纽甜(Neotame)--一种新型强力甜味剂

纽甜是一种新型的强力甜味剂,它是阿斯巴甜的衍生物,甜味比蔗糖甜7000~13000倍,比阿斯巴甜甜30~60倍。其能量值几乎为0且甜味纯正,清新且没有不愉快的风味。纽甜不仅可以广泛用于食品和饮料中,而且可以单独食用或与其它强力甜味剂或多糖混合使用。它在干燥或中性的条件下都十分稳定,尤其在含水的食品体系中要相对稳定。     

低热值甜味剂赤藓糖醇的研究现状及应用

赤藓糖醇是一种多元醇类甜味剂，口味类似于蔗糖，具有热量低、稳定性高、甜味协调、吸湿性低、无致龋齿性、不发酵及不会引起肠胃不适等。该文简述了赤藓糖醇的生理功能和代谢特征、生产工艺、研究现状以及在食品工业中的应用。     

甜味分子的多点结合甜味理论

关于甜味分子生甜机理 ,存在 3种理论解释 ,分别为AH/B理论、AH/B/X理论和多点结合理论。实践证明 ,这 3种理论都能合理解释各类甜味物质的生甜机理。其中多点结合甜味理论认为 ,人体受体蛋白包含 8个基本的甜味识别部位 ,分别为B、AH、XH、G1、G2、G3、G4和D ,它们与甜味分子相应的结合部位发生相互作用 ,受体蛋白由紧密的收缩构象改变为开放的展开构象 ,从而产生甜味刺激传导 ,甜味产生后 ,由于识别部位的极性或离子基团之间的静电作用力 ,将驱散甜味分子 ,使受体蛋白恢复原来的收缩构象。根据这一理论 ,可以合理构造各种糖分子及其衍生物的多点结合模型。蔗糖是B1、B2、AH1、AH2、XH1、XH2、G1、E1、G2、E2、G3、E3、G4、E4型甜味剂 ,D 葡萄糖是B1、B2、AH1、AH2、XH1、XH2型甜味剂 ,D 果糖是E1、E2、E3、E4型甜味剂。     

三氯蔗糖的制备及新的甜受体模型

１′,６′－二氯－１′,６′－二脱氧－β－Ｄ－呋喃果糖基－４－氯－４－脱氧－α－Ｄ－吡喃半乳糖苷（俗称三氯蔗糖,其商品名为Ｓｕｃｒａｌｏｓｅ）是一种新型甜味剂。该甜味剂品味好,甜度高,其甜味完全接近蔗糖,而且加工性能优良,它对温度和ｐＨ稳定,也不会给食品口味、色泽、组织带来不利影响,是糖精、乙酰磺胺钾及二肽酯类的阿斯巴丹和阿里甜等甜味剂不可替代的优良甜味剂,具有广泛的市场开发前景。本文还提出了一种新型甜受体模型以识别和探求新的甜味分子。     

Sweet Taste in Man: A Review

ABSTRACT:  A greater understanding of the molecular mechanisms of sweet taste has profound significance for the food industry as well as for consumers. Understanding the mechanism by which sweet taste is elicited by saccharides, peptides, and proteins will assist science and industry in their search for sweet substances with fewer negative health effects. The original AH-B theories have been supplanted by detailed structural models. Recent identification of the human sweet receptor as a dimeric G-protein coupled receptor comprising T1R2 and T1R3 subunits has greatly increased the understanding of the mechanisms involved in sweet molecule binding and sweet taste transduction. This review discusses early theories of the sweet receptor, recent research of sweetener chemoreception of nonprotein and protein ligands, homology modeling, the transduction pathway, the possibility of the sweet receptor functioning allosterically, as well as the implications of allelic variation.     

天然甜味剂瑞鲍迪甙A在烟用接装纸上的应用

为丰富烟用接装纸上甜味剂的种类,拓展天然香原料在卷烟生产中的应用,在维持现有甜味接装纸产品风格的基础上,探讨了天然甜味剂瑞鲍迪甙A应用于烟用接装纸的生产方法,研究了其水性油墨配方及接装纸全涂布制作工艺,对成品接装纸的物理性能和卫生指标进行验证,并对成品接装纸和成品卷烟进行感官评价。结果表明:①天然甜味剂瑞鲍迪甙A具有甜度较高、味感品质好的优点,适用于烟用接装纸。②涂布工艺选择全涂布,能有效避免色差问题,保证接装纸的上机适应性。③以柠檬酸∶瑞鲍迪甙A ∶水性油墨=1 ∶ 20 ∶ 1 000（质量比）配制的瑞鲍迪甙A的水性油墨配方能有效改善口感且符合生产需要。④涂布有天然甜味剂瑞鲍迪甙A的成品接装纸的物理指标和卫生指标均符合技术要求,能够满足生产上机适应性和消费者体验需求。⑤所卷制的成品卷烟样品口感绵甜纯正、余味深长,可突出卷烟的绵甜甜味风格。      

A review of sweet taste potentiation brought about by divalent oxygen and sulfur incorporation.

