中国生物柴油生产技术与应用研究进展

综述了新型催化剂和无催化剂生产生物柴油的技术进展,以及不同原料生产生物柴油的技术进展,简述了抗氧剂对生物柴油的抗氧化效果和降低自由脂肪酸含量的途径。还综述了生物柴油在船舶等装置上燃烧特性。生物柴油在石油开采上的应用也已开始研究。     

生物柴油高性能结晶抑制剂的研究

生物柴油是典型的"绿色能源",但相比石化柴油,低温流动性较差,这一性质严重限制了其在低温环境下的应用。添加低温流动改进剂是一种方便、快捷、有效的改善生物柴油低温流动性的方式。本文以四聚蓖麻油酸酯、马来酸酐、蓖麻油酸、环氧丙烷等为原料,合成了一种以长链树状脂肪酸酯为主要成分的化合物。在生物柴油中添加一定条件下制得的树状长链脂肪酸酯分子可有效地降低生物柴油的凝固点,从而对改进生物柴油低温流动性起到积极作用,可使生物柴油得到更广泛的推广和应用,对新能源的开发利用具有重要意义。     

生物柴油低温流动性及其降凝剂的研究进展

生物柴油是典型的"绿色可再生能源".然而生物柴油的凝点一般在0℃时,其低温结晶和凝胶化限制了生物柴油在低温时的应用.生物柴油低温流动性能主要与生物柴油中的饱和脂肪酸甲酯的含量和分布有关,还与脂肪酸酯的支链程度有关.综述了改善生物柴油低温流动性的方法,降凝剂的作用机理及生物柴油降凝剂的研究、应用及发展前景.     

固体酸催化剂制备生物柴油研究进展

生物柴油是一种可再生的生物能源,近年来得到广泛关注.固体酸催化剂可同时催化油脂和脂肪酸制备生物柴油,同时还具有环境友好、易于和产物分离等优点.本文综述了沸石分子筛、杂多酸、离子交换树脂、固体超强酸等同体酸在催化合成生物柴油方面的研究进展.     

气相色谱外标法测定生物柴油中的酯类组分

建立了测定生物柴油样品中脂肪酸甲酯、单脂肪酸甘油酯、二脂肪酸甘油酯和三脂肪酸甘油酯的气相色谱(外标法)检测方法.使用吡啶作溶剂,采用热柱头进样和DB-5ht毛细柱分离,全自动进样器程序控制进行氢火焰离子检测.检测得出最佳进样质量浓度为1.0 ～ 1.5 mg/mL,所选进样浓度范围内各样品回收率≥99.7％,线性良好(r=0.996 7 ～0.999 8).并测定了生物柴油主要组分的标样保留时间和线性回归方程,且本气相色谱分析方法具有非常好的重复性和高精确度,各组分相对标准偏差范围在0.13％～1.66％,在实际的生物柴油样品检测分析中体现了相当高的检测准确性.     

生物柴油的研究概况

生物柴油是一种安全、清洁、高效的生物燃料。文章阐述了生物柴油的本质及其相对于石化柴油在使用上的优良特性,产生的背景、研究意义。综述了国内外生物柴油的发展状况、生产方法、发展生物柴油的迫切性,并对生物柴油在我国的应用前景进行了展望。     

生物柴油制备脂肪酸镧及其应用研究

用生物柴油即脂肪酸甲酯与氧化镧熔融反应制备脂肪酸镧,考察脂肪酸镧与硬脂酸锌、辅助稳定剂的配比和用量对聚氯乙烯热稳定性和机械性能的影响,结果表明：由生物柴油制备脂肪酸镧是可行的,亚磷酸二苯-季戊四醇酯与镧锌皂之间有协同作用,合成的镧锌复合稳定剂具有良好的热稳定性,优于某些其他工业产品。     

生物柴油制备中酸化油酯化反应的研究

生物柴油因具有易降解、可再生、燃烧性能高等优良特性得到了广泛的应用。在实际生产及推广应用中,以酸化油为原料合成生物柴油,可大大降低生产成本。催化剂的性能是合成生物柴油的关键,主要概述了催化剂在酸化油酯化反应合成生物柴油中的研究进展,并展望了生物柴油的发展前景。     

国内外生物柴油技术进展

生物柴油是以动植物油脂为原料生产的柴油替代品,基本成分是脂肪酸甲酯或脂肪酸乙酯。生物柴油不含硫与芳烃,闪点高,具有良好的动力性能与排放性能,被国际可再生能源界誉为最具前景的替代油品。本文对生物柴油原料、生产工艺、行车实验、产品标准等方面进行了全面简要的介绍,希望对读者有所参考。     

