality to deteriorate to a further level before an existing out-of-control state is detected, and they can also be used in situations where no prior knowledge exists of the out-of-control causes and the resulting proportion defectives.     

The development of robot art

Going through a few examples of robot artists who are recognized worldwide, we try to analyze the deepest meaning of what is called “robot art” and the related art field definition. We also try to highlight its well-marked borders, such as kinetic sculptures, kinetic art, cyber art, and cyberpunk. A brief excursion into the importance of the context, the message, and its semiotics is also provided, case by case, together with a few hints on the history of this discipline in the light of an artistic perspective. Therefore, the aim of this article is to try to summarize the main characteristics that might classify robot art as a unique and innovative discipline, and to track down some of the principles by which a robotic artifact can or cannot be considered an art piece in terms of social, cultural, and strictly artistic interest. This work was presented in part at the 13th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, January 31–February 2, 2008     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.