Sizing emboli in blood using pulse Doppler ultrasound. I.Verification of the EBR model

An experiment to verify a theory describing ultrasound backscattering from emboli in flowing blood is presented. The theoretical predictions for the backscattered power versus embolus size are based on the measurement of the embolus to blood ratio (EBR) of backscattered acoustic power. This tool is necessary for in vivo clinical application because it removes the need to characterize attenuation and reflection loss in heterogeneous tissue. The experiment presented utilizes a customized ultrasound pulse Doppler that is capable of interrogating a sample volume with two different frequencies concurrently. A flow circuit including a 3.6-mm-diameter conduit in polyacrylamide gel in which emboli are observed with the dual frequency Doppler is described. The flow within the circuit has acoustic backscatter coefficient similar to blood due to a calibrated concentration of 31.1-μ diameter polystyrene microspheres. Polystyrene microsphere “emboli” having nominal diameters of 161 and 239 μ are placed in this flow loop and time series Doppler shift signatures are recorded. These signatures are investigated and a refraction artifact hypothesis is proposed to explain systematic deviation of the signatures away from theoretically expected results. Results show that gross discrimination of embolus size is feasible     

Pulse Doppler ultrasound detection, characterization and sizeestimation of emboli in flowing blood

A theory describing pulse Doppler ultrasound signals due to backscattering due to emboli in flowing blood is presented. From this theory, the minimum detectable size of a formed-element embolus can be established as a function of carrier frequency and vessel size. Emboli can be sized and characterized, based on the ratio of the amplitude of the Doppler signal during embolus passage through the sample volume to background bloodflow Doppler signal when no embolus is present. This ratio is defined as the “embolus to blood ratio” (EBR). Size estimation of emboli can be done by insonating an embolus with a single frequency and measuring the EBR, only if the embolus does not exceed a certain size, and if the vessel diameter and per cent hematocrit are known. Using two different frequencies, the vessel geometry (diameter and sample volume length) and per cent hematocrit can be eliminated from calculation of embolus size. Sources of uncertainty in the EBR and their effect on embolus size estimation are discussed. Discrimination between gas and formed-element emboli is described, given a detector with sufficient dynamic range, and use of three carrier frequencies. The theory presented here is in agreement with experimental findings of other investigators     

交流电场作用下电场流动聚焦装置内微液滴的生成实验

采用非接触式电极放入方式,避免了电化学效应的产生,通过改变外加交流电场强度和电场频率,研究了液滴交流电场流动聚集断裂过程的流型转变、液滴当量直径和生成频率.结果 表明,流量不变时,仅通过改变外加电场,依次可观测到液滴从弹状流、滴状流到喷射流的流型转变.当毛细数＜0.1时,生成的液滴当量直径随毛细数增加呈指数减小,且低频...     

Theoretical and experimental characterization of transientelectromagnetic fields radiated by electrostatic discharge (ESD)currents

The problem of the evaluation of the electromagnetic (EM) field radiated by an electrostatic discharge (ESD) current is examined, and an efficient numerical code for the evaluation of the radiated field is developed. The considered radiating structures, a monopole and a loop, are analyzed in the time domain using a modified electric field integral equation (EFIE). A modification of the integral equation was introduced in order to take into account the reflection of the incident pulse at the input terminals of the antenna, when fed by a transmission line. The reflected wave is very significant and its evaluation is fundamental for the comparison of theoretical and experimental data. The ESD current flowing along the wire is determined using the method of moments in time domain (MoMTD). From the knowledge of the transient current, the radiated EM field is evaluated by a standard technique. The developed model is the first stage of a project for the characterization of the measurement environment during an ESD test. All numerical results are validated by measurements and good agreement is shown     

