深冷处理最低温度对9%Ni钢力学性能及逆转奥氏体含量的影响

通过实验研究了深冷处理过程中的最低处理温度对9%Ni钢力学性能和逆转奥氏体含量的影响。采用了不同的深冷处理温度和保温时间,并与9%Ni钢新发展起来的热处理工艺淬火、亚稳淬火、回火(QLT)相结合。结果表明,-80℃和-110℃的冷处理对9%Ni钢的力学性能和逆转奥氏体含量没有明显影响。然而,-140℃保温24小时的深冷处理能够提高9%Ni钢的冲击韧性,其机理主要在于深冷处理使得块状的逆转奥氏体转变为条状。此外,-140℃深冷处理通过等温马氏体转变值得逆转奥氏体的含量减少。-196℃保温24小时深冷处理增加了逆转奥氏体的含量,同时细化了二次马氏体板条组织, 从而使得9%Ni钢的室温和低温冲击韧性均得到提高。其机理主要是由于深冷-196℃深冷处理促使了超细碳化物的析出,同时增加了组织内应力,从而为逆转奥氏体在回火过程中的形核提供了更多了形核位置。     

回火温度对7Ni钢组织和性能的影响

利用OM、SEM、TEM和XRD试验方法,分析在两相区淬火+回火(QLT)工艺中,不同回火温度下7Ni钢组织形貌和逆转变奥氏体含量的变化,研究回火温度对7Ni钢低温强度和低温韧性的影响。结果表明:随着回火温度升高,7Ni钢抗拉强度逐渐提高,而低温韧性呈现先升高后降低的趋势。回火温度从560 ℃提高到620 ℃过程中,7Ni钢马氏体组织由粗大转变为均匀弥散细小,抗拉强度逐渐提高。当回火温度较低时,钢中马氏体回复不充分,析出的逆转变奥氏体量较少,低温韧性偏低。随着回火温度升高,7Ni钢逆转变奥氏体含量不断升高,但稳定性下降,大量不稳定的逆转变奥氏体在低温下发生转变,不利于钢低温韧性的改善。7Ni钢低温韧性随着回火温度升高呈现先升高后降低的趋势,并在580 ℃时获得最好的低温韧性。     

残留/逆转变奥氏体对改善高强度不锈钢-196℃超低温冲击性能的影响

采用力学性能测试、SEM和XRD等手段研究了淬火+低温回火处理的0Cr16Ni6高强度不锈钢和过时效处理的00Cr11Ni11MoTi马氏体时效不锈钢,并分析了残留/逆转变奥氏体对试验钢超低温缺口抗拉强度和冲击性能的影响。结果表明,在两种试验钢室温强韧性相近的情况下,0Cr16Ni6钢在超低温下(-196 ℃)的缺口抗拉强度和冲击性能显著优于00Cr11Ni11MoTi钢。根据冲击试样远离断口和断口附近马氏体/奥氏体衍射峰的相对强度分别定量计算的残留/逆转变奥氏体含量,发现在裂纹形成和扩展过程中0Cr16Ni6钢有接近90%的残留奥氏体通过应变诱发相变生成马氏体,显著改善了超低温韧性;而过时效00Cr11Ni11MoTi钢形成的逆转变奥氏体具有较高的稳定性,难以发生应变诱发马氏体相变,改善超低温韧性作用程度有限。     

9Ni钢的热处理及低温韧度

介绍了不同的热处理规范对9Ni钢的低温韧度的影响,对9Ni钢低温韧度的机理进行了总结与探讨。9Ni钢具有良好低温韧度的机理,一种解释是回转奥氏体阻止裂纹的扩展即裂纹尖端钝化效应。另一种解释是回转奥氏体发生形变诱发马氏体转变,阻止了裂纹的萌生和扩展,还有一种解释是回转奥氏体吸收使铁素体变脆的C、N等元素,使基体得到净化,从而提高低温韧度,即回转奥氏体的净化作用。     

Effects of Ultra-Fast Cooling After Hot Rolling and Intercritical Treatment on Microstructure and Cryogenic Toughness of 3.5%Ni Steel

A novel process comprised of ultra-fast cooling after control rolling, intercritical quenching and tempering (UFC-LT) was applied to 3.5%Ni steel. In addition, quenching and tempering (QT) treatment was conducted in comparison. The present study focuses on the relationship between the microstructure and cryogenic toughness of 3.5%Ni steel. Results show that the microstructure of steel treated by UFC-LT consisted of tempered martensite, intercritical ferrite and two types of reversed austenite (RA) (needle shape and blocky). Compared to the QT sample, the UFC-LT sample’s ultimate tensile strength decreased slightly, while its elongation increased from 32.3 to 35.7%, and its Charpy absorption energy at ?135 °C increased from 112 to 237 J. The ductile-brittle transition temperature of UFC-LT sample was lower than that of the QT sample by 18 °C. The superior cryogenic toughness after UFC-LT compared to QT treatment can be attributed to the dissolution of cementite, approximately 3.0% increase in RA and the decrease in effective grain size.     

