激光-感应复合熔覆WC-Ni涂层极限条件研究

为解决熔覆层易开裂、熔覆效率低的问题以及合理地选择工艺参数.进行了激光-感应复合熔覆Ni基WC涂层的实验,定义了激光高速扫描下的极限熔覆状态,研究了激光比能与粉末面密度对熔覆层宏观形貌的影响规律.结果表明,最小激光比能、最大熔覆层厚度、接触角均与最大粉末面密度呈线性关系;激光-感应复合熔覆速度达3000 mm/min,送粉率达82.7 g/min,相对单纯激光熔覆技术的效率提高了近5倍,而且获得的Ni60A+20%WC涂层经检测无裂纹.     

Process optimization of Ti–Nb alloy coatings on a Ti–6Al–4V plate using a fiber laser and blended elemental powders

A fiber laser was used to modify the surface composition of a Ti–6Al–4V plate through deposition of the blown powder mixture of Ti–45 wt.%Nb. Scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) were employed to examine the clad sections microstructure and chemical composition. The optimized set of laser processing parameters, including the laser power of 1100 W, the laser scan speed of 350 mm/min (or ∼5.83 mm/s), the laser spot diameter of 2 mm and the powder feed rate of 0.1 g/s was found with the identification of combined parameters, the laser specific energy, the powder density and the newly defined laser supplied energy (i.e. representing the amount of energy given to the unit mass of the blown powder). It is shown that, with these parameters, continuous beads can be formed with pore-free sections and a homogeneous composition corresponding to that of β (Ti, Nb) solid solution phase. Furthermore, Al and V elements are thoroughly replaced with a more biocompatible element, Nb, in the second layer of a Ti–Nb cladding build-up on the surface of the Ti–6Al–4V plate (i.e. after ∼1 mm in clad thickness from the clad/substrate interface).     

Problems in laser repair cladding a surface AISI D2 heat-treated tool steel

The aim of the present work is to establish the relationship between laser cladding (LC) process parameters (power, process speed, and powder feed rate) and AISI D2 tool steel metallurgical transformations, with the objective of optimizing the processing conditions during real reparation. It has been deposited H13 tool steel powder on some steel substrates with different initial metallurgical status (annealed or tempered) using a coaxial LC system. The microstructure of the laser clad layer and substrate heat-affected zone (HAZ) was characterized by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and electron backscattered diffraction. Results show that the process parameters (power, process speed, feed rate, etc.) determine the dimensions of the clad layer and are related to the microstructure formation. Although it is simple to obtain geometrically acceptable clads (with the right shape and dimensions) in many cases some harmful effects occur, such as carbide dilution and non-equilibrium phase formation, which modify the mechanical properties of the coating. Specifically, the presence of retained austenite in the substrate–coating interface is directly related to the cooling rate and implies a hardness diminution that must be avoided. It has been verified that initial metallurgical state of the substrate has a big influence in the final result of the deposition. Tempered substrates imply higher laser absorption and heat accumulation than the ones in annealed condition. This produces a bigger HAZ. For this reason, it is necessary to optimize the process conditions for each repair in order to improve the working behaviour of the component.     

激光熔覆工艺参数对CBN膜层裂纹率的影响

在TC11表面激光熔覆制备CBN膜层,通过研究激光工艺参数与裂纹率关系,控制熔覆层裂纹的产生。采用正交试验,并利用ANSYS软件平台对温度梯度进行研究,利用SEM、EDS对熔覆层截面形貌和成分进行分析。结果表明：对于熔覆层宏观裂纹,随着激光能量密度的增大,裂纹率明显下降,熔覆层质量变好,在激光能量密度为6×104 J/cm2送粉率为1 r/s时涂层质量较好;随着扫描速度增大时,裂纹率呈上升趋势,在扫描速度为3 mm/s、送粉率为1 r/s时裂纹率较小;随着送粉率增加,裂纹率先增加后减小,在送粉率为2.25 r/s、激光能量密度为3.4×104 J/cm2达到最大。对于熔覆层微观裂纹,随着激光功率增加,裂纹率先减小后增加,激光功率为1 800 W时,裂纹率达到最低;随着扫描速度增加,裂纹率也是先减小再增加,扫描速度为4 mm/s时,裂纹率达到最低。经过SEM与EDS分析,通过调整激光熔覆工艺参数,控制熔覆过程中温度场的温度梯度,进而控制熔覆层的裂纹率,可以获得形貌与组织成分良好的涂层。     

