3A21与6063异种铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头性能分析

为研究3A21与6063异种铝合金材料摩擦搅拌焊接头性能,文中选取了16组不同的焊接工艺参数进行搅拌摩擦焊接试验。在试验过程中,为研究焊缝处的力学性能,减小了试件焊缝处的宽度,使拉伸断裂处能发生在焊缝处。通过整理试验数据,分析了6063-O/3A21与6063-T6/3A21焊接接头抗拉强度与接头硬度随焊速、转速以及焊速转速比变化的分布规律,得到了适用的焊接参数范围。试验表明,通过合理选择焊接参数,得到了力学性能良好的焊接接头,达到了工程应用要求。     

搅拌摩擦焊多平面搅拌头对材料流动行为的影响

与传统熔化焊相比,搅拌摩擦焊(Frictionstirwelding, FSW)因温度梯度较小,可以减少焊接裂纹和残余变形,是一种极具前途的铝合金固相焊接方法。相同焊接工艺参数下,搅拌头是影响焊接热输入和材料流动的主要因素之一,决定焊缝的组织与性能。基于固体力学有限元法和A7N01铝合金材料本构方程,建立基于Deform软件搅拌摩擦焊刚黏塑性仿真模型,并通过焊接试验的测温曲线和试验缺陷完成了模型验证,对比分析了圆台、三平面、四平面搅拌头平面对搅拌摩擦焊稳态焊接阶段的温度场、峰值温度曲线和材料流动行为的影响。结果表明,多平面搅拌头的焊接热输入高于圆台搅拌头,在材料塑性流动范围、流动均匀性和有效焊缝等指标方面优于圆台搅拌头。搅拌头的平面特征在材料流动过程中能够起到明显的挤压作用,从而细化焊缝区的晶粒,提高焊接接头的力学性能。基于仿真和试验结果分析,揭示了焊接犁沟缺陷的成因,并提出了预防措施。     

2A14铝合金搅拌摩擦焊焊缝表面鼓包原因分析

针对2A14铝合金搅拌摩擦焊焊缝表面鼓包现象,借助元素EDAX能谱分析和机箱制造工艺过程追溯,通过材料分析、焊接前处理方法研究、焊接工艺方法及热处理方法研究对机箱热处理后搅拌摩擦焊焊缝表面鼓包的现象进行了原因排查,并通过试板焊接试验复现了焊缝鼓包现象,对2A14铝合金机箱的焊前处理工艺进行了改进和完善。     

铝合金搅拌摩擦接头的熔焊工艺研究

搅拌摩擦焊接(FSW)技术从发明至今得到了迅速发展,目前铝合金材料的搅拌摩擦焊工程化已分别应用至航空航天、轨道车辆等领域,但在这些领域里其工艺制造方面有待进一步探索和完善。本文从工艺研究角度,分析6005A铝合金材料的搅拌摩擦焊缝表面进行MIG熔焊工艺特性,对其接头的机械性能进行研究,并得出铝合金搅拌摩擦焊(FSW)接头的熔焊可行性,为搅拌摩擦技术的工程化应用提供依据。     

关于铝合金薄板高速搅拌摩擦焊接搅拌头的新型设计

搅拌摩擦焊是新能源汽车电芯制造中代替传统激光焊接的关键方法。高速搅拌摩擦焊是提升电芯生产效率的关键工艺,科学的搅拌头尺寸参数设计方法可以有效减少高焊速条件下飞边沟槽缺陷,并提升电芯生产的合格率。基于对高焊速搅拌摩擦焊搅拌头的设计的理解,设计包括轴肩半径、轴肩摩擦系数、轴肩内凹角、轴针上半径、轴针下半径和轴针长度在内的高焊速搅拌头尺寸参数研究系统。针对铝合金薄板工业生产中质量需求,设计焊后焊缝质量评价指标。在考虑焊缝飞边大小、沟槽深浅以及左右材料交互比例的基础上,分析不同搅拌头参数影响下的焊接质量变化,获得搅拌头尺寸参数变化对焊接质量的影响规律,获得高焊速条件下的铝合金薄板搅拌摩擦焊搅拌头的最优设计。     

2219铝合金搅拌摩擦焊工艺及接头性能

采用搅拌摩擦焊方法对6 mm厚的2219铝合金板进行焊接,研究了2219铝合金的搅拌摩擦焊工艺和主要焊接参数对焊缝成形和接头力学性能的影响.结果表明:在旋转速度1250～1400 r·min-1,焊接速度100～140 mm·min-1时,可获得性能良好的焊接接头;对2219铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接后再固溶时效处理可有效消除接头软化区,提高接头强度.     

