A Decision Feedback Reverse Link Receiver Implementation for IS-95 CDMA Communications

An implementation of a reverse link receiver for IS-95 CDMA (Code-Division Multiple-Access) communications that applies decision feedback to the decoding of the received signal is presented. Decision feedback is used in order to improve BER performance by making use of additional information that conventional receiver designs generally ignore. Qualitative analysis and computer simulation of the hardware components of the proposed implementation shows that it can be built as a single integrated circuit using present day technology. The design presented here does not include the RF front-end of the receiver, does not consider the effects of multipath and fading on system performance, and assumes perfect power control.     

Hadamard扩谱及CDMA的研究

在MATLAB平台上,对直接序列扩频系统进行仿真分析.系统采用Hadamard序列作为扩频码,对系统在平坦衰落和瑞利衰落信道环境下的误码率进行分析,讨论了扩频、解扩过程.此外,还仿真比较了不同用户数和不同扩频码的系统,为分析设计直扩系统提供依据.仿真结果表明,本实验系统可在SNR为-1.6dB的传输条件下得到10-3量级的误码率,Hadamard序列可用作扩频序列,系统可用作检验各种正交码组的正交性.     

Multi-User MIMO Mobile CDMA Uplink System Employing Turbo Coding and Joint Detection Through a Multipath Rayleigh Fading Channel

In this paper, a generalized multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna system that can be fitted to the uplink of a wireless communication system is considered for the general case of multi-user. At the transmitter, the information bits are Turbo coded, then interleaved and passed through a serial-to-parallel converter. The channel is assumed bad urban suffering from multipath Rayleigh fading resulting in inter-symbol and multiple access interferences (ISI and MAI). At the front-end of the receiver, a number of receiving antennas are used followed by a joint multi-user estimator based on the Minimum Mean Square Error Block Linear Equalizer (MMSE-BLE).Computer simulations demonstrate a significant performance improvement in both single user and multi-user cases.This paper depends in parts on that presented at the 11th European Wireless Conference, Cyprus, Nicosia, pp. 187–192, April 2005. Yasmine A. Fahmy was born in Guiza, Egypt, on June 4, 1976. She received the B.Sc., M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in Communication and Electronics engineering from Cairo University, Egypt on 1999, 2001 and 2005 respectively. She is presently an assistant professor at Cairo University, Egypt. Her current field of interest is wireless communication and channel estimation. Hebat-Allah M. Mourad received her B.Sc., M. Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in electrical communication engineering from Cairo University, Egypt, in 1983, 1987 and 1994 respectively. Since 1983, she has been with the Department of Electronics and Communications, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, and is currently associate professor there. Her research interests include optical fiber communications, mobile and satellite communications. Emad K. Al-Hussaini received his B.Sc degree in Electrical Communication Engineering from Ain-Shams University, Cairo, Egypt, in 1964 and his M.Sc and Ph.D. degrees from Cairo University, Giza, Egypt, in 1974 and 1977, respectively. From 1964 to 1970, he was with the General Egyptian Aeroorganization. Since 1970, he has been with the Department of Electronics and Communications, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, and is currently professor there. He was a research fellow at Imperial College, London, UK, and at the Moore School of Electrical Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA, in the academic years 1976/1977 and 1981/1982, respectively. In 1990, he received the Egyptian national encouragement award for outstanding engineering research. He has written several papers for technical international journals and conferences. His research interests include signal processing, fading channel communication, modulation, and cellular mobile radio systems. Dr Al-Hussaini is a senior member of IEEE. He is listed in Marquis Whos Who in the World and in the IBC (International Biographical Center, Cambridge) for outstanding people of the 20th century.     

Decision Feedback Channel and Symbol Estimation Methods for CDMA Systems in Indoor Wireless Communications

A dispersive finite impulse response (FIR) channel model is often considered for indoor wireless channels. For the FIR channel model in this paper, we consider the joint estimation of channel parameters and data symbols in indoor code division multiple access (CDMA) systems. The least squares formulation is constructed for the joint estimation incorporating the decision feedback technique. This formulation is suitable for indoor CDMA systems that usually have a small processing gain. The formulation is further modified to provide a recursive approach to estimate the channel vector.     

BER Performance of Cooperative Transmission for the Uplink of TDD‐CDMA Systems

In time division duplex (TDD) code division multiple access (CDMA) systems, chip‐synchronous transmission in the uplink is obtainable, thus leading to free multiple access interference in flat Rayleigh fading channels plus additive white Gaussian noise. This motivates us to develop a novel cooperative transmission strategy that allows single‐antenna devices to benefit from spatial diversity using orthogonal signature sequences. The proposed cooperation is applicable to many digital modulation methods and achieves the fullest diversity level, low implementation complexity, and a full data rate. Closed‐form bit‐error‐rate expressions were also derived and compared to simulation results in order to evaluate its validity. A variety of numerical results demonstrated the cooperation's superiority over single transmission under the same transmit power constraint.     

