Crosstalk performance of coherent time-addressed photonic CDMAnetworks

We report a theoretical investigation of the crosstalk performance of photonic code-division multiple access (CDMA) networks that are based on coherent matched filtering of optical pulses. We describe the importance of time gating in the reduction of noise in spread-time CDMA schemes. We give guidelines for the selection of codes in coherent matched filtering, and give a code set that produces low crosstalk. We present calculated bit-error rates (BERs) that show for individual user data rates in the gigabit per second range that crosstalk limits aggregate bit rates to the tens of gigabits per second range. This level of performance is a significant improvement over purely incoherent spread-time approaches. Such low crosstalk suggests that this scheme may be the first spread-time photonic CDMA scheme that is not crosstalk-limited     

Blind channel estimation in multi-rate CDMA systems

Multi-rate CDMA is a potentially attractive multiple access method for future broad-band multimedia wireless networks that must support integrated voice/data traffic. The primary impairment for such multi-rate systems is the multipath nature of radio channels that results in intra-user inter-chip interference (ICI) and multi-user interference (MUI) between different users' symbols. Explicit knowledge of the channel is typically needed for high performance detectors (such as coherent demodulation). We propose a subspace method for channel estimation in multi-rate CDMA systems. A unified signal model that applies to three multi-rate CDMA schemes proposed in the literature is developed. The computational complexity for multi-rate scenarios is large and variable-accordingly, a modified approach is devised that offers performance/complexity trade-offs. Performance analysis is conducted based on a close-form expression for the mean square error of the estimator, supported by simulation results that investigate the effectiveness of our method     

A 10 Gb/s optical code division multiplexing using 8-chip opticalbipolar code and coherent detection

bOptical code division multiplexing (OCDM) using optical bipolar code and coherent detection is a new multiplexing method for future fiber-optic communication networks. Some optical bipolar codes, which are described by the combination of phase of optical chip pulses, with a repetition frequency 10 GHz are generated experimentally. Temporal matched filtering for the 10 Gb/s OCDM is demonstrated using optical encoder and decoder, and their fundamental properties are investigated. Effect of interference code is shown experimentally and discussed. The novel coherent detection system with autocorrelation sidelobe suppression using balanced detector and local light source is proposed. The pseudocoherent detection is demonstrated experimentally by using a clock pulse. Advantageous properties of the coherent detection are shown. The fundamental functions to realize the gigabit rate OCDM system is revealed     

Spread-spectrum optical fibre network based on pulsed coherent correlation

Coherent recombination of a series of pulses derived from a single laser pulse by matched filtering, using optical ladder networks is shown to result in a highly single-peaked correlation function. The technique may be used in a local area network based on a star topology when this coherent correlation is generated using a low coherence source. This provides a more practical but equally powerful alternative to other current proposals.<>     

Blind Channel Estimation for Multi-Rate Multicarrier DS/CDMA Communications

Multi-rate multicarrier DS/CDMA is a potentially attractive multiple access method for future wireless communications networks that must support multimedia, and thus multi-rate, traffic. Several receiver structures exist for single-rate multicarrier systems, but little has been reported on multi-rate multicarrier systems. Considering that high-performance detection such as coherent demodulation needs the explicit knowledge of the channel, based on the finite-length chip waveform truncation, this paper proposes a subspace-based scheme for timing and channel estimation in multi-rate multicarrier DS/CDMA systems, which is applicable to both multicode and variable spreading factor systems. The performance of the proposed scheme for these two multi-rate systems is validated via numerical simulations. The effects of the finite-length chip waveform truncation on the performance of the proposed scheme is also analyzed theoretically.     