超声振动强化搅拌摩擦焊的热力行为及微观组织特征

为了利用超声振动降低搅拌摩擦焊过程中金属材料的屈服应力和流动应力,研发超声振动强化搅拌摩擦焊试验装置,开展6061-T6铝合金的焊接工艺试验。采用实时采集焊机电参数并将其转化成力矩和力的方法,测试超声振动作用下搅拌摩擦焊的焊接载荷,利用热电偶测试施加超声时的焊接热循环,通过体视显微镜和金相显微镜分别观测焊缝截面尺寸和接头微观组织,并与相同参数下常规搅拌摩擦焊的情况进行比对。研究结果表明,超声振动能够显著降低焊接轴向压力和搅拌头转矩,增大焊缝横截面尺寸,细化和均匀焊核区和热力影响区的晶粒组织。热循环的测量结果显示,超声振动的施加略微降低了测量点的焊接热循环峰值温度。分析认为,超声振动与搅拌头附近的塑性变形材料相互作用,降低了金属材料的屈服应力和流变应力,进而改变了原有的温度场,从而产生了优异的工艺效果。     

轨道车辆铝合金地板搅拌摩擦焊残余状态分析

搅拌摩擦焊作为一种先进的固相焊接技术,以其针对铝合金材料焊接效率高、焊后缺陷小、环境污染小等优点被逐渐地广泛应用。但是目前缺乏搅拌摩擦焊焊接中力学过程的研究,也鲜有力学过程对于焊缝残余状态影响的资料,不利于搅拌摩擦焊的推广应用。因此,本文以某型地铁车辆铝合金地板的焊接为研究对象,对搅拌摩擦焊工作原理及焊缝残余状态规律进行了分析,总结了摩擦焊接过程中的力学规律与导致焊缝残余应力不对称分布的原因。     

温度对搅拌摩擦焊接接头摩擦磨损性能的影响

通过对搅拌摩擦焊过程中铝合金板上各特征点在不同焊接参数的温度变化规律的检测,研究搅拌摩擦焊接参数对焊接过程温度场的影响,搅拌摩擦焊焊接接头的摩擦磨损行为,以及搅拌摩擦焊接头的摩擦磨损性能随温度的变化趋势。结果表明:在搅拌头旋转速度一定时,各特征点的温度峰值会随焊接速度的增加而降低,在焊接速度一定时,特征点的温度峰值会随搅拌头旋转速度的增加而升高;搅拌摩擦焊接头磨损表面呈现轻微的疲劳磨损特征,无明显的表层剥落开裂迹象;试样的磨损量与接头区域的焊缝成型有密切关系,而焊缝的成型质量与温度场的分布有密切联系,试验表明温度场梯度越小,磨损量越小。     

2524-T3铆接接头与搅拌摩擦焊接接头疲劳性能对比研究

通过2524-T3铝合金的搅拌摩擦焊接头疲劳性能对比试验,得到了母材、FSW对接接头、铆钉连接接头的疲劳S-N曲线。试验表明,搅拌摩擦焊的疲劳裂纹大多数起源于焊缝底部;2524-T3材料薄板的疲劳性能略好于厚板的疲劳性能;搅拌摩擦焊接头疲劳性能要明显好于铆接接头疲劳性能。拟合得到了各种不同厚度,不同应力比下的S-N曲线公式,为搅拌摩擦焊技术应用于飞机结构积累了相关数据。     

Friction stir welding characteristics of 2219-T6 aluminum alloy assisted by external non-rotational shoulder

Friction stir welding (FSW) of 2219-T6 aluminum alloy assisted by external non-rotational shoulder was carried out, and effects of the welding speed on microstructures and mechanical properties were investigated in detail. Defect-free joints were obtained in a wide range of welding speeds from 50 to 300 mm/min. The microstructural deformation and weld formation were dominated by the rotating tool pin and subsize concave shoulder but the non-rotational shoulder exerted very little effects for all joints. Compared with the weld obtained by conventional FSW, less intense stirring effects in FSW assisted by external non-rotational shoulder can only generate a narrower thermomechanically affected zone, whose width decreased with increasing of the welding speed. Microstructures and Vickers hardness distributions showed that this new welding process is beneficial to improving the asymmetry and inhomogeneity, especially in the weld nugget zone. The maximum tensile strength was up to 69 % of the base material.     

Stability of the friction stir welding process in presence of workpiece mating variations

This paper explores common process variations encountered in friction stir welding (FSW) and the limits to which acceptable joint strength is maintained while welding with a robotic FSW system. Part fit-up and mating variations are common in manufacturing, yet the limits to which a friction stir welding process can weld without major process adjustment are unclear. The effects on joint strength and mechanical properties of several of the most common mating variations (i.e., faying surface gap, misalignment, mismatch, etc.) are experimentally determined as individual effects as well as among common welding parameters. Experimental results on 5-mm-thick aluminum alloy 5083-H111 show that ultimate tensile strength, yield strength, and elongation begin to decrease from nominal weld conditions when either the tool offset distance from weld centerline or gap in abutted plates exceeds 25% of the average pin diameter (6?mm). In addition, vertical plate mismatch and lack of penetration can be tolerated up to 2.5% and 10%, respectively, before adverse effects on mechanical properties are observed. The work also indicates that of all the mating variations tested in this study, tool misalignment, followed by travel angle, has the most significant effect on the measured joint strength. Process stability testing has shown that the FSW process is able to endure part fit-up and mating variations within a defined tolerance, giving the practitioner an awareness of how well stock workpiece tolerances must be controlled before joint strength is adversely effected.     