A Microjet Array Cooling System for Thermal Management of High-Brightness LEDs

In this paper, a microjet-based cooling system is proposed for the thermal management of high-power light-emitting diodes (LEDs). Preliminary experimental investigation and numerical simulation on such an active cooling system are conducted. In the experiment investigation, thermocouples are packaged with LED chips to measure the temperature and evaluate the cooling performance of the proposed system. The experimental results demonstrate that the microjet-based cooling system works well. For a 2 times 2 LED chip array, when the input power is 5.6 W and the environment temperature is 28degC, without any active cooling techniques, the temperature of 2 times 2 LED chip array substrate reaches 72degC within 2 min and will continue to increase sharply. However, by using the proposed cooling system, when the flow rate of micropump is 9.7 mL/s, the maximum LED substrate temperature measured by the thermocouples will remain stable at about 36.7degC. As for the numerical optimization, the comparison between the simulation and experimental results is presented to confirm the feasibility of the simulation model. By using the simulation model, the effects of microjet diameter, top cavity height, micropump flow rate, and jet device material on system performance are numerically studied. According to the preliminary test and numerical optimization, an optimized microjet cooling system is fabricated and applied in thermal management of a 220-W LED lamp. The temperature test demonstrates that the cooling system has good performance.     

Analysis and capacitive measurement of the built-in-field parameter in highly doped emitters

An elementary theory of a strongly asymmetric n⁺-n-p junction, assuming an exponential tail of the donor concentration profile in the depletion layer, is presented and supported by numerical computations. The drastic effect of the built-in field upon the minority carrier flow is discussed. A detailed expression of the static capacitance is then derived and shown to lead to an improved measurement of theC(V)law, capable of yielding the internal field parameter around the edge of the depletion layer in the emitter. Typical experimental results are reported and discussed.     

An analytic model for MODFET capacitance-voltage characteristics

An analytic model for the capacitance-voltage (C-V ) characteristics of n-channel modulation doped FETs (MODFETs) is derived. Gauss law is used to relate the net areal gate charge density in an AlGaAs/GaAs MODFET to the electric field intensity at the metal-AlGaAs interface. An analytic expression for the electric field intensity which accounts for the neutralization of donors and the generation of free electrons is derived. The gate capacitance is derived as a closed-form analytic function of the gate voltage. The expression derived is easily computable and affords physical insight. The results, when compared with numerical calculations and experimental data, yield good agreement over a wide range of gate voltages     

Effect of an abdominal aortic aneurysm on wave reflection in the aorta

Despite extensive attention to abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) in the biomedical engineering community, its effect on aortic hemodynamics and arterial wave reflection has not been addressed before. We used experimental and numerical methods, relying on a realistic AAA geometry constructed from patient computer tomography scans (CT-scans), to study this issue. Pressure and flow waves were measured and simulated before and after AAA repair, and wave reflections were analyzed using linear wave separation and wave intensity analysis. With AAA, pronounced reflections were present in the pressure and flow waveforms. The reflection coefficient measured experimentally in the upper aorta was negative with AAA (-0.10) versus 0.47 without AAA. Wave intensity analysis confirmed the presence of a backward expansion wave caused by sudden expansion of the aorta; this was absent without AAA. These results were confirmed using a 1-D numerical model. A parameter study using this model demonstrated that dominant factors are diameter and compliance of the aneurysm, with larger diameters and more compliant AAA generating more negative reflections. Finally, a preliminary noninvasive study in three patients before and after AAA repair demonstrated that AAA-repair increased the reflection coefficient. In conclusion, the presence of AAA significantly alters wave reflection and hemodynamics in the aorta, with apparently measurable effects in humans.     

飞行时间质谱峰形分析

报道了在用脉冲355 nm的YAG激光对水/甲醇二元团簇的多光子电离飞行时间质谱研究中,发现在电离激光相对于脉冲分子束的不同延时或是同一延时下不同的激光能量下,测得的离子谱峰除强度变化外,峰值发生漂移.离子峰值漂移的大小与信号强度密切相关.信号强度越大,离子的飞行时间越短,峰值漂移越大.分析认为:这种峰值漂移不是因为新质量数谱峰的出现,而是离子在穿越质谱仪的离子引出区和加速区极板时发生部分离子吸附,引起极板间电压的起伏造成的.离子信号越强,意味着极板对离子吸附的量越大,导致离子峰值的漂移越大.离子在电场起伏下的数值模拟结果与实验中观测到的离子峰值漂移规律一致.     

