检测实验室仪器设备计量分类管理标准初探

本文通过分析国内和国外检测实验室仪器设备计量管理的现状,探索性提出了我国检测实验室仪器设备计量分类管理标准的原则、方法和内容。初步将提出的分类管理标准应用于实践,为检测实验室仪器设备的标准化、规范化管理提供依据。     

Unification of measurements of the average power of optical radiation in fiber-optic transmission systems

The current status of measurement uniformity, the design and characteristics of new standard calorimeters and high-precision apparatus, and a hierarchical testing sequence are discussed in application to instruments for measuring the average power of optical radiation in fiber-optic transmission systems. Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 8, pp. 31–37, August, 2000.     

Remote RF and Baseband Video Measurement Laboratory Based Upon Open-Code Software

An application based on open-code source resources is developed to allow remote operation of test instruments over the web. The application was deployed using LINUX, JAVA, and CamServ and shows potential use as a didactic tool, as well as in laboratories dealing with different types of test instruments. The tool is an alternative to commercial applications used with the same purposes. Specification and development issues are described, as well as testing and validation schemes.     

High voltage test gear

Summary This equipment provides completely satisfactory testing by the comparison method of measuring instruments, up to 35 kv ac and 10 kv dc it can also be used for insulation strength testing.The equipment is simple in construction and easy to use. The number of operations required for preparing the equipment for testing and during testing has been reduced to a minimum.The use of simple automation provides a strict application of the specified conditions for insulation strength testing.The equipment can be used in industrial measuring laboratories.     

小型增压器叶轮超试特性分析

采用弹塑性有限元分析方法,计算某小型增压器关键零件叶轮在离心力场下的应力及位移场,在（70000－900000）r/min的高速区,叶轮发生快速的大生变形,内孔底部有较大的胀大量,导致超试工装花瓣式连接器与叶轮之间的定位配合失效,不平衡量突然增大而产生大振动,此捱不会衰减,针对原超试工装存在的缺陷,设计了倒置工装及压紧弹簧工装两种新工装,解决发生大塑性变形后叶轮与花瓣式连接器之间定位失效问题,改进后的两超试工装能顺利完成超试过程,有效抑制高速时大振动的产生。     

A Critical Assessment of the Usp Dissolution Apparatus Suitability Test Criteria

This report describes results of a survey conducted to assess the variability in drug release from the USP calibrators and its dependence on various deaeration methods. The calibrator data submitted by 33 laboratories, involved tests of 1659 sets (6 or 12 tablets/set) from four lots of prednisone and salicylic acid each, using apparatuses 1 & 2 run at 50 and 100 rpm. Overall variabilityranges for the individual sets, which met the USP dissolution apparatus Suitability Criteria, were 0.5-31.3% for prednisone/apparatus 1, 0-13.2% for salicylic acid/apparatus 1, 0.3-10.2% for prednisone/apparatus 2 and 0.7-20.2% for salicylic acid/apparatus 2. The results of this survey suggest that variability levels are dependent on apparatus/calibrator combination. Although deaeration of dissolution media tends to reduce the failures i.e. not meeting the Suitability Criteria, its effect on reducing the variability appears to be minimal. Among the various deaeration methods reported, degassing the media by a combination of heating with helium sparging or with filtering under vacuum tend to give the lowest failure rate. From our findings, a variability of up to 31% CV (coefficient of variation) in percent drug release for the calibrator can occur with the samples still meeting the USP criteria. However, if the apparatus/calibrator combination is taken into consideration with appropriate deaeration method, the maximum expected variability can be reduced to 10% or less. The results of this survey show that rather than an eight point dissolution calibration test criteria, a four point evaluation system i.e. testing non-disintegrating tablets with apparatus 1 and disintegrating tablets with apparatus 2 may provide sufficient information for system suitability. It is also recommended that a similar formulation/apparatus combination should be considered for drug products evaluation which might yield less variable results with an improved potentials of in vitro/in vivo correlations particularly for modifieddrug release products.     

湿度计量技术的发展

从应用范围、技术性能和理论研究等方面介绍了近年来国内外湿度计量标准装置和测量仪器的研究进展及存在问题,并对下一步的发展趋势作了预测。     

Simple measurement of the AC transport current loss for HTS conductors using an active power detection method

Reducing AC loss in a superconducting apparatus is one of the most important issues, and the precise measurement and estimation of AC losses are essential to reduce them. The four-terminal method is universally used as an electric measurement method of AC losses for superconducting tapes and wires. In this method, noise and inductive voltage superposed on the terminal voltage of the superconductor are eliminated by a lock-in amplifier and cancel coil, respectively, and then measurement of very small resistive voltage is achieved. However, using this conventional method, a plurality of measuring instruments and apparatuses are needed, and therefore the measuring system becomes complicated and much time is consumed in the calibration process. In this paper, we present a simple and precise measurement system based on an active power detection method, which is proposed as a quench detection method. The proposed system consists of a small number of instruments and apparatus and is less susceptible to noise. Its usefulness is verified by comparing the proposed method and the conventional four-terminal method in measuring the AC transport current loss of a Bi2223/Ag tape.     