Joint detection with coherent receiver antenna diversity in CDMAmobile radio systems

In code division multiple access (CDMA) mobile radio systems, both intersymbol interference and multiple access interference arise which can be combated by using either elaborate optimum or favorable suboptimum joint detection (JD) techniques. Furthermore, the time variation of the radio channels leads to degradations of the receiver performance. These degradations can be reduced by applying diversity techniques. Using coherent receiver antenna diversity (CRAD) is especially attractive because only the signal processing at the receiver must be modified. In the present paper, the application of CRAD to the more critical uplink of CDMA mobile radio systems with suboptimum JD techniques is investigated for maximal-ratio combining. The authors study six different suboptimum JD techniques based on decorrelating matched filtering, Gauss-Markov estimation, and minimum mean square error estimation with and without decision feedback. These six suboptimum JD techniques which are well-known for single antenna receivers are extended for the application to CRAD. A main concern of the paper is the determining of the SNR performance of the presented JD techniques for CRAD and the achievable average uncoded bit error probabilities for the transmission over rural area, typical urban and bad urban mobile radio channels are determined     

基于CDMA通信信号的无源雷达定位系统

提出一种利用多个CDMA基站发射的下行链路信号作为外辐射源构成无源雷达定位系统的方案,主要包括自适应杂波相消、距离-多普勒处理、定位参数提取、多站数据融合等功能模块.利用自适应算法进行杂波干扰的消除,对相消后的回波信号进行相干匹配滤波实现动目标检测.最后通过联立多站位置线方程实现了对目标的定位.计算机仿真验证了该方案的可行性,并证明了多个辐射源对定位精度的改善.     

Wireless optical CDMA LAN: digital design concepts

In this paper we study and present an in-depth analysis on the operability and the viability of a typical wireless optical CDMA (OCDMA) local area network. Three receiver structures for OCDMA systems, using optical orthogonal codes (OOC) with minimum auto and cross-correlations as signature sequence, namely, correlation, correlation with hard-limiter, and chip-level detection are studied and proposed for such a network. For the synchronization circuit design the performance of two algorithms for OOC based OCDMA networks, namely, simple serial-search and multiple-shift in the context of wireless OCDMA LAN are studied. Furthermore, we study a synchronization method based on matched filtering and show that it presents a much better performance in our wireless OCDMA system. The effect of sampling rate and its performance on tracking circuit is analyzed. Bit-error-rate (BER) analysis is performed by photon counting methodology. Multi-user interference (MUI), ambient light, and photodetector dark current are considered in our analysis. Our analysis strongly indicates the viability and practicality of such systems in certain important wireless optical communications systems.     

Fiber-optic ladder networks for inverse decoding coherent CDMA

Coherent fiber-optic networks are used to improve upon incoherent CDMA schemes. If a single-channel network is used between transmitters and receivers, standard coherent correlation takes place. If several parallel spatial channels (fibers and/or polarizations) are used, ideal inverse decoding can be implemented, with perfect δ-function response of the matched decoder. The two-channel case is studied in detail. The rules for finding inverses of a given coding network and the relationship between matched networks for one-channel decoding and two-channel inverse decoding are given. Phase and frequency differences among stations imply that unwanted signals add up incoherently. The ideal two-channel network with inverse decoding has no loss due to encoding/decoding, only inevitable loss due to the broadcast network. In experiments using a single fiber between a transmitter and a receiver by orthogonal polarizations, δ-function inverse response was observed     

Coherent optical CDMA networks

Recent work in optical code-division multiple access (CDMA) is reviewed, progressing from incoherent to coherent techniques. It is shown that under appropriate conditions, coherent CDMA can in principle rival wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) in terms of aggregate network throughput. Furthermore, it is shown that at high data rates, some of the components for WDM are coherent CDMA networks are nearly identical, indicating a similarity between the two approaches. CDMA retains a coding aspect which may prove attractive in security applications     

A Toeplitz displacement method for blind multipath estimation forlong code DS/CDMA signals

The problem of blind channel identification for direct-sequence/code-division multiple-access (DS/CDMA) multiuser systems is explored. For wideband DS/CDMA signals, multipath distortion is well modeled by a finite-impulse response filter. In this work, a blind channel identification technique based on second-order statistics is investigated. The method exploits knowledge of the spreading code of the user of interest via matched filtering, as well as properties of spreading codes. The current scheme focuses on a method appropriate for randomized long sequence DS/CDMA. This access scheme poses special challenges as the spreading codes are time varying. An analytical approximation of the mean-squared error is derived using perturbation techniques. The performance of the algorithm is studied via simulation and through the mean-squared error approximation, which is observed to be tight     