表面熔覆工艺的成形特征及粉末有效利用率研究

目的针对激光熔覆层的表面形貌难以达到加工工艺要求和粉末利用率较低的问题,对激光熔覆铁基合金粉末中的工艺参数与成形特征的关系以及粉末的有效利用率进行研究。方法设计了激光表面熔覆试验方案,分别采用不同的工艺参数在45号钢基板上进行铁基合金粉末单道激光熔覆试验。采用正交试验法对每道激光熔覆试验的工艺参数与成形特性之间的关系进行研究。结果随着激光功率的增加,熔宽、熔深、稀释率均呈上升趋势,浸润角和熔覆层的高宽比呈下降趋势,粉末的有效利用率由12.9%上升到42.6%;随着送粉速度的增加,熔高呈现上升趋势,熔深呈现下降趋势,粉末的有效利用率由27.9%下降到14.7%;随着激光扫描速度的增加,熔宽和熔高均呈下降趋势,粉末的有效利用率先增加后下降。结论送粉速度的增加造成粉末有效利用率的降低,增加了激光熔覆的作业成本。适当增加激光功率不仅可获得更加良好的激光熔覆层形貌,也使得粉末有效利用率增加。在激光功率为450 W,送粉速度为9.6 g/min和激光扫描速度为390 mm/min的条件下,不仅可以使粉末有效利用率处于较高的状态,也可以获得良好的熔覆层形貌。以上研究结果对激光熔覆的应用具有指导性作用。     

An experimentally based thermo-kinetic hardening model for high power direct diode laser cladding

High power direct diode laser (HPDDL) based cladding is found to be an economical process for repairing or building valued components and tools that are used in the automotive, aerospace, nuclear and defense industries. In this study, a 2-kW HPDDL of 808 nm in wavelength, rectangular-shaped laser spot of 12 mm × 1 mm with uniform distribution (top-hat) of laser power is used to carry out the experiments. An off-axis powder injection system is used to deposit tool steel H13 on the AISI 4140 steel substrate. A number of experiments are carried out by changing the laser power and scanning speeds while keeping a constant powder feed rate to produce different sizes of clad. An experimentally based finite element (FE) thermal model is developed to predict the cross-sectional temperature history of the cladding process. The temperature-dependent material properties and phase change kinetics are taken into account in this model. As-used experimental boundary conditions are adopted in this model. The acquired temperature history from the FE model is used to predict the temperature gradient, rates of heating and cooling cycles, and the solidification of the clad to the substrate. The FE thermal model results are coupled with thermo-kinetic (TK) equations to predict the hardness of the clad to the substrate. Metallurgical characterization and hardness measurements are performed to quantify the effect of processing parameters on the variation of clad geometry, microstructure, and the change of hardness of the clad to the substrate. The results show that a good metallurgically bonded clad of hardness uniformity is achieved.     

激光熔覆镍基熔覆层截面形貌预测

利用BP神经网络建立激光熔覆关键工艺参数(激光功率、扫描速度、送粉电压、送粉载气流量)与熔覆层截面形貌(熔宽、余高)的预测模型。以激光熔覆工艺参数为输入,熔覆层的截面形貌为输出,利用工艺试验数据对网络进行训练,实现对输入和输出的高度映射。结果表明,BP神经网络可以较好地对熔覆层形貌进行预测,同时双隐藏层BP神经网络模型预测结果误差波动更小,表现出优良的稳定性,最大预测误差相比单隐藏层神经网络大大降低。     

Study on process optimization of WC-Co50 cermet composite coating by laser cladding

