45钢电火花成型表面组织结构的研究

在煤油介质中,以YT15硬质合金作为电极加工45钢.正极性加工时,在45钢表面得到显微硬度高于基体的白亮层,且其厚度和表面质量可通过改变放电参数进行调整.利用电子探针对白亮层进行了成分分析.本研究为利用电火花成型机完成表面强化加工提供了依据.     

混粉电火花加工机理的分析

论述了混粉电火花加工的发展概况 ,并以实验为基础对其机理进行了分析 ,认为加工表面粗糙度的迅速降低主要是放电通道对熔融金属平整作用的结果。对于这一工艺的加工效率进行了剖析 ,认为从改善表面质量的角度来看 ,混粉电火花加工具有很高的加工效率。通过对电极损耗情况的观察 ,发现电极损耗特性也有一临界点 ,这一点与普通电火花加工相似     

水平双轴回转电火花加工工艺规律的实验研究

水平双轴回转电火花加工是一种新的电火花加工方法，本文通过实验研究，分析了不同影响因素对其加工速度、电极相对损耗及加工表面粗糙度的影响规律，为加工实验提供了依据。     

硅电极电火花表面改性的研究

以工业纯硅为电极,通过电火花放电对试样进行表面改性处理.电火花设备型号为EDM7125,工作液为普通煤油,电极材料含硅99.6%,工件材料为45钢和球铁.采用扫描电镜及金相显微镜对试样表面形态进行了研究,对试样表面进行了能谱分析,对试样进行了耐蚀及表层结合强度等试验.结果表明:试样加工后表面形成一层含硅超过16%的合金层.电火花加工球铁石墨基本未脱落,但石墨周围易产生或扩展显微裂纹.高硅层结合强度非常高,进行永久变形时,无剥离和裂纹产生.而且,经电火花加工过的试样耐蚀性得到极大提高.另外,电火花加工,当参数合理时,可达到粉末混入加工的目的,试样可获得好的表面质量.     

石墨电极在彩电模具电火花加工中的应用

通过彩电前壳模具喇叭网孔镶件电火花加工,对紫铜电极和石墨电极加工结果进行分析比较,指出石墨材料在制作大电极,特别是在对电极损耗有严格要求的电火花加工时,石墨电极比紫铜电极有许多优点。指出专用石墨作电火花加工电极的优势正逐渐被大家认识,将成为企业首选的电火花加工电极材料。     

微细电火花伺服扫描加工实验研究

进行微细电火花三维扫描加工时,由于电极损耗相对严重,导致形位公差难以保证和加工效率较低。该研究分析了电火花加工常规的电极损耗补偿方法,提出了基于放电间隙伺服控制进行电极损耗实时补偿的微细电火花三维扫描加工方法。辅助以电极电接触感知工件平面和加工原点,三维结构加工实验显示,采用间隙伺服控制进行电极损耗实时补偿有利于提高扫描加工微三维结构的形位精度和加工效率。     

水平双轴回转电火花加工工艺规律的实验研究

水平双轴回转电火花加工是一种新的电火花加工方法，本文通过实验研究，分析了不同影响因素对其加工速度、电极相对损耗及加工表面粗糙度的影响规律，为加工实践提供了依据。     

工艺参数对电火花电弧高效复合加工性能的影响研究

电火花电弧复合加工解决了电火花加工效率低的问题,与电火花加工相比,其加工效率提高了数倍,针对某些材料,其加工效率甚至超过了传统机械加工,但也存在自动化程度低、电极损耗严重等缺陷。利用电火花电弧复合加工技术进行了大量实验,并以此为基础,分析了不同加工参数下的工件性能,得到在不同峰值电流、脉宽、电极主轴转速等参数下的工件加工效率、表面粗糙度及相对电极损耗率的变化规律,以期得出针对不同加工目的的最优工作参数。     

结构陶瓷电火花加工模型化

针对结构陶瓷电火花加工特性，对高能小脉宽电火花加工进行了模型化分析，提出可利用模型化分析不同材料最大熔化体积的变化规律，预测某种材料电火花加工的可行性，确定高的加工效率、低的工具电极损耗的工艺参数。     

电极等损耗微细电火花加工技术

在综合国内外微细电火炬化加工技术最新发展的基础上，分析和研究了电极等损耗微细电火花加工技术的可行性，并进行了初步的理论探讨和实验研究。该方法可利用简单截面形状的电极和电极端面的轴向等损耗特性，实现三维高精度精细轮廓的电火花加工，具有重大的理论价值和良好的应用前景。     

The effect in EDM of a dielectric of a urea solution in water on modifying the surface of titanium

This study investigates the influence of the machining characteristics on pure titanium metals using an electrical discharge machining (EDM) with the addition of urea into distilled water. Additionally, the effects of urea addition on surface modification are also discussed. In the experiments, machining parameters such as the dielectric type, peak current and pulse duration were changed to explore their effects on machining performance, including the material removal rate, electrode wear rate and surface roughness. Moreover, the elemental distribution of nitrogen on the machined surface was qualitatively determined by EPMA to assess the effects on surface modification. Micro hardness and wear resistance tests were performed to evaluate the effects of the reinforced surface.Experimental results indicate that the nitrogen element decomposed from the dielectric that contained urea, migrated to the work piece, forming a TiN hard layer, resulting in good wear resistance of the machined surface after EDM.     