Location tracking of mobiles in cellular radio networks

Some useful services in cellular radio networks and also a class of handover algorithms require knowledge of the present position and velocity of mobiles. This paper deals with a method to track mobiles by on-line monitoring of field strength data of surrounding base stations at successive time points. Such data is available in present global system for mobile communication (GSM) systems each 0.48 s and also in code-division multiple-access (CDMA) systems for transmission control. Because of strong random fluctuations of the signals, appropriate smoothing is the key point of the procedure. We develop a locally linear prediction model of successive positions as a basis for Kalman filtering. This approach turns out to be extremely successful, achieving average mislocations of 70 m in simulated test runs. Further improvement is possible by using external geographical information     

Radio resource management in multiple-chip-rate DS/CDMA systemssupporting multiclass services

This paper is concerned with radio resource management in multiple-chip-rate (MCR) DS/CDMA systems accommodating multiclass services with different information rates and quality requirements. Considering both power spectral density (PSD) over a radio frequency (RF) link and the effect of RF input filtering on the receiver in MCR-DS/CDMA systems, criteria for call admission are presented and the system performance is derived. The system performance in MCR-DS/CDMA systems is strongly affected by radio resource management. A minimum total-power-increment-based resource management scheme for an efficient resource management is proposed. The performance of this scheme is compared with that of a random-based resource management scheme in terms of the new call blocking probability, handoff call dropping probability, and normalized throughput. In addition, in order to reduce the handoff call dropping rate, reallocating subsystems assigned for communicating calls is proposed. The minimum total-power-increment-based resource management scheme yields better performance than the random-based resource management scheme for multiclass services     

Delay and throughput characteristics of TH, CDMA, TDMA, and hybridnetworks for multipath faded data transmission channels

The new concepts of adaptive time hopping and variable frame code division (CDMA) multiple access are introduced. By a unified analysis, the probabilities of bit and packet errors in multipath fading environment for five time division (TDMA), code division, and time hopping (TH) related multiaccess networks are obtained; namely, TDMA, CDMA, CDMA/TDMA, Adaptive CDMA/TH, and variable frame CDMA/TDMA networks. The delay and useful throughputs of the five systems are also evaluated for data and voice traffic. All systems compared have the same channel power and bandwidth and support the same traffic. Though implementation issues are not covered, CDMA systems are put at a disadvantage (compared to cellular-type FDMA networks, for example) by ignoring such inherent advantages as voice silence utilizations and automatic frequency reuse. Nontheless, two CDMA systems outperform TDMA systems at low and medium input traffics     

Interference management for CDMA systems through power control,multiuser detection, and beamforming

Among the ambitious challenges to be met by the third-generation systems is to provide high-capacity flexible services. Code-division multiple access (CDMA) emerges as a promising candidate to meet these challenges. It is well known that CDMA systems are interference-limited, and interference management is needed to maximally utilize the potential gains of this access scheme. Several methods of controlling and/or suppressing the interference through power control, multiuser detection (temporal filtering), and receiver beamforming (spatial filtering) have been proposed to increase the capacity of CDMA systems up to date. We investigate the capacity increase that is possible by combining power control with intelligent temporal and spatial receiver filter design. The signal-to-interference ratio maximizing joint temporal-spatial receiver filters in unconstrained and constrained filter spaces are derived. Two-step iterative power control algorithms that converge to the optimum powers and the joint temporal and spatial receiver filters in the corresponding filter domains are given. A power control algorithm with a less complex filter update procedure is also given. We observe that significant savings in total transmit power are possible if filtering in both domains is utilized compared with conventional power control and joint optimal power control and filtering in only one domain     

TH-CDMA-PPM with Noncoherent Detection for Low Rate WPAN

Ultra wideband (UWB) impulse radio (IR) is a prospective transmission technology for low-rate indoor communications, as described in the physical-layer proposals for IEEE 802.15.4a wireless personal area networks (WPAN). Time hopping (TH) code division multiple access (CDMA) is considered as an access scheme' for multiuser UWB-IR systems. The TH- CDMA system widely addressed in the literature adopts binary phase-shift keying (BPSK) with coherent detection, which requires accurate channel estimation and thus increasing the implementation complexity. In this correspondence, we suggest using TH-CDMA-PPM (pulse position modulation) with non-coherent detection to simplify the receiver structure. The influence of different combinations of TH and CDMA processing gains on error performance of the new scheme is analyzed and numerical results are presented for illustration.     