Effect of welding speed on microstructure and mechanical properties of friction-stir-welded aluminum

The weld properties remain an area of uncertainty with respect to the effect of different speeds of friction stir welding (FSW). For this purpose, hardened steel tool of FSW was used, which consists of the shoulder and pin. The shoulder of the tool not only provides additional heat generated by friction but also prevents plasticized material to escape. In the present investigation, aluminum welds were made at various welding speed using the FSW technique. The welds were characterized for mechanical properties and microstructural investigation. It is observed that good correlation exists between the mechanical properties and welding speeds. The best mechanical properties were obtained at lower welding speed.     

Improving joint features and tensile shear properties of friction stir lap welded joint by an optimized bottom-half-threaded pin tool

To increase the lap shear failure load of friction stir lap welding (FSLW) joint, a tool with a bottom-half-threaded pin was designed in the present study. Using 7N01-T4 aluminum alloy as the research object, tools with the bottom-half-threaded pin and the traditional full-threaded pin were used to fabricate lap joints. Results showed that the thread end position on the pin greatly influenced the material flow behavior. The material concentrated zone using the bottom-half-threaded pin mainly located above the lap interface, which is beneficial to suppress the hook and cold lap. The lap shear failure load of the FSLW joint using the bottom-half-threaded pin was 17,644.7 N, which is equal to 122.8 % of the joint using the full-threaded pin.     

Effects of welding speed on microstructures and mechanical properties of AA2219-T6 welded by the reverse dual-rotation friction stir welding

Reverse dual-rotation friction stir welding (RDR-FSW) is a novel FSW technology in which the tool pin and the assisted shoulder rotates reversely, thus it has the capability to obtain appropriate welding conditions through adjusting the rotating tool pin and surrounding assisted shoulder independently. In the present study, a RDR-FSW tool system was designed and successfully applied to weld high strength aluminum alloy 2219-T6, and the effects of welding speed on microstructures and mechanical properties were investigated in detail. At a constant rotation speed of 800 rpm for both the rotating tool pin and the reversely rotating assisted shoulder, defect-free joints were obtained at welding speeds ranging from 50 to 150 mm/min, while a cavity defect appeared at the three-phase confluction on the advancing side when the welding speed increased to 200 mm/min. With increasing of the welding speed, the width of the softened region decreased, but the minimum microhardness value increased gradually. When compared with the joints welded by the conventional FSW, there is only a minor variation of the Vickers hardness across the stirring zone in the joint welded by the RDR-FSW. The maximum tensile strength 328 MPa (73.7 % of the base material) was obtained at the welding speed of 150 mm/min, while the elongation reached its maximum 7.0 % (60.9 % of the base material) at the welding speed of 100 mm/min. All defect-free joints were fractured at the weakest region with the minimum Vickers hardness, while for the joint with cavity defects the fracture occurred at the defect location. The tensile fracture was in the ductile fracture mode.     

搅拌摩擦焊下压力控制系统的开发及在模拟非刚性环境下的验证试验

搅拌摩擦焊接(Friction stir welding, FSW)是材料固态连接新技术,但FSW在焊接过程中一般会对工件施加较大的下压力,焊接设备和被焊工件在下压力的作用下均可能产生变形,使得常规FSW中设定的下压量这一关键参数偏离预期值,无法保证焊接工艺的稳定性。为了解决这一问题,开发一套下压力反馈控制系统,通过调节搅拌头对工件的下压量来调节下压力,使焊接过程中下压力保持稳定。该系统使用一台计算机作为顶层控制器,根据压力传感器反馈的实时下压力调节FSW设备Z轴的进给。使用该系统在悬空的钢板上焊接6082-T6铝合金平板对接焊缝,焊接过程中工件在下压力的作用下产生的弯曲变形高达0.931 mm,但所得的焊缝成形良好,沿焊缝方向不同位置的接头的横截面形貌基本一致,其横向拉伸应力应变曲线高度重合,接头的平均抗拉强度为222.8 MPa。结果表明,工件在下压力作用下产生变形的条件下,下压力控制的FSW系统仍能保证工艺稳定性。     

Statistical analysis to predict grain size and hardness of the weld nugget of friction-stir-welded AA6061-T6 aluminium alloy joints