回火保温时间对9Ni钢逆转变奥氏体和低温韧性的影响

在线热处理工艺中回火时间对9Ni钢逆转变奥氏体的体积分数和低温韧性有重要影响。用OM,SEM,XRD,EBSD,CVN等方法对不同回火保温时间样品中的逆转变奥氏体含量、分布及其低温韧性进行了研究。结果表明,逆转变奥氏体的体积分数随保温时间的延长先升高后降低,30 min时最高约为4.8%;低温冲击吸收能量(-192℃)在保温60 min时最高为132 J;低温韧性与逆转变奥氏体的体积分数及分布有关。     

氧对00Cr13Ni5Mo熔敷金属组织和韧性的影响

文中研究了MAG焊保护气体氧含量变化对00Cr13Ni5Mo熔敷金属中氧化物夹杂类型、尺寸、数量、分布和残余奥氏体、逆变奥氏体含量以及冲击韧性的影响.结果表明,Si-Mn-O,Si-Mn-Al-O复合氧化物夹杂是导致00Cr13Ni5Mo熔敷金属冲击韧性下降的主要原因.氧化物夹杂对00Cr13Ni5Mo熔敷金属回火过程中产生的逆变奥氏体具有抑制作用,随着氧化物夹杂的增加,逆变奥氏体含量呈减少趋势.     

两相区淬火对9Ni钢中逆转变奥氏体的影响

淬火+两相区淬火+回火(QIT)能显著的提高9Ni钢的低温韧性。利用扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)、电子背散射衍射(EBSD)、X射线衍射(XRD)和电子探针(EPMA)对QIT处理的9Ni钢中逆转变奥氏体的含量、形貌、分布以及两相区淬火对逆转变奥氏体的影响进行了研究。结果表明,QIT处理的9Ni钢中逆转变奥氏体的含量约为10%,以块状和薄膜状形态分布在基体中;两相区淬火的9Ni钢中的大角度晶界增多,有利于逆转变奥氏体的形核;基体上某些区域的C、Mn和Ni元素含量较高,利于逆转变奥氏体长大和稳定化。     

深冷处理对18Cr2Ni2MoNbA钢耐磨性的影响

使用正交试验对18Cr2Ni2MoNbA钢渗碳钢深冷处理工艺参数进行筛选优化,分析深冷处理时间、低温回火温度和时间对试样耐磨性的影响,并对试样磨痕形貌、显微组织、残留奥氏体以及显微硬度进行分析。研究表明,18Cr2Ni2MoNbA钢渗碳淬火后的-196 ℃深冷工艺参数对磨损量影响的显著性排序为:深冷处理时间＞低温回火时间＞低温回火温度。深冷处理能够有效增加试样的耐磨性,在深冷温度-196 ℃,深冷处理时间1 h,低温回火温度120 ℃,低温回火时间2 h的工艺下试样磨损量最小,与未深冷时相比减少46.67%,磨损机制变为磨粒磨损与氧化磨损。经过深冷处理后渗碳层的碳化物沿晶界析出,同时有小颗粒碳化物在基体上弥散析出。深冷处理能够降低钢的残留奥氏体含量,增加马氏体含量,使表层渗碳层的显微硬度增加,从而改善18Cr2Ni2MoNbA钢的耐磨性。     

Evaluation of cryogenic fracture toughness in SMA-welded 9% Ni steels through modified CTOD test

As the first step of the study for the safety performance of LNG storage tank based on the concept of fitness-for-purpose, the change of cryogenic toughness within the X-grooved weld HAZ (heat-affected zone) of SMA (shielded metal arc)-welded QLT (quenching, lamellarizing, and tempering)-processed 9% Ni steels, was investigated qualitatively and quantitatively. In general, CTOD (crack tip opening displacement) test is widely used to determine the fracture toughness of steel weldments. But there is no standard or draft for evaluating the toughness of thick weldment with X-groove such as in this case. Therefore, in this study, modified CTOD testing method for fatigue precracking. calculation of CTOD, examination of fractured specimen was proposed and used. And the results of modified test were compared with those of conventional CTOD test and Charpy V-notch impact test. In addition, the relationship between the fracture toughness and microstructure was analyzed by OM, SEM and XRD. The cryogenic toughness in HAZ decreased as the evaluated region approached the fusion line from base metal. The decrease in toughness was apparently caused by the reduction of the retained austenite content and the absence of grain refinement effect in the coarse-grained zone in HAZ. The austenite reduction resulted from the decrease in nucleation sites for α’γ reverse transformation due to the increase in fraction of coarse-grained zone within HAZ. More complex thermal cycles in the mixed zone of weld metal and base metal caused the poor stability of retained austenite in the zone by the redistribution of alloying element in retained austenite. Due to this reason, the toughness drop with decreasing test temperature in F.L. (fusion line)-F.L.+3 mm was larger than that in F.L.+5 mm and F.L.+7 mm.     

