A new approach for monitoring corrosion and flow characteristics in oil/brine mixtures

Monitoring of corrosion processes and hydrodynamic flow pattern in oil/brine mixtures of various compositions between 0 and 80% in volume of oil has been investigated by means of electrochemical impedance and noise measurements. In such two-phase electrolytes the electrode behaviour is mostly characterized by the fact that the state of the corroding metallic surface evolves in a highly dynamic way as a result of local heterogeneities yielded by the non-uniform phase distribution near the electrode. This is why conventional electrochemical current and/or potential noise, as well as electrochemical impedance measurements, showed very poor reproducibility and weak sensitivity to electrolyte composition and flow changes. In contrast to conventional techniques, the electrolyte resistance fluctuations have shown to be a highly sensitive and reliable tool conveying real-time information about the two-phase flow pattern and electrolyte composition. Such measurements can be an indirect way to evaluate the environment aggressiveness in industrial plant and field applications.     

Modelling of the behaviour of gas-solid two-phase mixtures flowing through packed beds

This work is concerned about gas-solid two-phase mixtures flowing upwards through packed beds. An Eulerian-based two-fluid model coupled with a newly proposed porosity distribution model is used to simulate the flow behaviour. The results are compared with recently published experimental results in terms of both hydrodynamics and solids motion. It is found that the use of the newly proposed porosity model not only gives better agreement with experimental porosity data, but also provides a much better prediction of the pressure drop than other porosity models could do. The results also show that the model predicts very well the dynamic hold-up of suspended particles, and captures the main features of the radial distributions of the suspended solids concentration and the axial solids velocity. A discrepancy occurs, however, at the wall region where the predicted axial solids velocity peak is sharper and higher than the measurements. The work also leads to a new relationship for the pressure drop of dilute gas-solid two-phase mixtures flowing through packed beds, which agrees very well with experiments.     

Vertical upward flow of gas-solid two-phase mixtures through monolith channels

This paper reports some recent experimental observations of both gas and gas-solid two-phase flows through small monolith channels. For gas flows, the laminar-to-turbulent transition in monolith channels was observed to occur at a Reynolds number of ∼620, much lower than the conventional transition criterion of 2200 for large pipes. Surface roughness of and non-uniform distribution of gas in monolith channels were proposed to be possible reasons. For gas-solid two-phase flows, both pressure drop and solids hold-up were measured. It was found that the pressure drop of gas-solid two-phase flows through monolith channels was significantly lower than that through packed particle beds with even lower surface area per unit bed volume. Reprocessing of the pressure drop data in terms of the dimensionless groups showed that the Euler number depended approximately linearly on the solids-to-gas mass flux ratio for a given superficial gas velocity, and suspended particle size imposed little effect under the conditions of this study. Measurements of the solids hold-up showed that the hold-up in monolith channels increased with a decrease in both the gas velocity and the suspended particle size. The pressure drop results were also compared with semi-theories developed for pneumatic conveying. An overprediction was observed, an indication of the need for more controlled experiments for fundamental understanding of the hydrodynamics in monolith channels.The work reported here on gas-solid two-phase flows through monolith channels represents the first attempt in this area as no previously studies have been found in the literature.     

单分散硅油乳液的制备

介绍了一种单分散硅油乳液制备新方法。利用二甲基二乙氧基硅烷在碱性条件下乳液聚合, 制得分散度为0.005,有效乳粒尺寸700～2000nm的单分散硅油乳液。该方法具有很好的可重复性。     

原油中酸性组分对油/水乳状液的影响研究

原油中的酸性组分是天然表面活性物质,影响油/水乳状液的稳定性,相关研究对采出液破乳有重要参考价值。作者研究了原油中酸性组分对油/水乳状液破乳效果、乳状液粘度、油/水接触角、界面膜强度的影响,结果如下:随w(酸性组分)从2.25%增加到2.65%,85℃时,脱水率由81.2%降低至14%,粘度由212.3mPa·s增加到1 452mPa·s,乳状液的稳定性大幅度增加;随w(酸性组分)增加,油/水接触角减小,界面膜强度增加;虽然间隔都是0.2%,w(酸性组分)为2.25%和2.45%时,油/水接触角、单滴破裂率相差较大,但w(酸性组分)为2.45%和2.65%时相差较小。     