Interferometric Noise Characterization and Suppression in Optical CDMA Networks

A solution for suppressing multiple-access interference and incoherent interferometric noise in 2-D optical code-division multiple access (CDMA) networks is demonstrated using a dispersion-imbalanced loop mirror containing a 15-m heavily GeO$_{2}$-doped fiber. From the experimental study of the degradation caused by noise, bit-error-rate (BER) measurements in a two-user system having coherent, partially coherent, and incoherent interferometric noise without the dispersion-imbalanced loop mirror exhibit error floors above BER $=10 ^{-6}$. Including the dispersion-imbalanced loop mirror before the receiver allows error-free transmission, and reduces the power penalty from the noise by 7 dB. The solution presented increases the receiver sensitivity and accentuates the flexibility of the optical CDMA networks.      

正交频分LFM信号的MIMO雷达的匹配滤波技术

MIM0雷达是一种全新体制的雷达技术,在其接收端利用发射端全向发射正交信号的原理,通过匹配滤波技术恢复每个发射信号分量,确保信号之间保持良好的正交性是MIMO雷达实现的关键。首先给出了相参MIM0雷达的信号模型;然后分析了正交频分线性调频信号的互模糊函数,并对互相关峰值电平出现的位置和幅度进行了分析,推导出了MIM0雷达相邻发射信号之间频率间隔所需满足的条件和相参MIM0雷达匹配滤波技术的数学模型;最后通过仿真实验证明了理论分析的正确性,而且仿真实验还表明：在正确设计MIM0雷达发射信号的条件下,噪声电平对匹配滤波技术的影响远大于自相关旁瓣电平和互相关峰值。     

Adaptive Reduced-Rank Processing Based on Joint and Iterative Interpolation, Decimation, and Filtering

We present an adaptive reduced-rank signal processing technique for performing dimensionality reduction in general adaptive filtering problems. The proposed method is based on the concept of joint and iterative interpolation, decimation and filtering. We describe an iterative least squares (LS) procedure to jointly optimize the interpolation, decimation and filtering tasks for reduced-rank adaptive filtering. In order to design the decimation unit, we present the optimal decimation scheme and also propose low-complexity decimation structures. We then develop low-complexity least-mean squares (LMS) and recursive least squares (RLS) algorithms for the proposed scheme along with automatic rank and branch adaptation techniques. An analysis of the convergence properties and issues of the proposed algorithms is carried out and the key features of the optimization problem such as the existence of multiple solutions are discussed. We consider the application of the proposed algorithms to interference suppression in code-division multiple-access (CDMA) systems. Simulations results show that the proposed algorithms outperform the best known reduced-rank schemes with lower complexity.     

Code acquisition in coherent optical pulse CDMA systems utilizingcoherent correlation demodulation

A code acquisition technique based on active optical correlation detection is introduced for coherent optical pulse code-division multiple-access (CDMA) systems implemented through coherent correlation demodulation. Passive matched filter acquisition, commonplace in most radio CDMA systems, does not translate directly into the optical domain since synchronization between the incoming optical signal and a local optical code of the intended user at the receiver has to take place in several picosecond duration. Parallel and serial acquisition schemes under the same search algorithm are described and the effect of optical device noise, partial autocorrelation, and multiuser interference on acquisition performance is theoretically analyzed. Numerical results are given for Gold codes. In general, the degree of parallelism inherent in code acquisition techniques for radio systems allows a tradeoff between acquisition speed and hardware cost; however, in optical acquisition schemes, increasing the degree of parallelism with the concomitant hardware cost penalty does not necessarily reduce the time to acquisition. This is due to optical power budget limitations brought about by the need to split the optical signal, although optical amplifier technology can improve the performance of these parallel search schemes. The expressions for the partial correlation and multiuser interference derived in the paper can also be utilized for the analysis of other radio and optical acquisition schemes