The plethora of high-potency sweetener research has allowed the construction of important structure-taste relationships. In light of new structure-taste relationships, it is instructive to review sweet taste potentiation brought about by divalent oxygen and sulfur incorporation. The taste of sulfur-containing organic compounds was reviewed in Japanese by Yasuo Ariyoshi in 1977. Several new representative examples of sweet taste potentiation and taste dichotomy (sweet and bitter) found within similar classes of oxygen- and sulfur-containing organic compound: amides, dipeptides, ureas, sulfamates, sulfonamides, oximes, sugars, dihydroisocoumarins, and others are reviewed. Special attention is given to the thioethers and thioureas in sulfamates, dipeptides, aryl ureas, and hybrid dipeptide ureas. The most notable contributions have arisen from the work of Nofre and Tinti at Université Claude Bernard in Lyons, France. A common trend emerges with certain sweeteners when a carbon atom is strategically replaced by sulfur or oxygen atoms. The net result is an increase in the sweetness two- to tenfold. With saccharins, the usual bitter, metallic taste is removed. Sweet taste receptor models that have been published are mainly based on the original Shallenberger and Acree model of the glucophores AH-B with contributions from Kier (AH-B-X). AH is a proton donor group, B is a proton acceptor group, and X is some hydrophobic group. All of the models have overlooked the contributions of divalent sulfur (often in place of oxygen) in bringing about sweetness potentiation. There is no precedence for localizing the energy-minimized structures of sulfur-containing sweeteners in a binding mode that includes sulfur. These sulfur potentiation loci are analyzed and illustrated in a computer-generated sweetener model to show the specific region in which sulfur is being "recognized" as a potentiating feature.     

新型低热值甜味剂——赤藓糖醇

赤藓糖醇是一种多元醇类甜味剂，具有类似于蔗糖的口味，具有热量低、稳定性高、甜味协调、无吸湿性、无龋齿性、不发酵及不会引起肠胃不适等优点。本文简述了赤藓糖醇的物理化学特征、生理代谢特性、生产及应用情况。     

纽甜多晶晶型的制备及其特性的研究进展

纽甜作为一种新型功能性食品甜味剂,在食品工业中有着广泛的应用。综述了纽甜的结晶晶型及相应晶体的特性,重点叙述了纽甜不同结晶晶型对纽甜的稳定性和溶解性的影响及它们的制备方法。     

新型功能甜味剂——纽甜

纽甜作为一种新型功能性食品甜味剂，在食品工业中有着广泛的应用。本文综述了纽甜的性质、合成方法、结晶特性及其安全性。重点叙述了纽甜的合成方法和不同结晶晶型对纽甜的稳定性和溶解性的影响。     

D-塔格糖研究進展

D-塔格糖是一种新型低热量糖,目前主要通过生物和化学两种方法合成;由于其理化性质稳定,具有甜味协同增强效应,对Ⅱ型糖尿病有一定辅助治疗作用,因此,充分利用这些特性,将其应用于食品、医药、化妆品等领域具有重要意义。     

Serendipity Berries–Source of a New Intense Sweetener

SUMMARY: The fruit of Dioscoreophyllum cumminsii, Serendipity Berries, contains an intensely sweet principle. Chromatography of water extracts of the berry on G-50 and G-200 Sephadex indicated that the sweetener was bound to fruit protein. Degradation of the fruit extract with bromelain, a proteolytic enzyme, yielded a lower, molecular weight material with intense sweetness of excellent quality. Functional group tests indicated that this material was not proteinaceous, but rather a carbohydrate type substance. Threshold taste response gave a sweetness value of 1500 times sweeter than sucrose.     

Chemical and DNA authentication of taste variants of Gynostemma pentaphyllum herbal tea

Gynostemma pentaphyllum Makino (Gp) was once used as a sweetener in Japan and is now widely consumed as an herbal tea worldwide for lowering cholesterol levels. Two taste variants, bitter and sweet, of Gp exist in the commercial market, but they cannot be differentiated morphologically nor by existing chemical analytical methods. This has been creating a problem in quality control of Gp products. In the present study, using HPLC-DAD and HPLC–ESI-MS analysis, we found that the Gp saponins, not flavonoids, from the sweet and bitter variants have distinctly different profiles. In addition, the two variants share only 69.01% homology in the ribosomal ITS-1 region, suggesting a phylogenic gap between these two variants. The combinations of chemical profiling and phylogenic analysis clearly confirm, for the first time, the distinction between these two taste variants. This information has direct application in the authentication and quality assessment of the various Gynostemma tea products.     