A study on the characteristics of electrical discharge textured skin pass mill work roll

Electrical discharge texturing induces a recast white layer on the skin pass mill work roll surface, which forms the surface topography required for outer autobody steel strips and a heat-affected zone beneath it. The characteristics of these thermally influenced layers were studied by means of optical and scanning electron microscopes, X-ray diffractometer, radio frequency-glow discharge optical emission spectrometer and microhardness tester. It was found that the electrical discharge texturing led to a dramatic hardness drop in the white layer, which was attributed to the high amount of retained austenite. Moreover, softening was observed in over tempered section within heat-affected zone. Sub-zero and cryogenic treatments seem to be potential methods in order to restore the hardness of white layer and over tempered zone with an increase in both. Additionally, de-ionised water was found to be a promising dielectric liquid to abstain from retained austenite.     

EDM performance of Cr/Cu-based composite electrodes

Electrode materials for electrical discharge machining (EDM) are usually graphite, copper and copper alloys because these materials have high melting temperature, and excellent electrical and thermal conductivity. The electrodes made by using powder metallurgy technology from special powders have been used to modify EDM surfaces in recent years, to improve wear and corrosion resistance. However, electrodes are normally fabricated at high temperatures and pressures, such that fabrication is expensive. This paper proposes a new method of blending the copper powders contained resin with chromium powders to form tool electrodes. Such electrodes are made at low pressure (20 MPa) and temperature (200 °C) in a hot mounting machine. The results showed that using such electrodes facilitated the formation of a modified surface layer on the work piece after EDM, with remarkable corrosion resistant properties. The optimal mixing ratio, appropriate pressure, and proper machining parameters (such as polarity, peak current, and pulse duration) were used to investigate the effect of the material removal rate (MRR), electrode wear rate (EWR), surface roughness, and thickness of the recast layer on the usability of these electrodes. According to the experimental results, a mixing ratio of Cu–0wt%Cr and a sinter pressure of 20 MPa obtained an excellent MRR. Moreover, this work also reveals that the composite electrodes obtained a higher MRR than Cu metal electrodes; the recast layer was thinner and fewer cracks were present on the machined surface. Furthermore, the Cr elements in the composite electrode migrated to the work piece, resulting in good corrosion resistance of the machined surface after EDM.     

High-speed dry electrical discharge machining

A novel high-speed dry electrical discharge machining (EDM) method was proposed in this study. Using this method, the material can be rapidly melted by extremely high discharge energy and flushed out of the discharge gap by high-pressure and high-speed air flow. The material removal rate (MRR) of dry EDM was significantly improved by the proposed method. The MRR of dry EDM is usually in tens mm³/min, whereas the MRR of the proposed method can be as high as 5162 mm³/min, which improves the MRR by 2nd to 3rd order of magnitude. Investigation was conducted systemically. The influences of work piece polarity, discharge current, pulse duration time, gas pressure, and electrode rotation speed on machining performance were studied. The machining mechanism of this method was thoroughly analyzed. Moreover, the re-solidified layer, surface morphology, elementary composition, and phase of AISI 304 stainless steel for high-speed dry EDM were also investigated. Theoretical and technical foundations were laid for the industry application of dry EDM.     

Effect of electrode material on electrical discharge machining of alumina

Technologies for machining advanced insulating ceramics are demanded in many industrial fields. Recently, several insulating ceramics, such as Si₃N₄, SiC and ZrO₂, have been successfully machined by electrical discharge machining (EDM). As unstable discharges occur during the machining of Al₂O₃ ceramics, inferior machining properties have been obtained. The formation mechanism of the electrical conductive layer on the EDMed surface is much different as compared to other ceramics. In addition to this, the electrically conductive layers are not formed sufficiently to adhere to the EDMed workpiece surface and keep a stable and continuous discharge generation on the ceramics. Graphite is widely used as electrode material in EDM. It is expected that carbon from graphite electrode implant and generate a conductive layer. Copper, graphite (Poco EDM-3) and copper-infiltrated-graphite (Poco EDM-C3) electrodes were used to compare the effects of generation of a conductive layer on alumina corresponding to EDM properties. The electrical discharge machining of 95% pure alumina shows that the EDM-C3 performs very well, giving significantly higher material removal rate (MRR) and lower electrode wear ratio than the EDM-3 and copper electrodes. The value of MRR was found to increase by 60% for EDM-3 with positive electrode polarity. As for EDM-C3, MRR was increased by 80% under the same condition. When the results were investigated with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), no element of copper was observed on the conductive layer with both EDM-3 and EDM-C3. However, surface resistivity of a conductive layer created with EDM-C3 is less than with EDM-3. Surface roughness was improved to 25 μm with positive polarity of EDM-C3.     