油水混合物在水平管中的二相流动特性研究

对内径40mm的钢管和有机玻璃管内油水二相水平流动时的流型、摩擦压降特性进行了详细的实验研究,结果表明:油包水向水包油的转变发生在含水体积分数约0. 4时。随含水体积分数的增大,油水二相流的摩擦压降先是急剧减小,其后在含水体积分数大于0. 4时压降变化趋于平缓。油水二相流的摩擦压降受含水体积分数、管壁润湿特性、管壁粗糙度以及混合物流速的影响,当二相流体处于水包油状态时,钢管内的摩擦压降比有机玻璃管内的大;而当处于油包水时,有机玻璃管内的摩擦压降则比钢管内的摩擦压降大。     

Hydrodynamics of gas-solid two-phase mixtures flowing upward through packed beds

The work reported here represents part of an effort to address the challenges related to a newly proposed process for hydrogen production through steam-methane reforming, in which a fine adsorbent carried by the gaseous reactants moves through a packed catalyst bed. Comprehensive experimental work was carried out on the hydrodynamic aspects of gas-solid two-phase mixtures flowing upwards through packed beds. The effects of column diameter, packed particle size, and suspended particle size on the pressure drop and solids hold-ups were investigated. It was observed that the pressure drop of gas-solid two-phase flows depended approximately linearly on the solids flux under the conditions of this work, and the dependence was affected by the suspended particle size, packed particle size, packed column diameter, and gas velocity. However, when the data were reprocessed in terms of the Euler number and the solid-to-gas mass flux ratio, they collapsed into a single line for a given packing condition, and the suspended particle size was found to impose little effect. An analysis was conducted on the pressure drop using a modified version of Metha-Hawley equation by taking into account the effects of suspended particles on the viscosity and density. A reasonably good agreement with experimental data was obtained. The experimental results of the solids hold-ups showed that the particle concentration in packed particle interstices was much higher than that at the entrance to the packed column. Effort was also made to relate the solids hold-ups to the operating parameters. It was found that the dynamic hold-up related fairly well to the solid-to-gas velocity ratio as well as the suspended-to-packed particle size ratio for a given packed column, whereas no clear relationship was obtained for the static solids hold-up. Based on the results of this study, recommendations for future work are given.     

Super-hydrophobic and super-lipophilic functionalized graphene oxide/polyurethane sponge applied for oil/water separation

Nowadays, oil spills have led to a serious environmental crisis of the world. To deal with this problem, inspired from super-hydrophobic lotus leaf, this study fabricated super-hydrophobic and super-lipophilic functionalized graphene oxide/polyurethane(FGP) sponge by a simple and inexpensive dip coating method. The resulting FGP sponge was characterized by infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and water contact angle. The results expressed that FGP sponge exhibited a similar surface structure to that of a lotus leaf, and possessed the super-hydrophobic characteristic with the water contact angle(WAC) of 152°±1°. The absorption capacity and reusability were also investigated. It can be seen that, the FGP sponge can remove a wide range of oils and organic solvents from water with good absorption capacities(up to 35 times of its own mass). Significantly, after 10 cycles the absorption capacity of the oils and organic solvents was higher than 90%for the reused FGP sponge, demonstrating the good reusability of the FGP sponge. Therefore, this study probably provided a simple way to remove the pollutions of oil spills and toxic organism from water.     

水/油两相萃取系统下利用O2光化学氧化噻吩

引言 汽油或柴油中的含硫化合物如硫醇、硫醚、噻吩、苯并噻吩(BT)和二苯噻吩(BT)燃烧后产生SOX,是酸雨和空气污染的主要来源,并可导致人产生呼吸道疾.     

原油乳状液加剂降低转相点实验研究

转相点是原油乳状液输送时一个重要的参数,在转相点后输送时阻力较小,而在转相点前输送时阻力较大。为了节能降耗,降低输送成本,减小集输过程中的流动阻力,在室内开展了向含水原油中加入DODE系列流动改进剂后的流动实验,研究加剂后转相点变化规律。实验结果表明：含水原油中添加DODE系列流动改进剂可以使含水原油的转相点由原来的50%～70%提前到了30%～50%,形成具有适度稳定性的水包油型原油乳状液,降低了原油乳状液的表观粘度。     

Superhydrophobic/superoleophilic micro/nanostructure nickel particles for oil/water mixture and emulsion separation