In order to optimize the process of tungsten carbide (WC)-reinforced Co50 cermet composite coating by laser cladding, Co-based coatings with 40 wt% WC were deposited on the surface of cone bit 15MnNi4Mo steel by 4 kW fiber laser. A single-factor experiment was designed to study the variation of the geometrical size, dilution rate and hardness of cladding layers with the change of various factors. Then, an orthogonal experiment was designed to study the optimal parameters for the laser cladding process by taking the hardness and dilution rate of the coatings as comprehensive indexes. Based on the results of the above experiments, the mathematical model of the relationship between the geometrical size of the cladding layers with the process parameters was established by regression analysis. In addition, the three-dimensional structure and microstructure of the coatings were analyzed by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The results revealed that with the increase of the laser power, the width of the cladding layer, the depth of the molten pool and the dilution rate gradually increased, while the coating height remained basically unchanged. Additionally, with the increase of the scanning speed, the coating height and the molten pool depth were relatively greatly reduced, while the coating width decreased little. Furthermore, with the increase of the powder feeding rate, the width of the cladding layer, the molten pool depth and the dilution rate gradually decreased, while the coating height gradually increased. The optimal process parameters are as follows: laser power of 2.4 kW, scanning speed of 7 mm/s, and powder feeding rate of 0.5 g/s. The mathematical model established by regression analysis fitted the width of the cladding layer best, and the minimum relative error was only 0.023%. The microstructure showed that metallurgical bonding was achieved between the coatings and substrates. Also, the coatings were compact and free of defects such as cracks and pores.     

基于遗传神经网络的镍基高温合金激光熔覆层形貌质量预测

采用反向传播(back propagation,BP)人工神经网络(artificial aeural network,ANN)和遗传算法建立了激光熔覆层形貌质量(熔覆层高度、宽度及稀释率)与激光功率、送粉速率和扫描速率之间的遗传神经网络预测模型.设计正交试验得到预测模型训练样本数据,并在正交试验的基础上,用极差分析法分析了各加工参数对熔覆层形貌质量各个指标的影响规律.经过试验验证,遗传神经网络模型预测值与试验实测值误差不大于4.6%.结果表明,运用该模型可以为准确的选择镍基高温合金激光熔覆参数提供一定参考,从而有利于提高镍基高温合金激光熔覆层形貌质量.     

基于PCA与RSM-DE算法的激光熔覆参数多目标优化

为获得激光熔覆Inconel 718粉末在Q690高强钢板上的最优熔覆工艺参数,设计响应曲面法中的BBD(Box-Benhnken Design)试验设计模型.构建输入变量(激光功率、扫描速度、送粉速率)与响应值(稀释率、热影响区深度、显微硬度)之间的数学模型,通过主成分分析法建立熔覆层综合评价指标,利用差分进化算法进行寻优,确定最优工艺参数.采用最优工艺参数进行试验验证,对其最优工艺参数下试件的宏观形貌与组织形态进行观察与分析,并与优选出的试件进行响应值比较.结果表明,最优工艺参数为激光功率1 800 W、扫描速度28 mm/s、送粉速率1.9 r/min,该参数下获得的热影响区深度为294μm,稀释率为14.2%,显微硬度为276.6 HV0.5.最优工艺参数下的试件热影响区深度减小了6.8%,稀释率降低了24.7%,显微硬度增大了21.7%,且最优试件中的组织形态为较小的树枝晶与少量的胞状晶.     

Effect of laser cladding process parameters on clad quality and in-situ formed microstructure of Fe-TiC composite coatings

Over the past decade, researchers have demonstrated interest in tribology and prototyping by the laser cladding process. In-situ laser cladding enables the formation of a uniform clad by melting the powder to form desired composition from pure powder component.In this research pure Ti, graphite, and Fe with max particle sizes of 40 μm (0.04 mm) are used for in-situ laser cladding on a steel substrate. The effects of laser parameters on the quality of an in-situ formed TiC-Fe based composite clad are investigated. Laser parameters have an important role in clad quality and crack formation. They affect the bonding between clad/substrate and cooling rate. Diverse microstructures have been detected in the clad. Finally a model is developed in order to explain the formation and morphology of TiC. The melting and solidification stages of TiC formation and matrix confirm the suggested model.TiC particles increase the clad hardness to an average of four times greater than substrate's hardness. Experimental methods such as, XRD and SEM are used for phases characterization.     