电极对准干式电火花表面强化TC4强化层组织与性能影响

以石墨、紫铜、钨为强化电极,分别在正极性和负极性条件下对TC4钛合金进行混粉准干式电火花表面强化,分析了强化层微观组织结构及性能。结果表明:石墨电极负极性加工得到细长枝状组织及花瓣状,铜电极、钨电极负极性加工得到饼状组织结构且叠加层明显;3种电极正极性加工均得到质地均匀茂盛的花瓣状组织。强化层硬度较基体材料均有大幅提升,其中石墨电极和钨电极负极性加工、铜电极正极性加工时的强化硬度均超过HV1 000,最高约为基体的3.4倍。     

复合电极-混粉电火花加工Ti-6Al-4V钛合金的研究

目的采用混粉电火花加工技术,使用超声电沉积制备的Cu-Si C复合电极加工TC4钛合金,在工作液中混入碳粉进行表面改性,以获取性能优异的加工表面。方法利用Cu-Si C复合电极和Cu电极对TC4钛合金进行成型加工。用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察加工后工件的表面形貌和熔凝层断面形貌,并用TR200粗糙度仪测量其表面不同位置的粗糙度值。用硬度仪测量工件熔凝层的显微硬度,用X射线衍射仪对材料强化层进行物相分析。并对电极损耗进行对比分析。结果 Cu电极加工的TC4钛合金表面凹坑深且面积大,熔凝层疏松,粘合性较差。Cu-Si C复合电极加工的TC4钛合金表面放电痕迹大,深度统一,电蚀产物少,熔凝层致密好。利用X射线衍射仪、硬度测量仪和粗糙度仪对试样测量分析显示,Cu-Si C复合电极加工后,表面生成的Ti C峰相高,耐磨性好,表层显微硬度较大,约为基体的6倍,表面平均粗糙度值Ra=2.825μm。复合电极损耗比铜电极损耗降低了18%。结论两种电极加工后,TC4钛合金表面均得到改善,且使用超声电沉积Cu-Si C复合电极加工后的表面质量更好。     

真空油淬马氏体不锈钢表面白亮层的形成原因

马氏体不锈钢螺母的表面在空气环境中易出现棕黄色锈迹,利用光学显微镜、扫描电镜和化学元素检测等方法对马氏体不锈钢表面锈蚀进行分析。结果表明,马氏体不锈钢在真空固溶+油液淬火后表面形成一层均匀的白亮层组织,白亮层组织耐蚀性较正常的马氏体组织差,白亮层组织在空气中易锈蚀,锈蚀通常不穿透白亮层。通过碳含量测定及机理分析,认为白亮层产生的必要条件为真空加热、油液冷却。真空加热引起不锈钢表层合金元素Cr贫化、冷却时油液中的碳渗入导致表层增碳,导致淬火时不锈钢表层未发生马氏体转变,形成耐蚀性较差的白亮层组织。     

Improving machining performance of wire electrochemical discharge machining by adding SiC abrasive to electrolyte

The use of wire electrochemical discharge machining (WECDM) to slice hard brittle materials has recently been studied because its effectiveness is independent of the mechanical characteristics of the machined materials. Therefore, materials with high hardness, brittleness, strength and electrical insulation, which are difficult-to-cut, can be machined. In ECDM, the electrochemical reaction produces hydrogen bubbles, which accumulate around the cathode. A thin gas layer forms on the surface of the electrode and isolates the electrode from the electrolyte. When a voltage that exceeds the critical voltage is applied, continuous discharge occurs. The material near the electrode is removed by the discharge erosion and chemical etching. The use of WECDM to cut electrically insulating materials has only recently been investigated. However, the breakdown of the gas in the bubbles and the vibration of the wire in WECDM strongly affect the shape accuracy. This work aims to improve the over cut quality by adding SiC abrasive to the electrolyte. A mechanism that combines discharge, chemical etching and abrasive cutting is studied. The effects on expansion, roughness and material removal rate (MRR) are discussed. The experimental results reveal that adding abrasive reduces the slit expansion because it increases the critical voltage. The particles disrupt the bubble accumulation to form an isolating layer around the wire, increasing the critical voltage and reducing the discharge energy. The surface roughness is improved because the abrasive helps to refine the micro-cracks and melted zone that is formed by discharge heat erosion. Meanwhile, smaller grit produces lower roughness. The quality of the slit can be controlled; its expansion and roughness of the slit are 0.024 mm and 0.84 um Ra, respectively.