Nowadays, developing reusable and highly efficient materials for separating nano/micro-sized oil droplets from oil/water mixture and emulsion remains very challenging. Herein, hedgehog-like micro/nanostructure nickel particles were fabricated via a hydrothermal route. Thanks to its unique morphology, the octadecyltrichlorosilane (ODTS)-modified nickel particles show suitable superhydrophobicity/superoleophilicity properties with water contact angle, oil contact angle, and contact angle hysteresis values of 169.17° ± 2.13°, 0°, and 2.32°± 0.34°, respectively, making the potential sorbent for oil/water separation. The dense narrow thorns of superhydrophobic/superoleophilic nickel particles help the maximum scattering of particles on the surface and in the solutions. Hence, superhydrophobic/superoleophilic nickel particles demonstrated outstanding sorption capacity ranging from 3.86 to 5.27 (g/g) for a wide range of organic solvents and oils. Also, sorption capacities were retained even after 10 sorption cycles. Additionally, sorption capacities remain steady under acidic, alkaline, and high-saline conditions, indicating the high resistance in the harsh media. More importantly, ODTS-modified particles could also be used in oil/water emulsion separation with efficiencies of higher 99%. The appropriate resistance of hedgehog-like micro/nanostructure nickel particles to various environmental conditions as well as reusability and recyclability provides good opportunities for industrial applications of oil uptake from the oil/water mixture and emulsion.     

Very-viscous-oil/water/air flow through horizontal pipes: Pressure drop measurement and prediction

Core annular flow pattern, where a low viscosity liquid surrounds a very-viscous one, may be very interesting for heavy oil transportation. However, in oil production, oil and water rarely flow alone and gas is usually present. Despite several publications on liquid-liquid core annular flow, no much work has been done towards a proper characterization of the effect of gas on pressure drop. The aim of this paper is twofold: to provide a new data base on three-phase (very-viscous-oil/water/air) flow, and to propose a simple model for the determination of pressure drop.     

油水两相流相含率的软测量方法

对垂直上升管中油水两相流流动测得的电导波动信号,从时频域内提取了11个反映油水两相流流动特性的特征量.频域内特征量提取采用了语音信号处理中的线性预测方法,时域内特征量提取采用了时间序列统计分析方法.将这些特征量作为人工神经网络的输入量,在总流量10～60 m³•d^-1及含水率51%～91%范围内,采用基于Levenbery-Marquardt算法的BP人工神经网络作为相含率预估模型,较好地实现了油水两相流含水率预测,为两相流相含率测量提供了一种新的软测量途径.     

Particle adhesion and removal in ethanol/water mixtures

Adhesion and removal of particles to and from substrates were investigated in water, ethanol and ethanol/water mixtures. Spherical polyethylene and nylon particles of 4-5 ,um in diameter were used. Plates of polyethylene, polyvinylidene chloride, polyvinylidene fluoride, polyethylene terephthalate, and nylon 6 were used as substrates. A plate was perpendicularly immersed in the suspension, and the number of particles adhering to the plate was counted using a microscope video system. Since polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC) substrate showed the maximum particle adhesion in water for both kinds of particles, the particle removal experiments were carried out using the PVDC plates. The PVDC plate to which particles in water adhered was immersed in an ethanol/water mixture. The number of particles remaining on the plate was counted, and this determined the particle removal efficiency. The number of adhering particles decreased with increasing volume ratio of ethanol in the ethanol/water mixtures, and only a few particles adhered to all the substrates in the ethanol volume ratio above 30%. The particle removal efficiency increased with increasing volume ratio of ethanol and reached 90% in the ethanol volume ratio above 30%. The experimental results obtained are discussed in terms of electrokinetic potentials, Hamaker constants, and surface free energies. The particle adhesion and removal phenomena were essentially explained in terms of the free energy changes which were estimated from the dispersive and nondispersive surface free energies of the particle, substrate and liquid.     

水/乙醇混合工质在硅基微通道中的流动与换热

以不同浓度的乙醇水溶液为工质,在5种不同几何尺寸的梯形硅基微通道中进行了层流流动与换热的实验研究。基于实验结果,分别得出了摩擦常数和平均Nusselt数的实验关联式。实验发现微通道的几何尺寸对微流体的流动与换热特性有着非常显著的影响,各通道中的换热随乙醇溶液浓度的变化而呈现不同的特性,而流动特性则不随溶液浓度的变化而变化。同时还发现在本实验参数范围内,入口段效应对流动与换热的影响都十分显著。     

Polymeric materials with switchable superwettability for controllable oil/water separation: A comprehensive review

Oily water treatment has become an urgent need in our daily life because of its harmful potential to the ecological system. In recent years, functional materials with superwetting or superantiwetting property have experienced a rocketing development due to their applications in various areas, including self-cleaning, anti-icing, printing, water collection, liquid transfer, oil/water separation, and so on. In this regard, recent advances in polymer science hold the promise of fine-tuning the composition and morphology for a targeted design to meet the requirements in specific application fields. This review focused on polymeric materials, especially smart polymers, for controllable oil/water separations. Starting from the fundamental theories and criteria related to the separation mechanisms, different stimuli including pH, solvent, ions, chemicals, temperature, photo, electric, pressure, and dual stimuli for triggering smart oil/water separation processes were summarized. Highlights on polymer types, polymer synthesis approaches, separation materials fabrication method, as well as separation performances were present. Current limitations and future perspective were also given. This review aims to offer deep insights into polymer-based interfacial science and provide guidance for the fabrication of smart polymeric surfaces for oily water separation.     