Systems for registering and collecting information on the quality and operational reliability of the tested measuring instruments

Conclusions The experience of using an as yet incomplete IRC system at the testing service of the VNIIFTRI (All-Union Scientific Research Institute of Physicotechnical and Radiotechnical Measurements) confirms the advisability of the system's application. The registration of the tested instrument has improved, and the collected statistical information on the working reliability of the radio measuring instruments and on the actual distribution of errors within the tolerated range is already being used in the scientific-research work of the reliability and state-testing laboratories.The IRC system can serve as a practical foundation for establishing a centralized collection of information in the testing agencies of the Committee of Standards, Measures, and Measuring Instruments. A wide application of the suggested system would help to utilize this most comprehensive information on the condition of the existing measuring instrument stock. At present this information is either lost or stored in a form which is virtually inaccessible for processing.Even more tempting possibilities can be provided by obtaining a complete coordination between this system and the measures adopted for using punch cards as the only form for the certified records of measuring instruments.The application of this idea and the extension of the IRC system to departmental testing agencies could in turn lead to the establishment of a single centralized system for collecting information on the quality and reliability of the entire measuring stock of instruments in our country.Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 2, pp. 67–70, February, 1968.     

ASTM力学性能试验总则标准与分项试验方法标准的技术比较

对美标钢制品力学性能试验总则标准（ASTMA370—2010）与分项试验方法标准（ASTMES／E8M-2009,ASTME10—2010,ASTME18—2008b,ASTME23—2007a^ε1和ASTME384—2010^ε2等）分别从标准的适用范围、环境温度的定义、采用的单位制、对试样和试验设备的要求、尺寸测量精确度、拉伸试验的速率、不同硬度标尺间的相互转换以及试验结果的处理与修约等方面进行了系统的对比分析。结果表明：ASTM力学性能试验总则标准和与其相对应的ASTM分项试验方法标准之间存在着一定的技术差异,其中尤以拉伸试验和冲击试验方法标准与总则标准之间的差异居多,实际使用中应注意区分和选择。     

Flying test laboratory

Conclusions The organization of the measuring instruments' testing in situ is aimed at raising production quality.The experience of using flying test laboratories has confirmed the possibility of testing under utilization conditions even the most complicated radio-measuring instruments, thus ensuring an effective detection and withdrawal from operation of vital instruments whose technical characteristics do no meet specification requirements.Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 1, pp. 87–89, January, 1972.     

Calibration of Thermal Transfer Standards of RF Voltage

A system of RF voltage calibration in the VHF and UHF ranges is described. The primary voltage standard is a calorimetric power meter whose impedance is determined accurately. The working standards are thermal transfer instruments (thermal converters and micropotentiometers). The methods used to calibrate the working standards against the primary standard are described in detail. Then the calibration of transfer standards submitted by other laboratories is outlined, and procedures and practices which have been found successful are recommended for use by standardizing laboratories.     

A High-Accuracy Digital Instrument Design for DC Measurements

A high-accuracy self-calibrating digital instrument design has been developed in order to make available the inherent efficiency advantages of conventional digital meters, but without their limitations in accuracy, reliability, or certifiability. The new instrument can extend the advantages of automation to many testing, quality control, and standards laboratories where heretofore only high-quality manually balanced instruments could be used. Automation at this level of accuracy can eliminate serious cost bottlenecks in the testing of precision devices such as Zeners, resistors, A/D and D/A networks and converters, standard cells, regulated power supplies, voltage and current sources, digital and differential voltmeters and potentiometers, and the dc output of many precision transducers. The paper describes a number of applications of this new type of digital instrument and presents samples of the type of automatic test data obtained.     

Evaluation of an in Vitro Dissolution and Permeation Apparatus for Oral Solid Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms

An apparatus based in the USP dissolution test, the F-C-SL apparatus (Ferreira-Costa-Sousa Lobo), was developed that allowed the simultaneous evaluation of the in vitro release and permeation of oral solid pharmaceutical dosage forms. The release rate in both dissolution devices (USP and F-C-SL apparatus) was evaluated with acetaminophen tablets. Different test conditions (stirring rate and solvent volume ratio) were investigated and no significant differences in acetaminophen release rate were found between these apparatuses. In the F-C-SL apparatus, the in vitro permeation kinetics of acetaminophen were evaluated using synthetic membranes and followed a zero-order kinetic.     