Performance analysis of coded space‐time adaptive detection in DS/CDMA systems over Rayleigh fading channels

In this paper, we study the use of channel coding in a direct‐sequence code‐division multiple‐access (DS‐CDMA) system that employs space‐time adaptive minimum‐mean square‐error (MMSE) interference suppression over Rayleigh fading channels. It is shown that the employment of adaptive antenna arrays at the receiver can assist in attenuating multiuser interference and at the same time speeds‐up the convergence rate of the adaptive receiver. In this work, we assess the accuracy of the theoretical results developed for the uncoded and convolutionally coded space‐time multiuser detector when applied to the adaptive case. It is found that the use of antenna arrays brings the receiver performance very close to its multiuser counterpart. Using performance error bounds, we show that a user‐capacity gain of approximately 200% can easily be achieved for the space‐time adaptive detector when used with a rate 1/2 convolutional code (CC) and a practical channel interleaver. This capacity gain is only 10% less than the gain achieved for the more complicated multiuser‐based receiver. Finally, we perform a comparison between convolutional and turbo coding where we find that the latter outperforms the former at all practical bit‐error rates (BER). Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A ZCZ‐CDMA system with BFSK modulation

A quasi‐timing synchronous code division multiple access (CDMA) system called ZCZ‐CDMA, which uses a set of sequences with a zero‐correlation zone called ZCZ code as a spreading code, is useful for short‐range wireless communications because of its excellent properties such as co‐channel interference‐free performance, simplified hardware design, and low transmit power as well as fast frame synchronization capability. In this paper, a ZCZ‐CDMA system with binary frequency‐shift keying (BFSK) modulation called BFSK‐ZCZ‐CDMA is proposed. This system is characterized by using a pair of balanced ZCZ codes for spreading and transmitting the two spread components over the respective keying carrier frequencies. Its bit error rate performance, compared with those of existing BPSK‐ZCZ‐CDMA, ASK‐ZCZ‐CDMA, and CDMA systems using the other spreading codes, is evaluated in theory and simulation. The bit error rate performance of the three ZCZ‐CDMA systems over additive white Gaussian noise and Rayleigh fading channels are formulated. It is proved that BFSK‐ZCZ‐CDMA is much more robust in anti‐fading performance and low transmit power in such an environment that fading distributions on the keying frequencies are independent mutually. Fading versus frequency characteristics are also investigated. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

IS-95CDMA系统信道编码的FPGA实现

信道编码是扩频通信系统的关健技术之一,本文针对IS-95码分多址峰窝通信系统标准,介绍了一种适合于反向业务信道的信道编码的FPGA实现方案,并给出了具体的设计方法。     

PERFORMANCE OF MULTIUSER DETECTION FOR CDMA SYSTEM IN A FLAT RAYLEIGH FADING ENVIRONMENT

In a CDMA communication network using conventional signal detection, system capacity is limited and its performance is degraded by the multi-access interference (MAI). Multiuser detection, which makes use of cross-correlation information between spread spectrum codes, can reduce or eliminate the MAI in a Gaussian channel so as to mitigate the near-far effects and increase the system capacity. This paper extends the multiuser detector to a flat Rayleigh fading CDMA environment, and discusses the bit error rate of typical multiuser detection algorithms in such a environment by combining theoretical analysis and computer simulation. It is shown that multiuser detection is superior to conventional detections in the flat Rayleigh fading channels.     

多载波码分多址系统在瑞利衰落信道中的性能分析

多载波码分多址(MC-CDMA)是一种把多载波和CDMA相结合的技术方案。在MC-CDMA中,每个数据符号通过N个子载波传输,且根据扩频码对每个子载波以0或π相位偏移进行编码。分别研究了MC-CDMA系统上行链路和下行链路的瑞利衰落信道模型以及采用等增益组合和最大比组合的接收机模型,并对上行链路和下行链路的系统误码率性能进行了分析和计算。数值结果表明,MRC在上行链路中的性能要优于EGC,但在下行链路中的抗干扰性能不如EGC。     

IS-95码分多址系统上行信道接收机捕获单元的设计及FPGA实现

捕获是扩频通信系统的关键技术之一，本文针对ＩＳ－９５码分多址蜂窝通信系统标准，给出了一种适合于上行信道接收机的捕获方案，分析了虚警概率和检测概率，并介绍了该方案的ＦＰ－ＧＡ实现。该方案简单可行，采用并行结构，具有捕获时间短，硬件资源消耗少的特点。     

The Performance of Multicarrier CDMA for the Correlated Rayleigh Fading Channel

We present an new method for the analytical calculation of the error probability in a Rayleigh fading channel with correlated fading amplitudes. Even though the method can be applied for more general problems, we restrict ourselves on the investigation of a multicarrier CDMA transmission. The frequency correlation between the fading amplitudes of the carriers is given by the delay power spectrum of the channel. We generalize the well-known analytical expressions for the pairwise error probability of the uncorrelated Rayleigh channel to this case of correlated fading. This probability can be expressed in a closed form by an integral over a finite interval which can be easily evaluated numerically. We present some examples to show how much of the diversity of a code remains useful if the transmission channel does not provide an arbitrary degree of diversity.     