混沌递归分析在油水两相流流型识别中的应用

采用由Lorenz方程生成的时间序列验证了递归定量分析的有效性及敏感性,并将该分析方法应用于油水两相流流型识别.研究结果表明：对油水两相流过渡流型,在递归图上表现为分散点或线条纹理两种纹理结构特征;而对同一种水包油流型,仅表现为线条纹理结构特征.表明混沌递归图纹理结构特征对油水两相流流型变化敏感,混沌递归定量分析是一种流型识别的有效辅助诊断工具.     

Pervaporation study of water and tert‐butanol mixtures

The permeation behavior of water/tert‐butanol mixture through Sulzer Pervap2510 hydrophilic poly(vinyl alcohol) membranes was investigated and the effects of feed composition and temperature on separation efficiency of the membranes were studied. The pervaporation experiments were carried out with feed water content varying from 0 to 20 wt % according to the existing industrial needs and with the feed temperature from 60 to 100°C. Over this range, both water flux and separation factor increased with increasing water content and feed temperature. These phenomena may be attributed to (1) the strong interaction between water and the membrane, (2) the decoupling effect of the permeants and the membrane at elevated temperatures, and (3) the steric hindrance effect of branch chain alcohol. The permeability ratio (the ideal separation factor) of water to tert‐butanol across the membrane was calculated and found to follow the same relationship with increasing temperature and water content. Both flux and separation factor obtained from the Pervap2510 membrane in this study were much higher than previous reported values, possible causes for which were analyzed. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 4082–4090, 2004     

Characterization of permeation behaviors of ethanol–water mixtures through sodium alginate membrane with crosslinking gradient during pervaporation separation

Dense sodium alginate (SA) membranes crosslinked with glutaraldehyde were prepared by a new solution technique, which had different extents of crosslinking gradient structures. The SA membranes having a crosslinking gradient structure were fabricated by exposing one side of the membrane to the reaction solution while blocking the other side by a polyester film to prevent the reaction solution from contacting it. The extent of the crosslinking gradient was controlled by the exposing time. When the swelling measurements were performed with uniformly crosslinked membranes in aqueous solutions of 70–90 wt % ethanol contents, it was observed that the crosslinking could reduce both the solubility of water in the membrane and the permselectivity of the membrane toward water. The pervaporation separation of the ethanol–water mixture of 90 wt % ethanol content was carried out with membranes with different extents of crosslinking gradients. As the crosslinking gradient was developed more across the membrane, the resulting flux as well as the separation factor to water was found to decrease while the membrane became stable against water. The pervaporation performances of the membranes with different membrane loadings in a membrane cell were also discussed using the schematic concentration and activity profiles of the permeant developed in them. The pervaporation separations of the ethanol/water mixtures through the membrane with an optimal crosslinking gradient were performed at different feed compositions and temperatures ranging from 40 to 80°C. The change in the membrane performance due to the relaxation process during pervaporation was observed with the operating temperature and feed composition. The relaxational phenomena were also elucidated through an analysis of the experimental data of the membrane performance measured by repeating the operation in a given temperature range. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 69: 1607–1619, 1998     

Polymers with upper critical solution temperature behavior in alcohol/water solvent mixtures

Thermoresponsive polymers are of great importance in numerous nanotechnological and biomedical applications. Compared to polymers that undergo a lower critical solution temperature (LCST) phase transition in aqueous solution, i.e., demixing occurs upon heating, polymers exhibiting the reversed upper critical solution temperature (UCST) behavior in aqueous solution have been much less documented as it is more challenging to achieve this behavior in aqueous solutions. Furthermore, the high sensitivity of UCST behavior to minor variation in polymer structure and solution composition hampered the development of applications based on these polymers [18]. However, polymers with UCST transition in alcohol/water solvent mixtures are more commonly reported and exhibit promising properties for the preparation of ‘smart’ materials. This review will focus on the theory and development of such polymers with UCST behavior in alcohol/water solvent mixtures. By highlighting reported examples of UCST polymers in alcohol/water solvent mixtures, we aim to demonstrate the versatility and potential that such UCST polymers possess as biomedical and ‘smart’ materials.