飞秒激光光谱位相干涉仪的数值模拟与分析

对用光谱位相相干直接电场重建法 (SPIDER)测量飞秒光脉冲啁啾特性的光谱位相干涉仪进行了数值模拟 ;对假设具有不同类型啁啾的飞秒脉冲进行光谱位相重构 ,还原出时域脉冲强度包络和位相 ,并与实验结果进行了比较     

一种获得平顶激光光强分布的方法

从Huygens-Fresnel衍射积分出发,计算高斯光束经过初级球差透镜聚焦之后的衍射光场.数值结果表明,当透镜的球差系数为负时,在聚焦光场的两个位置,得到了平顶激光光强分布.还讨论了透镜的菲涅耳数对平顶激光光强分布及其出现位置的影响.结果表明,透镜的菲涅耳数愈小,出现平顶激光光强分布的位置愈往聚焦透镜移动.并且,当透镜的菲涅耳数较小时,平顶激光光强分布的顶部呈现光强调制.计算结果表明,负球差透镜可作为获得平顶激光光强分布的简单方法.     

Investigation of the charge carrier concentration and electric field distribution in gallium arsenide Gunn diode

Numerical calculation of the stationary distribution of electric field and charge carrier concentration in Gunn diode has been performed for the one-dimensional case. In addition, experimental investigations of the specified characteristics were also carried out by using a near-field microwave microscope. Taking into account the dependence of the majority carrier diffusion coefficient on the electric field intensity was shown to be of crucial importance in describing the processes occurring in Gunn diodes. The numerical results were in good agreement with the results of conducted experiment.     

基于离散偶极子近似生物细胞光散射研究

用离散偶极子近似（Discrete Dipole Approximation,DDA）对生物细胞的光散射特性进行数值模拟,分析讨论了基于生物细胞的相对折射率、散射截面、粒子直径等的光散射图像。分析表明,生物细胞的散射光强随着散射角度和相对折射率的增大而增大,散射的主要能量集中在10散射角以内。然后设计了用于分析悬浮生物细胞的光散射实验装置,并以悬浮的牛肾细胞作为实验样品,进行实验研究。分析结果显示,模拟数据与实验数据符合较好。为进一步研究生物细胞散射特性以及无损检测提供一种理论和实验方法。     

不完全屏蔽腔体辐射耦合电场增强效应防护方法

针对武器装备机箱内部电磁辐射防护的技术需要,从不完全屏蔽腔体辐射耦合电场增强效应形成机理出发,对孔缝耦合及贯通导体耦合导致的屏蔽腔体内部局部电场增强效应防护方法进行了研究.仿真计算了屏蔽腔体内部加载吸波材料、腔体分区隔断以及贯通导体安装金属导管等防护方法对不完全屏蔽腔体电磁耦合的影响,研究结果表明:在屏蔽腔体内部加载吸波材料能够有效降低由于腔体谐振产生的电场增强效应,相同的吸波材料放置在强场位置防护效率会更高;采用分区隔断的屏蔽腔体能够提高腔体的谐振频率,大幅降低腔体内大部分位置的电磁耦合能力;贯通导体通过金属导管进入屏蔽腔体能够有效降低贯通导体的电磁耦合能力,削弱屏蔽腔体内部的电场增强效应,屏蔽腔体内部及外部的金属导管长度越长,其防护效果越明显.     