热处理对不同碳含量3.5Ni钢力学性能和低温韧性的影响

利用光学显微镜及SEM进行组织观察,通过拉伸和低温冲击试验研究了热处理对两种不同碳含量3.5Ni钢的力学性能和低温韧性的影响。两种3.5Ni钢热轧板分别经860 ℃×1 h空冷的正火处理和860 ℃×1 h水淬+(580, 610, 640)×1 h回火的调质处理。结果表明:含碳量较高的3.5Ni钢热轧态强度低塑性高,但－100 ℃冲击吸收能量低,经正火处理后试验钢的整体性能降低,而调质处理后强度和低温冲击吸收能量均明显提升,塑性略有降低;含碳量较低的3.5Ni钢热轧态已经具有优异的拉伸性能和低温冲击性能,经热处理后拉伸性能和低温韧性没有得到明显提升。     

回火温度对超低碳7%Mn钢组织与性能的影响

对超低碳中锰钢进行了淬火+回火处理,研究了不同温度回火后试验钢的显微组织及力学性能,采用XRD法测定了低温处理(－60、-80、－100 ℃)前后试验钢中的逆转变奥氏体含量,在此基础上分析了逆转变奥氏体含量及热稳定性对试验钢力学性能的影响规律。结果表明:采用较高温度回火时,促进了逆转变奥氏体的形成,也使奥氏体稳定化元素快速富集于其中,而且随温度升高所得奥氏体更多分布于粗化的马氏体板条之间,故具有更高的稳定性;由于试验钢中逆转变奥氏体含量较多,变形过程中的TRIP效应更为显著,促进了试验钢低温韧性和塑性的提高。     

直接双相区热处理工艺参数对9Ni钢组织性能的影响

研究了直接双相区热处理工艺的保温时间和回火时间对9Ni钢组织性能的影响。结果表明:在相同回火条件下,保温时间为40 min时低温韧性最好,少于Quenching+Lamellarizing+Tempering(QLT)工艺中双相区保温所需时间;保温时间为20 min时,强度增加但低温韧性降低;保温时间过长(60 min)会导致组织粗化、低温韧性差,延长回火时间低温冲击功也基本不变。保温时间为40 min时,随着回火时间的增加,回转奥氏体增加,抗裂纹扩展能力增强,低温冲击功增加,但强度降低,这主要归因于回转奥氏体在板条束间的析出和对马氏体中C及其它有害元素的净化作用。     

Influence of Heat Treatments on Microstructure and Toughness of 9%Ni Steel

The 9%Ni low-carbon steel is applied to utilities and processes at temperatures as low as ??196 °C. However, the microstructural features play an important role on the mechanical properties. Notably, the cryogenic toughness and mechanical strength are strongly dependent on the final heat treatment. In this paper, the microstructure of a 9%Ni low-carbon steel was modified by different heat treatments. The hardness and cryogenic toughness were measured and correlated to microstructural features. The material shows a temper embrittlement with intergranular cracking and minimum cryogenic toughness after tempering around 400 °C. Austempering at 480 °C also produced very low toughness results. On the other hand, excellent cryogenic toughness was obtained with single tempering at 600 °C after quenching or normalizing. Even higher toughness was obtained with the double tempering at 670 °C/2 h plus 600 °C/2 h. The amount of reversed austenite and its morphology in the specimen quenched and tempered at 600 °C were shown in the paper.     

Effect of Heat Treatment Process on Mechanical Properties and Microstructure of a 9% Ni Steel for Large LNG Storage Tanks

In this paper, two different heat treatment processes of a 9% Ni steel for large liquefied natural gas storage tanks were performed in an industrial heating furnace. The former was a special heat treatment process consisting of quenching and intercritical quenching and tempering (Q-IQ-T). The latter was a heat treatment process only consisting of quenching and tempering. Mechanical properties were measured by tensile testing and charpy impact testing, and the microstructure was analyzed by optical microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and x-ray diffraction. The results showed that outstanding mechanical properties were obtained from the Q-IQ-T process in comparison with the Q-T process, and a cryogenic toughness with charpy impact energy value of 201 J was achieved at 77 K. Microstructure analysis revealed that samples of the Q-IQ-T process had about 9.8% of austenite in needle-like martensite, while samples of the Q-T process only had about 0.9% of austenite retained in tempered martensite.     