旁轴送粉式激光扫描熔覆工艺研究

以Q235钢为基板,采用IPGYLS-4000型光纤激光器以及旁轴送粉器,搭建旁轴同步送粉式激光扫描熔覆工艺试验平台,在基板上进行熔覆试验。研究了激光功率、扫描速度和扫描宽度对熔覆层成形尺寸和对熔覆层组织的影响,结果表明:随着激光功率增大,铁基合金粉末熔化量提高,单层金属熔覆层的余高增加;扫描速度对熔覆层熔宽和余高的影响均较大,随着扫描速度的降低,金属熔覆层熔宽余高均增加,裂纹数量增多。约束应力是导致熔覆层出现裂纹的主要原因,通过优选工艺参数可以获得工艺良好无裂纹熔覆层,为下一步研究激光扫描多层熔覆无(小)变形焊接技术提供理论和技术依据。     

面向铝基发动机气门座圈的激光熔覆铜基合金工艺及性能研究

目的 为了提升发动机气门座圈耐磨耐冲蚀性能,延长发动机寿命。方法 针对铝基发动机气门座圈,采用激光熔覆制备铜基合金覆层,对激光熔覆工艺与熔覆层性能之间的关系进行研究。以稀释率、覆层接触角为衡量标准优化参数,研究激光扫描速度、送粉率、激光重熔参数与熔覆层组织形貌的关系。结果 熔覆层的表层组织随扫描速度的增加而细化,同时,熔覆层的稀释率和覆层接触角均增大,而熔覆层的稀释率和覆层接触角随送粉率的增加呈下降趋势。通过改变激光重熔参数,可改变强化相在熔覆层中的分布情况,从而改变熔覆层硬度。通过对剪切断面进行分析,结果表明,结合界面的剪切强度随着扫描速度的增加先增加后降低,在扫描速度为8 mm/s时,剪切强度最大,为142.31 MPa。在最优参数下,熔覆层的平均硬度为392HV0.05,相当于ZL104铝合金基体硬度(约85HV0.05)的4.6倍。结论 熔覆层冲蚀磨损和销盘磨损试验表明,铜基涂层具有最低的摩擦因数和最低的冲蚀质量损失,印证了铜基覆层可以提升发动机气门原材料的耐磨耐冲蚀性能,并在一定程度上提升发动机缸体寿命,为实际应用提供一定的指导。     

TC4表面激光熔覆Ni60基涂层温度场热循环特性数值模拟研究

目的确定TC4钛合金激光熔覆的最优工艺参数,研究其热循环特性,分析激光熔覆温度对组织的影响规律。方法采用3D高斯热源,基于Sysweld软件平台,对TC4钛合金激光熔覆Ni60A-50%Cr3C2粉末过程进行数值模拟仿真,研究温度场云图及其热循环特性,模拟计算激光熔覆最高温度、加热速度和冷却速度,以及熔池最大深度和热影响区宽度,进行激光熔覆实验验证,结合熔覆层显微组织扫描电镜(SEM)图像,研究冷却速度对熔覆层组织的影响。结果由仿真可知,激光熔覆工艺参数中的光斑直径和送粉速度主要影响熔覆层的高度和宽度,对温度场分布起主要影响作用的是激光功率和扫描速度。激光功率为500 W,扫描速度为4 mm/s时,熔覆层区域熔化完全,与基体结合良好。激光熔覆最高温度为2700℃,最大加热速度约为2200℃/s,最大冷却速度约为1200℃/s,熔池最大深度在0.33~0.66 mm之间,热影响区宽度约为1.2 mm。模拟与实验得到的熔覆层截面形貌基本一致。不同冷却速度得到的熔覆层组织不同,随着冷却速度的降低,显微组织由短小的胞晶和树枝晶逐步转变为柱状晶、胞状晶和平面晶,最终形成淬火态的针状马氏体。结论最佳工艺参数为:激光功率500 W,扫描速度4 mm/s。冷却速度是影响熔覆层组织的重要因素,仿真模型的正确性及方法的可行性得到了实验验证。     

激光熔覆过程中等离子体蓝紫光强度与主要熔覆工艺参数的关系

采用基模激光,熔覆材料为Ni60自熔性合金粉末,以类似预置粉末的方式对45#钢样件表面进行激光熔覆,并采用光电管传感器对此实验条件下熔覆过程中产生的等离子体光信号进行检测,主要分析等离子体蓝紫光信号强度与激光功率、扫描速度和送粉率的关系。实验结果表明,在此实验条件下蓝紫光强度与激光功率成正比,激光功率越大,蓝紫光强度越高。但蓝紫光的强度并不稳定,而是在一定范围内波动变化。各扫描速度下蓝紫光强度很接近,蓝紫光强度随着扫描速度VS的增大而基本不变。蓝紫光强度的值基本上都在(0.4～0.8)μw/cm2之间。蓝紫光强度随送粉率的增大,先增大后减小。     