干燥及潮湿气氛下高温氧化、腐蚀的热重测定

随着材料科学的发展,热分析技术作为一项重要的表征手段,因其具有普适性而得到广泛应用。本文通过高温指定气氛中的样品氧化实验及循环热重实验,探讨了影响实验结果的几大因素：天平类型,气氛控制,样品放置方式,展示了仪器的卓越性能及热重法在材料氧化、腐蚀、老化研究方面应用。同时对热重技术的应用前景予以展望和预测,如可用于研究抗氧化剂、耐火剂、阻燃剂与添加剂,闪点、燃点、阻燃作用（炭化）、等温分解等诸多问题,也可用于研究材料在氧化、硫化、卤化、碳化等单一或多种腐蚀环境中的腐蚀机理等。     

Comparison of Meteorological Service Calibration Laboratories in Southeastern Europe

Interlaboratory comparisons serve as tools for assessment of measurement results performed by calibration laboratories in the relevant field of measurement. They are effective means to demonstrate technical competence of the participant and are used as a technical base for accreditation. However, in the network of meteorological services calibration laboratories, comparisons among laboratories are still rare. Some laboratories are still not evaluating measurement uncertainty, thus causing problems when comparing meteorological data from different countries. The Environmental Agency of the Republic of Slovenia (EARS), serving in the frame of the World Meteorological Organization as a Regional Instrument Centre, has organized a round-robin comparison of calibration laboratories of meteorological services in the southeastern part of Europe using instruments for temperature, relative humidity, and barometric pressure. Each participant laboratory had to calibrate a set of instruments at defined calibration points, to evaluate the measurement uncertainty (if possible), and to report the results. EARS RIC invited the National Hydrometeorological Services in the southeastern part of Europe to take part in the intercomparison. In addition, the Laboratory of Metrology and Quality (MIRS/UL-FE/LMK), which holds the Slovenian national standard for temperature and relative humidity, was also invited to participate in the comparison and in the data analysis. Results from MIRS/UL-FE/LMK and EARS were used to calculate the temperature and humidity comparison reference values, while the EARS results were taken as reference values for barometric pressure.     

An investigation of the maximum experimental safe gap anomaly

The “safe gap” is defined as the maximum gap between two close-fitting, flat, machined metal surfaces that will just prevent an explosion within a vessel from producing a propagating combustion wave in the gases that surround the vessel. At present three distinctly different apparatuses are used throughout the world to determine experimentally the maximum safe gap for different combustible gases and vapors. Unfortunately, the maximum safe gap thus determined sometimes differs widely from vessel to vessel. This report investigates the nature of the processes by which the explosion is transmitted to the surrounding media, paying particular attention to the differences from apparatus to apparatus. It is found that the time constants associated with the combustion process and with vessel exhausting are markedly different for the different vessels and that the pressure levels developed inside a vessel during the test also vary markedly from vessel to vessel. Based on these observations, it is recommended that a more thorough theoretical and experimental investigation of the safe gap testing procedures and vessel design be made as the basis for a proper design for adequate safe gap testing of all combustible vapors and gases.     

Inter-laboratory test program (PTI) in 'neutron dosimetry'

The Laboratory of External Dosimetry Studies and Researches (LRDE), associated laboratory to the Bureau National de Métrologie, is strongly involved in the reference establishment and calibration of instruments in neutron radiation fields provided by 241Am-Be, 252Cf and (252Cf + D2O)/Cd sources. In 1997, on the request of COFRAC, the LRDE has managed an Inter-Laboratory Test Program in 'neutron dosimetry' to compare the different standard calibration methods. The transfer instrument used was a "Harwell Monitor N91". The results of the participant were in good agreement but the associated uncertainties need to be revised by some of laboratories. According to the Mutual Recognition Arrangement signed in 1999, laboratories for metrology will have to assure the traceability of their references. In 2003-2005, the LRDE organises, with National Physical Laboratory (UK) and Physikalisch-Techische Bundesanstalt (Germany), an international comparison in 'neutron dosimetry'. Two transfer instruments, a "2202D" rate metre and a "Harwell Monitor N91", will be sent in turn to the participant laboratories for measurements at their own neutron sources facilities.     

A New Apparatus for the Determination of the Emitted Dose from Pressurized Metered Dose Inhalation Aerosols with Inhalation Devices

A new in vitro test apparatus is described in this report to test the emitted dose from the pressurized metered dose inhalation aerosols (MDI) with inhalation devices. Drug deposition from MDIs in conjunction with different inhalation chambers was studied using a new apparatus and compendial apparatuses. The new apparatus is simple and offers an alternate method to determine the small particle fraction delivered from MDI aerosols with inhalation devices.     

Development of optical coatings for 157-nm lithography. II. Reflectance,absorption, and scatter measurement

The total loss that can be suffered by an antireflection (AR) coating consists of reflectance loss, absorption loss, and scatter loss. To separate these losses we developed a calorimetric absorption measurement apparatus and an ellipsoidal Coblentz hemisphere based scatterometer for 157-nm optics. Reflectance, absorption, and scatter of AR coatings were measured with these apparatuses. The AR coating samples were supplied by Japanese vendors. Each AR coating as supplied was coated with the vendor's coating design by that vendor's coating process. Our measurement apparatuses, methods, and results for these AR coatings are presented here.