无线宽带数据传输中多载波CDMA系统的性能

在分析同步多载波CDMA系统基带发射、接收模型和多径衰落信道模型的基础上,提出一种新颖的误码率分析方法。对系统在瑞利(Rayleigh)衰落信道中的误码性能进行了理论研究,得到了BPSK调制条件下的系统误码率表达式。数值分析结果表明:多载波CDMA在无线宽带数据传输中性能大大优于CDMA,具有良好的应用前景。     

Single-dwell and multidwell PN code acquisition in multipath Rayleigh fading channels

Traditional analysis on PN code acquisition was based on either AWGN or single-ray Rician/Rayleigh fading channels. In this paper, we analyze single-dwell and multidwell code acquisition schemes based on a two-ray Rayleigh fading channel model which is more appropriate to represent the real situations in mobile (personal) communication. Through the analytical and numerical results, we may figure out the performance of typical PN code acquisition schemes and the corresponding penalty in multipath fading channels when the second ray has much smaller power and the processing gain is not large. Otherwise, the second ray may be useful in communication and thus improves the acquisition performance as introducing a new correct acquisition state.     

Performance of Multicarrier CDMA Rake System over Rayleigh Fading Channel

Based on the theory of multicarrier (MC) technique and the Rake receiver, a multicarrier DS-CDMA Rake system is proposed, where a data sequence multiplied by a spreading sequence modulates multiple carriers. The receiver provides a Rake for each subcarrier, and the outputs of the Rakes are combined by a maximal-ratio combiner. The average probability of error of the system is derived from an uncorrelated subcarrier and frequency-selective fading channel model. The system performances are evaluated over Rayleigh fading channel with an exponential multipath intensity profile(MIP) and with a rectangular MIP, respectively, when multipath interference is present. It is found that this kind of model has larger superiority in an exponential MIP than in a rectangular MIP.     

二维扩频系统中时频码片级差分检测的性能分析

时变频率选择性衰落信道中,针对二维扩频系统提出了一种时频码片级差分检测方法,并进行了误码率分析,同时进行了仿真验证.分析和仿真结果表明,时频码片级差分检测同时具有抵抗信道频率选择性和时间选择性衰落的能力,在选择性衰落信道中的性能优于平坦衰落信道中的性能.通过性能对比发现,时频码片级差分检测相对多载波扩频码片级差分检测能够更加有效地降低了载波间干扰对系统性能的影响.     

采用多重TCM的室内无线DS／SSMA系统性能分析

本文将多重ＴＣＭ技术应用于室内慢衰落信道下的直接序列扩频多址（ＤＳ／ＳＳＭＡ）系统中，提出了一种发射端和接收端分别采用多重伪码扩频和多重相关接收的ＤＳ／ＳＳＭＡ系统模型及其理论分析方法。在系统用户数、用户信源比特速率和伪码周期相同的条件下，模拟结果表明采用多重ＴＣＭ的ＤＳ／ＳＳＭＡ系统性能显著优于一重ＴＣＭＤＳ／ＳＳＭＡ系统的性能     

扩频通信系统性能指标的分析

首先简要介绍了通信系统中接收机灵敏度和系统电平余量的概念，然后着重分析了在不同的扩频通信系统中这两项指标的估算方法，最后总结了各种系统的特点。     

Rayleigh衰落信道中分组码最大似然译码的性能

摆脱了传统代数译码方法,对分组码进行基于广义阵列码（ＧＡＣ）结构的网格译码（Ｔｒｅｌｌｉｓ ｄｅｃｏｄｉｎｇ）,研究了Ｒａｙｌｅｉｇｈ衰落信道中分组码与这种软判决最大似然译码方法相结合的性能。模拟结果显示。分组码采用网格译码,可为移动衰落信道带来显著的性能改善。     

Performance Analysis of Multiuser Detectors for Uplink Quasi-synchronous MC-CDMA Systems

This paper analyses and compares the average bit error rate (BER) of different multiuser detectors (MUD) in the uplink of a multicarrier code- division multiple access (MC-CDMA) system. In particular, maximum likelihood, zero-forcing, minimum mean-square error and interference cancellation-based multiuser detectors have been analysed for the special case of uncorrelated subcarriers. The derived BER expressions are based upon previous results on diversity combining and also on recent findings on multiple input multiple output (MIMO) architectures. The subcarrier correlation is considered in the context of physical parameters currently under discussion for future wireless systems to give an indication up to what extent the assumption of uncorrelated subcarrier fading is plausible.