16Mn钢表面激光熔覆Ni60合金关键参数优化

采用ANSYS有限元软件对16Mn钢表面激光熔覆Ni60合金过程中的温度场进行数值模拟,分析激光熔覆工艺参数对温度场的影响,并以保证熔覆层质量的前提下,使基体表面得到较深的硬化层为目标,对激光功率和扫描速度两个工艺参数进行优化设计,得到了最佳熔覆参数;激光熔覆实验研究发现,优化后的工艺参数较为合理,实验结果也证实了数值优化结果的可靠性。     

Performance analysis of friction surfacing

Performance criteria regarding the material deposition rate and energy consumption per unit of deposited mass were established for the characterization of friction surfacing. These criteria were tested in the friction surfacing of mild steel, for a range of process parameters. The influence of forging force, consumable tilt angle, travel and rotation speeds on interfacial bond properties and process efficiency were investigated. Coatings were examined by optical microscopy, image processing techniques and hardness testing. The applied load on the consumable rod was found to be essential to improve joining efficiency and to increase the deposition rate. Higher rotation or travel speeds were detrimental for the joining efficiency. Tilting the consumable rod along the travel direction proved to improve the joining efficiency up to 5%. For the testing conditions under study, the material loss in flashes represented about 40–60% of the total rod consumed, while unbonded regions were reduced to 8% of the effective coating section. Friction surfacing was seen to require mechanical work between 2.5 and 5 kJ/g of deposited coating with deposition rates of 0.5–1.6 g/s.Deposition rates are higher than for laser cladding or plasma arc welding with a specific energy consumption lower than for other cladding processes.     

Thick Co-based coating on cast iron by side laser cladding: Analysis of processing conditions and coating properties

The objective of this work was to create Co-based coatings (compositionally close to Stellite 6) on compacted graphite and gray cast iron substrates with a high power laser (2 kW continuous Nd:YAG) cladding process. The relationships between the relevant laser cladding parameters (i.e. laser beam scanning speed, laser power and powder feeding rate) and the main geometrical characteristics of a single laser track (height, width, dilution, etc.) were examined. A gradual variation of a single processing parameter was used for an appropriate experimental analysis and statistical correlations study between main processing parameters and geometrical characteristics of an individual laser track. These relations lead to the design of a laser cladding processing map that can be used as a guideline for the selection and further tuning of proper processing parameters for laser cladding of extensive layer.The coatings with thickness from 1.0 to 3.3 mm were created on flat substrates without cracks and other major defects. The microstructural features of these coatings were studied using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (Philips XL30 FEG), EDS (EDAX) and XRD. Mechanical properties were determined using microhardness measurement, scratch test (CSM Revetest) analysis at room temperature and using the tribotesting (CSM HT Tribometer) at room and elevated (up to 525 °C) temperatures.     

TC4激光熔覆NiCrCoAlY热循环特性及组织性能

对TC4钛合金激光熔覆NiCrCoAlY涂层的热过程进行数值模拟仿真,探究工艺参数对热循环特性的影响规律,并进行激光熔覆试验验证. 结果表明,当激光扫描速度相同时,激光功率越大,冷却速度越快,两者近似呈线性关系. 当激光功率相同时,随着扫描速度的增大,冷却速度先增大后减小,出现拐点,随着激光功率的增加,冷却速度拐点对应的扫描速度减小. 不同冷却速度得到的涂层组织和性能不同,冷却速度增加将细化晶粒提高涂层硬度,但过大将导致涂层产生缺陷. 最佳工艺参数为激光功率600 W,扫描速度3 mm/s,适宜冷却速度为820 ℃/s.     

The influence of combined laser parameters on in-situ formed TiC morphology during laser cladding

In this paper, the effect of laser cladding process parameters on TiC morphology is studied. Results show that laser parameters play a crucial role in morphology of TiC. Dendritic or spherical TiC particles with different distribution are observed depending on applied laser parameters. Two combined parameters, effective energy and powder deposition density, are used in order to study the effect of laser process parameters on TiC morphology.A series of experiments are conducted in constant laser power and scan speed, constant effective energy and constant powder deposition density in order to study the TiC morphologies. Results show that both combined parameters and laser parameters should be considered in order to interpret the results. Laser parameters have crucial role in establishing the TiC morphologies by means of temperature and chemical composition.Hardness results of the clad zone depend on morphologies and distributions of TiC particles in the clad.