AA6061 aluminum alloy has gathered wide acceptance in the fabrication of light weight structures requiring high strength-to-weight ratio and good corrosion resistance. Friction-stir welding (FSW) process is an emerging solid state joining process in which the material that is being welded does not melt and recast. This process uses a non-consumable tool to generate frictional heat in the abutting surfaces. The FSW process and tool parameters play a major role in deciding the joint strength. Joint strength is influenced by grain size and hardness of the weld nugget region. Hence, in this investigation an attempt was made to develop empirical relationships to predict grain size and hardness of weld nugget of friction-stir-welded AA6061 aluminium alloy joints. The empirical relationships are developed by response surface methodology incorporating FSW tool and process parameters. A linear regression relationship was also established between grain size and hardness of the weld nugget of FSW joints.     

Load bearing capacity of tool pin during friction stir welding

Although friction stir welding (FSW) is now widely used for the welding of aluminum and other soft alloys, premature tool failure limits its application to hard alloys such as steels and titanium alloys. The tool pin, the weakest component of the tool, experiences severe stresses at high temperatures due to both bending moment and torsion. It is shown that the optimum tool pin geometry can be determined from its load bearing capacity for a given set of welding variables and tool and work-piece materials. The traverse force and torque during friction stir welding are computed using a three-dimensional heat transfer and viscoplastic material flow model considering temperature and strain rate-dependent flow stress of the work-piece material. These computed values are used to determine the maximum shear stress experienced by the tool pin due to bending moment and torsion for various welding variables and tool pin dimensions. It is shown that a tool pin with smaller length and larger diameter will be able to sustain more stress than a longer pin with smaller diameter. The proposed methodology is used to explain the failure and deformation of the tool pin in independent experiments for the welding of both L80 steel and AA7075 alloy. The results demonstrate that the short tool life in a typical FSW of steels is contributed by low values of factor of safety in an environment of high temperature and severe stress.     

Torque control of friction stir welding for manufacturing and automation

Friction stir welding (FSW) is a solid-state welding process that utilizes a rotating tool to plastically deform and forge together the parent materials of a workpiece. The process involves plunging the rotating tool that consists of a shoulder and a pin into the workpiece and then traversing it along the intended weld seam. The welding process requires a large axial force to be maintained on the tool. Axial force control has been used in robotic FSW processes to compensate for the compliant nature of robots. Without force control, welding flaws would continuously emerge as the robot repositioned its linkages to traverse the tool along the intended weld seam. Insufficient plunge depth would result and cause the welding flaws as the robot’s linkages yielded from the resulting force in the welding environment. The research present in this paper investigates the use of torque instead of force to control the FSW process. To perform this research, a torque controller was implemented on a retrofitted Milwaukee Model K milling machine. The closed loop proportional, integral plus derivative control architecture was tuned using the Ziegler–Nichols method. Welding experiments were conducted by butt welding 0.25 in. (6.35 mm)?×?1.5 in. (38.1 mm)?×?8 in. (203.2 mm) samples of aluminum 6061 with a 0.25 in. (6.35 mm) threaded tool. The results indicate that controlling torque produces an acceptable weld process that adapts to the changing surface conditions of the workpiece. For this experiment, the torque was able to be controlled with standard deviation of 0.231 N-m. In addition, the torque controller was able to adjust the tool’s plunge depth in reaction to 1 mm step and ramp disturbances in the workpiece’s surface. It is shown that torque control is equivalent to weld power control and causes a uniform amount of energy per unit length to be deposited along the weld seam. It is concluded that the feedback signal of torque provides a better indicator of tool depth into the workpiece than axial force. Torque is more sensitive to tool depth than axial force. Thus, it is concluded that torque control is better suited for keeping a friction stir welding tool properly engaged with the workpiece for application to robotics, automation, and manufacturing.     

Friction stir weld-bonding defect inspection using phased array ultrasonic testing

Weight reduction is an important driver of the aerospace industry, which encourages the development of lightweight joining techniques to substitute rivet joints. Friction stir welding (FSW) is a solid-state process that enables the production of lighter joints with a small performance reduction compared to the base material properties. Increasing the FSW lap joint performance is an important concern. Friction stir weld bonding is a hybrid joining technology that combines FSW and adhesive bonding in order to increase the mechanical properties of FSW lap joints. FSW and hybrid lap joints were produced, using 2-mm-thick AA6082-T6 plates and a 0.2-mm-thick adhesive layer. Defect detection using the non-destructive test, phased array ultrasonic testing (PAUT), has been made. Microscopic observations were performed in order to validate the phased array ultrasonic testing results. Lap shear strength tests were carried out to quantify the joint’s quality. PAUT inspection successfully detected non-welded specimens but was not able to distinguish specimens with major hook defects from specimens correctly weld bonded with small hook defects.