废弃生物油资源化利用国内外技术进展

介绍了废弃生物油制备肥皂和洗衣粉,脂肪酸,生物柴油,生物破乳剂,PHA的五个主要资源化用途,就制备生物柴油的方法主要介绍了微乳化法、热裂解法、酯交换法、超临界甲醇法,其中酯交换法是利用废弃油脂与甲醇等小分子醇在催化剂下进行转酯化反应制得生物柴油的一种方法,该方法由于工艺简单,效率较高,经济可行,是国内外工业生产生物柴油的主要方法。并在最后总结了目前我国废弃生物油资源化利用的现状和面临的问题。     

游离脂肪酶NS81006催化含酸油脂制备生物柴油的应用研究

与固定化脂肪酶相比,游离脂肪酶具有反应速率快、成本较低的优势,成为制备生物柴油新的研究方向。前期研究结果表明,游离脂肪酶NS81006可以高效催化大豆油甲醇解制备生物柴油,进一步研究其对含酸油脂的催化,对于促进游离脂肪酶在生物柴油领域中的应用具有重要意义。本文系统研究了甲醇添加策略对游离脂肪酶NS81006催化油酸制备生物柴油的影响,进而考察了NS81006催化模拟酸化油以及实际含酸油脂制备生物柴油的转化情况。研究表明,在优化的甲醇添加策略下,游离脂肪酶NS81006可有效催化油酸、不同含酸量(0~100%,基于总质量)模拟酸化油以及实际含酸油脂进行生物柴油的制备;离心分离可有效实现NS81006的回复使用,连续回用5个批次,游离脂肪酶活性未出现明显下降。     

Transforming rapeseed oil into fatty acid ethyl ester (FAEE) via the noncatalytic transesterification reaction

A simple methodology for producing biodiesel is presented. The noncatalytic transesterification was carried out via the thermochemical process because the main driving force of biodiesel conversion was temperature rather than pressure. Noncatalytic transformation of rapeseed oil into fatty acid ethyl ester (FAEE) was performed in a continuous flow system under ambient pressure in the presence of activated alumina, charcoal, and carbon dioxide (CO₂). The biodiesel conversion methodology introduced in this work enables the esterification of fatty acids (FFAs), and transesterification of triglycerides to be combined into a single process and leads to a 97.5 (±0.5)% conversion efficiency of biodiesel within 1 min at 420–500^°C. The new process has high potential to achieve a breakthrough in minimizing the cost of biodiesel production owing to its simplicity and technical advantages. © 2012 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 59: 1468–1471, 2013     

我国餐厨废油资源化利用现状及展望

餐厨废油具有明显的废物与资源两重性,研究开发餐厨废油利用新技术,可有效解决食品安全、废油污染等问题。本文介绍了我国餐厨废油的组成性质及其回收现状,阐述了利用餐厨废油生产第一代和第二代生物柴油、表面活性剂、洗涤剂、脂肪酸、合成气等化工产品的工艺现状。由于餐厨废油组成复杂多样,净化处理难度大,因此以其作为原料生产化工产品时,工艺条件苛刻,生产规模小,短期难以实现工业化,而以餐厨废油生产生物柴油表现出了明显的优势。其中利用餐厨废油制备的第一代生物柴油存在热值低、抗氧化稳定性差等缺点,而加氢裂化、催化裂化、微波极化脂肪酸皂类脱羧成烃等工艺制备的第二代生物柴油产品性质更加优良,经济优势显著,具有很大的发展潜力。在综合对比各类生产工艺及其产品优缺点的基础上,对废油资源化利用的发展前景进行了展望。     

Free Lipase-Catalyzed Esterification of Oleic Acid for Fatty Acid Ethyl Ester Preparation with Response Surface Optimization

Free lipase-mediated alcoholysis for biodiesel production has drawn increasing attention in recent years due to its advantages of lower cost and faster reaction rate compared to immobilized lipase. Ethanol, derived from renewable biomass, has a great potential for biodiesel production. A previous study showed that free lipase NS81006 could effectively catalyze the ethanolysis of triglycerides for biodiesel preparation. Since most crude plant oils always contain an amount of free fatty acids, oleic acid was used as the model substrate for this study on lipase-mediated esterification for biodiesel production. The central composite design of the response surface methodology was adopted for process optimization. A biodiesel yield of over 90 % was achieved under optimal reaction conditions and the repeated use of the free lipase was easily realized through phase separation either by natural gravity force or centrifugation.     