铬镍渗碳钢的残余奥氏体

20CrZNi4、18CrZNi4W钢往往经诊碳（或碳氢共修）淬火后使用,由于合金元素Ni、Cr量较高,热处理后工件表面存在大量的残余奥氏体。残余奥氏体对性能的影响,其量多少为宜,是一个比较复杂而值得注意的问题。本文讨论了诊碳层不同的合碳量、渗碳后高温回火、淬火工艺、冷处理及喷九处理等对残余奥氏体量的影响,从而针对所要求的残余奥氏体量来选择合适的表面含碳量、相应的热处理方法及不同的工艺参数。     

Recrystallization and the possibility of the realization of the α-γ diffusionless transformation during the ultrarapid laser heating of steels

Analysis is given of phase and structural transformations occurring upon ultrarapid laser heating in steels with different initial structures, namely, after annealing, after preliminary quenching, quenching and tempering, and after quenching with subsequent deformation and tempering. It is shown that a significant suppression of diffusion processes occurs during laser heating; this circumstance substantially affects the nature of the phase and structural transformations proceeding during laser processing. Special attention is given to studying the process of recrystallization and to the phenomenon of structural heredity during laser heating. The process of recrystallization during laser heating is considered as consisting of two stages, namely, an ordered lattice rearrangement (α-γ transformation) and the recrystallization of austenite that suffered phase-transformation-induced hardening (“phase naklep”). The effect of tempering and plastic deformation on the recrystallization of a preliminarily quenched steel consists in the intensification of the second stage, i.e., of the recrystallization of the transformation-hardened austenite. It is shown that the α-γ transformation during the laser heating of steels with the initial structure of lath martensite occurs by the “mechanism of recovery,” i.e., via the formation and growth of austenite nuclei. In steels with the initial structure of pearlite, the nucleation of austenite during laser heating can occur by a shear martensite-like diffusionless mechanism with the observance of characteristic orientation relationships between the initial ferrite and the newly formed austenite.     

临界淬火工艺处理高强结构钢Q690GJ的韧化机理

研究了QT(淬火+回火)和QLT(淬火+临界淬火+回火)热处理对高强结构钢Q690GJ微观组织及低温韧性的影响。通过金相、扫描电镜等方法,对低温冲击试样、无塑性转变试样进行了微观分析。结果表明:QLT工艺处理的Q690GJ钢低温韧性明显优于QT工艺。微观组织分析表明:QLT工艺处理试验钢组织为板条马氏体+残留奥氏体,临界淬火工艺形成了更多数量的、且较为稳定的残留奥氏体软相,提高了起裂前的塑性变形能力;同时形成更多取向混乱的马氏体板条束,有效阻碍了裂纹的扩展,从而提高低温韧性、降低无塑性转变温度。     

Cr13Ni4Mo钢逆转变奥氏体的形成及其对性能的影响

采用XRD、扫描电镜、EBSD、拉伸性能测试等手段研究了Cr13Ni4Mo钢逆转变奥氏体的形成规律、形成机制与力学性能。结果表明,Cr13Ni4Mo钢经550～730℃一次回火后并没有逆转变奥氏体产生;经630℃一次回火+530～630℃二次回火时,随二次回火温度的升高,逆转变奥氏体含量呈先增加后减少的趋势,其抗拉强度、伸长率和强塑积也相应地先增加后减少。当二次回火温度为590℃时,逆转变奥氏体的含量达到峰值,综合力学性能最佳。二次回火温度为550℃时,逆转变奥氏体主要以切变机制在马氏体板条内部形成,随着二次回火温度升高,逆转变奥氏体逐渐以扩散机制形成为主。     

锻造Cr13Ni4钢回火工艺与逆变奥氏体及性能的关系研究

主要研究锻造Cr13Ni4马氏体不锈钢回火工艺与逆变奥氏体含量及力学性能的关系.实验表明:回火温度超过590C时,在冷却过程中逆变奥氏体会部分发生马氏体转变;合适的二次回火可大大提高逆变奥氏体的含量;在相同的一次回火温度下,二次回火(低于失稳温度590℃)温度越高,逆变奥氏体含量越高;逆变奥氏体的含量在10%左右时,材...