节流孔孔径对记忆合金自调式制冷器流量稳定性的影响

本文通过理论计算和实验研究对不同节流孔孔径的记忆合金自调式制冷器流量稳定性进行了分析.理论计算表明:当制冷器受到相同扰动因素影响时,节流孔孔径越小的制冷器,流量越稳定;流量变化量随节流孔孔径增大呈线性增长趋势.实验研究中,制作了孔径分别为0.15 mm和0.25 mm的记忆合金自调式制冷器,将疲劳测试和振动测试作为扰动...     

侧面喷流对导通孔内镀液流动影响的数值研究

文章通过数值模拟研究了不同喷流速度、喷嘴孔径和喷嘴板面距离的侧面喷流对通/盲孔内镀液流动的影响。计算了单个圆形喷嘴喷流的轴对称流场,定量给出了喷流在板面的压力分布及其作用区大小,进而对孔内镀液流动特性进行了计算和讨论。计算结果表明:通孔和盲孔孔内镀液交换机制不同。通孔镀液交换主要受孔内外对流控制,孔内镀液流速与孔口压差成正比。盲孔镀液交换主要受孔内外镀液浓差控制。加强喷流可促进通孔内外镀液交换,但对厚径比大于1的盲孔内镀液交换几乎没有影响。     

Numerical simulation and experimental study of magnetron-injection guns for powerful short-wave gyrotrons

The results of a numerical simulation and experimental study of magnetron-injection guns forming intense helical electron beams for powerful gyrotrons are compared. Beams of three types—laminar beams, beams with regularly intersecting trajectories and beams with irregularly intersecting (mixed) trajectories are studied. The numerical simulation is performed taking into account the influence of the space charge field. The experimental beam characteristics are measured by the retarding field method. The experimental data agree satisfactorily with the results of the theory if the temperature deformation of the electrode systems is taken into account. It is shown that the best velocity distribution characteristics are realized for guns forming laminar beams and boundary beams (intermediate topology between beams with regularly intersecting trajectories and laminar beams).     

Complex finite-element method applied to the analysis of opticalwaveguide amplifiers

A complex finite-element method and a three-level model for erbium ions are applied to obtain gain and propagation constants for erbium-doped waveguide amplifiers (EDWA's). The complex refractive index profile includes the effect of the dopant polarization induced by the pump field. The method allows to consider arbitrary dopant density profile as well as the modal structure of the pump field. For different waveguide geometries we obtain gain curves as function of pump intensity as well as slight variations in the modal propagation constants. The threshold pump power is shown to be a function of the waveguide geometry, which agrees qualitatively with experimental results,     

基于数值模拟的激光热负荷光强分布设计

激光活塞热负荷模拟实验需将高斯光束调制成按特定光强分布的多个同心光环,为此提出了基于有限元(FE)分析的激光热负荷光强分布反求设计思想。应用最初设计的整形器对有限元模型进行校核,在合理的范围内调整边界条件参数和活塞材料热物性参数,使模拟结果与实验结果吻合;对于校核后的有限元模型,通过调整光强分布和加载条件以接近目标温度场,从而获得整形器优化设计方案。基于上述方法可实现由目标温度场反求设计出光场分布。研究表明,采用数值模拟方法进行研究,可大幅度缩短整形器设计周期、降低设计费用,并起到虚拟实验的作用,从而提高了热负荷实验的可控性和可预见性。     

GHZ类态原子体系与Fock态光场相互作用的动力学

采用求解Schr(o)dinger方程和数值计算的方法,研究了处于GHZ类态的三个全同二能级纠缠原子与Fock态光场相互作用的动力学特性,讨论了原子布居算符和光场的二阶相干度与三原子体系初始态的纠缠度、Fock态光场的光场强度的依赖关系.结果表明:系统处在非纠缠态,原子布居呈现出周期性的崩塌和回复现象,当光场为真空场时,出现真空Rabi振荡现象;随着光场的增强,原子布居的Rabi振荡频率增大.当系统处在纠缠态,随着纠缠度的增加,光子开始出现聚束效应,在最大纠缠态,聚束效应和反聚束效应交替出现,二阶关联函数的振荡幅度随着纠缠度的增强而增强.