Inducing children to generate mnemonic organizational strategies: An examination of long-term retention and materials.

Investigated whether children's strategy transfer is influenced by prior experience in a memory context. Specifically, experience with highly related materials was predicted to facilitate subsequent use of organizational strategies and recall of low-associated items. In Exp 1, 3rd graders induced to use organizational strategies through exposure to categorical materials demonstrated better recall and organization, both immediately and 3–5 days later, than children explicitly trained in strategy use. Exp 2 examined age-related differences in materials that would induce children to generate organizational strategies on their own. Third graders exposed to categorical materials exhibited better recall and organization of low associates, whereas functional materials facilitated 6th graders' performance. In both experiments, metamemory and simulated teaching instructions mirrored memory performance. Without direct instruction, experience with strongly associated materials induces children independently to discover and use organizational strategies with less-related materials. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Using constraints to generate and sustain novelty.

This article presents a constraint-based model of novelty in which constraints contribute far more than performance criteria. Based on Reitman's classic analysis of the composition of a fugue, the model features paired constraints. One of each pair precludes or limits search for novelty among a specific set of existing responses; the other promotes or directs search among its opposites. The model shows how precluding specific aspects of Abstract Expressionism and promoting their opposites produced the novelty known as Pop Art. It then demonstrates how the same process--applied to an artist's own successive sets of responses--can maintain novelty. The evidence supports the argument that constraint selection is critical to generating and sustaining novelty. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Tandem repeats finder: a program to analyze DNA sequences

A tandem repeat in DNA is two or more contiguous, approximate copies of a pattern of nucleotides. Tandem repeats have been shown to cause human disease, may play a variety of regulatory and evolutionary roles and are important laboratory and analytic tools. Extensive knowledge about pattern size, copy number, mutational history, etc. for tandem repeats has been limited by the inability to easily detect them in genomic sequence data. In this paper, we present a new algorithm for finding tandem repeats which works without the need to specify either the pattern or pattern size. We model tandem repeats by percent identity and frequency of indels between adjacent pattern copies and use statistically based recognition criteria. We demonstrate the algorithm's speed and its ability to detect tandem repeats that have undergone extensive mutational change by analyzing four sequences: the human frataxin gene, the human beta T cellreceptor locus sequence and two yeast chromosomes. These sequences range in size from 3 kb up to 700 kb. A World Wide Web server interface atc3.biomath.mssm.edu/trf.html has been established for automated use of the program.     

NUCPLOT: a program to generate schematic diagrams of protein-nucleic acid interactions

Proteins that bind to DNA are found in all areas of genetic activity within the cell. To help understand how these proteins perform their various functions, it is useful to analyse which residues are involved in binding to the DNA and how they interact with the bases and sugar-phosphate backbone of nucleic acids. Here we describe a program called NUCPLOT which can automatically identify these interactions from the 3D atomic coordinates of the complex from a PDB file and generate a plot that shows all the interactions in a schematic manner. The program produces a PostScript output file representing hydrogen, van der Waals and covalent bonds between the protein and the DNA. The resulting diagram is both clear and simple and allows immediate identification of important interactions within the structure. It also facilitates comparison of binding found in different structures. NUCPLOT is a completely automatic program, which can be used for any protein-DNA complex and will also work for certain protein-RNA structures.     

Microhardness testing procedure and effect of composition on the microhardness of brittle materials

Conclusions A procedure is proposed for determining the true values of microhardness of brittle materials.The effect of composition on brittle properties in the system InAs-InP was investigated.The true picture of microhardness variation as a function of composition was obtained.The general laws characterizing the effect of chemical composition on physicomechanical properties were found to apply to brittle materials.     

试析产科麻醉与分娩镇痛方法

产科麻醉的风险比较高,因为孕妇的生理变化以及妊娠合并的一些疾病还有剖宫产的相关并发症会对产科麻醉产生较大影响,同时麻醉的技术与药物会对孕妇及胎儿产生不同程度的影响,所以产科麻醉必须要慎重选择麻醉方法.     

A simple technique to generate in-plane forming limit curves and selected applications

A simple technique to generate in-plane forming limit curves has been developed. This technique is based on the Marciniak biaxial stretch test using a single punch/die configuration, but the specimen and washer geometries have been modified in order to achieve failure in both drawing and stretching deformation modes. The experimental technique is described, and the advantages of using this inplane method over the conventional out-of-plane dome method are discussed. It is shown that (a) sheet thickness has an intrinsic influence on forming limits that is not related to small bending strain variations with thickness or to deformation in the presence of friction and curvature, (b) plastic anisotropy ( value) does not substantially affect forming limits, and (c) in-plane forming limits are slightly lower (5 to 6 pct) than out-of-plane forming limits near plane strain; these differences are smaller than previously reported values (12 to 15 pct) in the literature.     

Theory and technique of manufacture of electrode-tool materials for electroerosion machining

Conclusions In the electrospark machining of carbides of the transition metals, the character and extent of their erosion depend on the form and energy of the discharge pulses and also on the nature and relative strengths of the Me-C and Me-Me chemical bonds. With increase in electrical pulse energy, the explosive action on the electrodes becomes more intense, as a result of which the carbides suffer greater attack through melting, evaporation, and mechanical disruption.The nature and relative strengths of the chemical bonds in the carbide lattices determine which mechanism of erosion predominates in the process. With strong Me-C bonds, characteristic of the Group IV metal carbides, electroerosion is mainly due to a mechanism of brittle mechanical disintegration. In the Group V metal carbides, this mechanism is less pronounced, and there is a corresponding increase in erosion due to evaporation and melting. The evaporation and melting mechanism is chiefly responsible for the erosion of the Group VI metal carbides.In the ion bombardment of carbides of the transition metals in a glow discharge, where explosive and hydrodynamic actions are largely suppressed, no cleavage-type mechanical disruption is observed, and the erosion resistance of the carbides depends on their electronic structure and energetic state. Thus, with increase in the SWASC sp³, the erosion resistance of carbides of the transition metals grows.Translated from Poroshkovaya Metallurgiya, No. 1 (121), pp. 44–49, January, 1973.