Differential fatty acid profiles of Chlorella kessleri grown with organic materials

BACKGROUND: Integration of oleaginous microalgae cultivation with wastewater treatment is considered a low‐cost approach for manufacturing algae‐based biodiesel. However, autotrophic microalgae cannot survive in organic wastewater where the effluent is usually turbid and sunlight cannot penetrate into the wastewater. Thus mixotrophic microalgae should be explored. The objective of this study was to investigate the potential of using mixotrophic Chlorella kessleri to produce fatty acids from organic materials. RESULTS: Results revealed that mixotrophic C. kessleri fatty acids display much greater productions (up to 54.67% of cell dry weight) and more suitable compositions for biodiesel production (moderate carbon chain length mainly with C16 and C18, down to 1.17 ?/mol of unsaturation degree) than autotrophic ones. A suitable final pH (near neutral) after nitrate‐depletion and a high organic carbon consumption seemed to be the key factors manipulating fatty acids production under whichever organic substrate tested. CONCLUSION: These characteristics increase the acceptability in using mixotrophic C. kessleri as a potential easy‐control candidate in biodiesel production. If fed with available organic effluent of wastewater as the nutrient supply, C. kessleri may have great potential for profitable biodiesel. © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

酯交换法制备生物柴油及其在我国的实践

生物柴油是一种对环境友好的可再生燃料.综述并比较了生物柴油的各种化学制备方法,介绍了该产业的生产应用情况,指出了生物柴油的优势,分析了生物柴油在生产及使用过程中存在的一些问题并对生物柴油的未来研究与发展作了展望.     

Supported solid and heteropoly acid catalysts for production of biodiesel

Biodiesel has developed attraction of most researchers recently because of its renewable resources and environmental benefits. Transesterification process in the presence of catalysts is the most common way, which is used for biodiesel production. Heterogeneous acid catalysts are considered more reliable than any other catalysts to carry out most vital reactions related to green chemistry (biodiesel production), because the production of biodiesel from solid acid catalysts is considered economically favorable. Nowadays, biodiesel is preparing from low quality feedstock by using solid acids catalysts in many research laboratory throughout the world. This article discusses how much catalyst shapes affect the efficiency of catalyst during catalysis. Different types of supports (zinc oxide, alumina, zirconia, and silica) are used to increase the efficiency of catalysts. Supported Lewis acid, Brønsted acid, and heteropoly acid catalysts show good efficiency for the catalytic transesterification of oil with alcohol. Heteropoly acid catalysts are tremendous and environment friendly acid catalyst and have ability to tolerate contaminations of oil resources such as water contents and free fatty acids (FFAs) contents. Keggin-type heteropoly acids are easily available and having stable structure while Wells–Dawson-type heteropoly acids are included in super acid class, due to these reasons heteropoly acids are considered as best acidic catalysts for biodiesel production by catalytic transesterification process. Therefore, this review also focused on the deactivation, regeneration and advantages of supported solid acid catalysts used for the catalytic production of biodiesel through transesterification.     

Fuel properties of biodiesel produced from the crude fish oil from the soapstock of marine fish

The soapstock of a mixture of marine fish was used as the raw material to produce the biodiesel in this study. The soapstock was collected from discarded fish products. Crude fish oil was squeezed from the soapstock of the fish and refined by a series of processes. The refined fish oil was transesterified to produce biodiesel. The fuel properties of the biodiesel were analyzed. The experimental results showed that oleic acid (C18:1) and palmitic acid (C16:0) were the two major components of the marine fish-oil biodiesel. The biodiesel from the mixed marine fish oil contained a significantly greater amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids than did the biodiesel from waste cooking oil. In addition, the marine fish-oil biodiesel contained as high as 37.07 wt.% saturated fatty acids and 37.3 wt.% long chain fatty acids in the range between C20 and C22. Moreover, the marine fish-oil biodiesel appeared to have a larger acid number, a greater increase in the rate of peroxidization with the increase in the time that it was stored, greater kinematic viscosity, higher heating value, higher cetane index, more carbon residue, and a lower peroxide value, flash point, and distillation temperature than those of waste cooking-oil biodiesel.     

异养小球藻产总脂肪酸的培养基优化

研究了异养小球藻(Chlorella protothecoides)分批培养基中葡萄糖和硝酸盐浓度对生物量、总脂和总脂肪酸产量的影响.结果表明,当细胞在含有40 g·L-1葡萄糖和0.1 mol·L-1 NaNO3的异养培养基中生长时,总脂和总脂肪酸的产量可分别达到最高值为3.83 g·L-1和1.64 g·L-1,同时C18脂肪酸占总脂肪酸的比例超过69%,总脂肪酸占总脂的比例也高达42.63%,总脂含量约为24.3%.通过优化异养小球藻培养基中的葡萄糖和硝酸盐浓度,能够获得高产总脂肪酸,进而生产生物柴油.