食品中常见人工合成甜味剂的基本特征及其对生理代谢的影响

人工合成甜味剂(artificial sweeteners,AS)具有甜度高、无营养、低热量或无热量的特征,已在食品工业中得到了广泛的应用。之前的研究认为AS在生理上是惰性的,然而现在有越来越多的证据表明,AS不仅能带来甜味,过量摄入可能会引起葡萄糖、胰岛素等代谢失调,并影响胃肠道微生物的结构和组成,引发一系列的健康问题。本文介绍了6种常见的AS的性质特征、代谢情况及其对生理代谢的影响,为进一步开发和合理利用AS提供一定的参考依据。     

Sweetener Blend Optimization by Using Mixture Design Methodology and the Electronic Tongue

Utilizing more than one sweetener has been shown to be an effective way to substitute sucrose in food products. The objective of this study was to apply the augmented simplex‐centroid mixture design for the optimization of acceptable sweetener blends using coconut sugar, agave, and stevia. Sweetener blends were evaluated in aqueous solutions and gluten‐free granola bars by a trained panel and consumers (n = 60). Significant differences were found between sweetener mixtures in solutions by both panelists and consumers (P < 0.05). Taste profiles for the sweetener solutions were also generated using the electronic tongue. Most consumer and trained intensity ratings were highly correlated (R² ≥ 0.79) with the electronic tongue taste profile analysis. Granola bars were also found to be significantly different (P < 0.05), with consumers preferring coconut sugar mixtures. Using contour plots and desirability function analysis, an optimal sweetener combination was found for a granola bar formulation of 89.9% coconut sugar, 6.1% agave, and 4% stevia. These results indicate that a mixture design can be a reliable way to develop new sweetener blends for product development.     

人工甜味味觉传感器的研究进展

人工味觉传感器按味觉响应原理不同可分为电位型传感器和伏安型传感器,是近年来兴起的一种用来检测味觉的电化学生物传感器形式。本文从味觉的仿生学角度介绍了人工味觉传感器的原理,通过味觉检测研究方法阐述了其构建方法及研究现状。主要概括了电位型味觉传感器在甜味检测方面的应用,包括PVC薄膜传感器对蔗糖的高敏感度选择性检测以及各类传感器对软饮料等甜味物质的检测。目前的实验研究表明,利用电化学生物传感器对甜味物质具有一定的选择性识别,且操作简单快速,但在准确度上还有待提高,同时人工味觉的仿生表达还需要更深入的研究。     

Physicochemical properties of sweeteners in artificial saliva and determination of a hydrophobicity scale for some sweeteners

Saliva, the first physiological secretion induced by ingestion of food or beverages, plays an extensive role in the oral cavity and in taste perception. The influence of salts and proteins (the major constituents of saliva) on physicochemical properties of sweeteners is studied. Previous findings on the effects of KCl, NaCl and MgCl₂ on sweetener properties are now completed with the study of CaCl₂. Ca²⁺ modifies the type of hydration of sugars and polyols and has a detergent effect on sweet solutions. As water structure is sensitive to the presence of salts, physico-chemical properties of sugars, polyols and intense sweeteners are determined in artificial saliva. Proteins also play a major part in hydration and surface properties of stimuli in saliva. All physicochemical properties determined in this work help in the mechanistic elucidation of sweet taste chemoreception. A scale of hydrophobicity is established for some sweeteners using partition coefficient and contact angle measurements.     

Erythritol,a New Raw Material for Food and Non-food Applications

In response to an increasing demand from consumers for healthier and calorie controlled foods, Cerestar has developed a new food ingredient, erythritol. Erythritol can be produced from starch by a full biotechnological process, combining enzymatic and fermentative conversions. The use of an osmophilic yeast allows the fermentation step to be performed at high dry substance, giving an economic advantage. An extremely pure end product is then easily obtained by final crystallisation. Erythritol is structurally a polyol and shares the health properties of other polyols such as being toothfriendly and safe for diabetics. However, it offers in addition two very important nutritional advantages: a lower calorific value (0.3 Kcal/g) and a good tolerance. This is due to its low molecular weight, which allows erythritol to be rapidly absorbed from the small intestine, with subsequent excretion in the urine. Fermentation in the colon is therefore excluded and any resulting gastro-intestinal discomfort avoided. The combination of these properties makes erythritol a unique low calorie bulk sweetener. From a functionality point of view, erythritol is a moderately sweet bulking agent with a cooling taste: workability is similar to other polyols. It has a taste profile close to that of sucrose and may therefore improve the taste quality of a blend with intense sweeteners. Its low solubility and ease of crystallisation, make erythritol very suitable for applications which require a crystalline sweetener, such as chocolate. Other potential application areas are bakery, table-top and confectionery. Presently erythritol is under evaluation to establish beyond any doubt its safety and to obtain food approval as a new, low calorie, bulk sweetener. Potential non-food applications of erythritol are in polymers, fine chemicals and pharmaceutical intermediates.